Dating the Bible
The Bible is a compilation of various texts or "books" of different ages.
While it is common for people to claim that the dates of many of the texts of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) are difficult to establish, the bible is the most translated, copied, transmitted, and quoted text of any ancient document. Textual criticism places all of them within the 1st millennium BC, although some critics claim there is considerable uncertainty as to the century in some cases. The oldest surviving Hebrew Bible manuscripts date to about the 4th - 2nd century BC (fragmentary), the oldest record of the complete text survives in Greek translation, dating to the 4th century (Codex Sinaiticus) which is of dubious authenticity, and the oldest extant manuscripts of the vocalized Masoretic text upon which modern editions are based date to the 9th century.
The individual books of the New Testament may be dated with some confidence to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The earliest fragment of the New Testament is the Rylands Library Papyrus P52, a piece of the Gospel of John dated to the first half of the 2nd century. For this reason, dating the composition of the texts relies on textual criticism, philological and linguistic evidence, as well as direct references to historical events in the texts instead of dating the physical manuscripts.
The Hebrew Bible
The authorship of the various texts in Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) is an open topic of research. Therefore, assigning solid dates to any of the texts is difficult.
The range of dates assigned to the Torah (Pentateuch) is rather broad. It is certain to predate the 2nd century BC, and estimates of its oldest elements range from the 10th to the 6th centuries BC. The bulk of the Tanakh was likely complete by the end of the Babylonian captivity (537 BC).
Torah
Some groups, e.g. the Orthodox Jewish community, adhere to the chronology given in the Hebrew Bible, which states the Children of Israel came out Egypt 480 years before King Solomon began construction of the Temple in Jerusalem, placing the date of the Exodus in 1446 BC. Meaning the Torah was written between 1446 BC and 1406 BC.
Some critical scholars (the 'Biblical Minimalists"), however, insist that the whole of the Torah shows evidence of its construction composed after 538 BC, perhaps with material from an earlier oral tradition, as it were, a "prequel" to the prophetic books.
Others, such as archeologist Israel Finkelstein, tend to suggest that a substantial portion of the Pentateuch is a 7th century BC construction, designed to promote the dynastic ambitions of King Josiah of Judah. The 6th century BC Books of Kings tells of the rediscovery of an old book by King Josiah, which would be the oldest part of the Torah, around which Josiah's scribes would have fabricated the remaining text:
- And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the house of the LORD. And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan, and he read it. (2 Kings 22:8 KJV)
Under Josiah's rule there would then for the first time have been a unified and state of Judah, centralized around the worship of Yahweh based at the Temple in Jerusalem, with texts portraying King Josiah as the legitimate successor to the legendary David and thus the rightful ruler of Judah. According to this interpretation, neighboring countries that kept many written records, such as Egypt, Persia, etc., have no writings about the stories of the Bible or its main characters before 650 BC, and the archaeological record of pre-Josiac Israel does not support the existence of a unified state in the time of David.[1] However, this view is challenged by references to the "House of David" and Davidic Kings of Israel in 9th century BC inscriptions. [2]
A traditional strain of scholarship would assign portions of the Pentateuch (generally, the J author) to the period of the United Monarchy in the 10th century BC, would date Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic history to the time of King Josiah, and that the final form of the Torah was due to a redactor in exilic or postexilic times (6th century BC). This view is based on the account of the finding of the "book of law" in 2 Kings 22:8, which would correspond to the core of Deuteronomy, and the remaining parts of the Torah would have been composed to supply a background from traditional accounts to the rediscovered text.
- Views on Torah
| View | Proposed Date |
|---|---|
| Traditional View | Torah composed between 1446 BC and 1406 BC, with the remaining books composed between 1400 BC to 400 BC. This is the traditional view of Orthodox Judaism and historic Christianity, though there may be evidence of editing of the books between 1000 and 400 BC. |
| Documentary hypothesis | Four independent documents (the Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist and the Priestly source), composed between 900-550 BC, redacted c 450 BC, possibly by Ezra |
| Supplementary models (e.g. John Van Seters) | Torah composed as a series of authorial expansions of an original source document, usually identified as J or P, largely during the 7th and 6th centuries BC, final form achieved c. 450 BC. |
| Fragmentary models (e.g. Rolf Rendtorff, Erhard Blum) | Torah the product of the slow accretion of fragmentary traditions, (no documents), over period 850-550 BC, final form c. 450 BC. |
| Biblical minimalism | Torah composed in Hellenistic-Hasmonean period, c. 300-140 BC. |
Nevi'im
The major Nevi'im ("Prophets").
The Books of Kings mentions the following sources:
- The "book of the acts of Solomon" (1 Kings 11:41)
- The "book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah" (14:29; 15:7, 23, etc.)
- The "book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel" (14:19; 15:31; 16:14, 20, 27, etc.).
The date of its composition was perhaps some time between 561 BC, the date of the last chapter (2 Kings 25), when Jehoiachin was released from captivity by Evil-merodach, and 538 BC, the date of the decree of deliverance by Cyrus the Great.
The Book of Isaiah, in its present form, is by most scholars considered the result of an extensive editing process, in which the promises of God's salvation are reinterpreted and claimed for the Judean people through the history of their exile and return to the land of Judah. Very few scholars dispute these conclusions and argue for multiple authors. When the Septuagint version was made (assumed by many to be 250 BC but maost probably 300 AD), the entire contents of the book were ascribed to Isaiah, the son of Amoz. In the time of Jesus, the book existed in its present form, with many prophecies in the disputed portions quoted in the New Testament as the words of Isaiah.
| Book of Nevi'im |
Scholarly dating |
|---|---|
| Book of Joshua | ca. 625 BC by the Deuteronomist (called D) working with traditional materials |
| Book of Judges | ca. 625 BC by the Deuteronomist (called D) working with traditional materials |
| Book of Samuel | ca. 625 BC by the Deuteronomist (called D) working with traditional materials |
| Book of Kings | ca. 625 BC by the Deuteronomist (called D) working with traditional materials |
| Book of Isaiah | Three main authors and an extensive editing process: Isaiah 1-39 "Historical Isaiah" with multiple layers of editing, 8th cent. BC |
| Book of Jeremiah | late 6th century BC or later |
| Book of Ezekiel | 6th century BC or later |
| Book of Hosea | 8th century BC or later |
| Book of Joel | unknown |
| Book of Amos | After the 6th century BC |
| Book of Obadiah | 6th century BC or later |
| Book of Jonah | 6th century BC or later |
| Book of Micah | mid 6th century BC or later |
| Book of Nahum | 8th century BC or later |
| Book of Habakkuk | 6th century BC or later |
| Book of Zephaniah | 7th century BC or later |
| Book of Haggai | 5th century BC or later |
| Book of Zechariah | 5th century BC or later |
| Book of Malachi | Early 5th century BC or later |
Ketuvim (Hagiographia)
Scholarship on the dating of the Book of Daniel largely falls into two camps: one dates the book in its entirety to a single author during the desecration of the Jerusalem Temple (167–164 BC) under the Syrian-Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes (ruled 175–164 BC); the other sees it as a collection of stories dating from different times throughout the Hellenistic period (with some of the material possibly going back to very late Persian period), with the visions in chapters 7–12 having been added during the desecration of Antiochus. For example, Hartman and Di Lella, 1978 suggest multiple authorship, with some material dating to the 3rd century, culminating with a 2nd-century editor and redactor.
The reasons for these dates include a use of Greek and Persian words in the Hebrew of the text unlikely to happen in the 6th century, that the style of the Hebrew and Aramaic was more like that of a later date, that the use of the word "Chaldean" occurs in a fashion unknown to the 6th century, and that repeated historical gaffes betray an ignorance of the facts of the 6th century that a high official in Babylon would not have, while the 2nd-century history was found to be far more accurate (see Ferrell Till's analysis).
John Collins, on the other hand, finds it impossible for the "court tales" portion of Daniel to have been written in 2nd century BC because of textual analysis. In his 1992 Anchor Bible Dictionary entry for the Book of Daniel, he states, "it is clear that the court-tales in chapters 1โ6 were 'not written in Maccabean times'. It is not even possible to isolate a single verse which betrays an editorial insertion from that period."
| Book of Ketuvim |
Scholarly dating |
|---|---|
| Psalms | The bulk of the Psalms appear to have been written for use in the Temple, which existed from around 950-586 BC and, after rebuilding, from the 5th century BC until AD 70. |
| Book of Proverbs | Some old material from the ancient sages, some later material from the 6th century BC or later, some material borrowed from the ancient Egyptian text called the Instructions of Amenemopet |
| Book of Job | 5th century BC |
| Song of Songs or Song of Solomon | scholarly estimates vary between 950 BC to 200 BC |
| Book of Ruth | 6th century BC or later |
| Lamentations | 6th century BC or later |
| Ecclesiastes | 4th century BC or later |
| Book of Esther | 4th century BC or later |
| Book of Daniel | mid 2nd century BC |
| Book of Ezra-Book of Nehemiah | 4th century BC or slightly later |
| Chronicles | 4th century BC or slightly later |
Deuterocanonical books
Deuterocanonical books are books considered by the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy to be canonical parts of the Christian Old Testament but are not present in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and Protestant Bible.
| Book of Deuterocanon |
Scholarly dating |
|---|---|
| Tobit | 2nd century BC |
| Judith | |
| 1 Maccabees | ca. 100 BC |
| 2 Maccabees | ca. 124 BC |
| 3 Maccabees | 1st century BC or 1st century AD |
| 4 Maccabees | 1st century BC or 1st century AD |
| Wisdom | during the Jewish Hellenistic period |
| Sirach | 2nd century BC |
| Letter of Jeremiah | unknown |
| Additions to Daniel | 2nd century BC |
| Baruch | during or shortly after the period of the Maccabees |
Oldest manuscripts
The oldest known preserved fragment of a Torah text resembles a good luck charm inscribed with a text close to, although not identical with, the Priestly Blessing found in Numbers 6:24-27, dated to approximately 600 BC [3] The oldest complete or nearly complete texts are found in the Dead Sea Scrolls from the middle of the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD. The collections contain all the books of the Tanakh except for the Book of Esther, although not all are complete.
According to tradition the Torah was translated into Greek (the Septuagint, or LXX, from the traditional number of translators) in the 3rd century BC - but this is debated and was most probably written the the 3rd century AD. [4] The oldest Greek manuscripts include 2nd century BC fragments of Leviticus and Deuteronomy[5] and 1st century BC fragments of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the Minor Prophets.[6] Relatively complete manuscripts of the Septuagint include the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and the Codex Sinaiticus (now suspected to be a fake) of the 4th century and the Codex Alexandrinus of the 5th century—these are the oldest surviving nearly-complete manuscripts of the Old Testament in any language.
See Also Septuagint
The Hebrew or Masoretic text of the Torah is held by tradition to have been assembled in the 4th century AD, but the oldest extant complete or near-complete manuscripts are the Aleppo Codex, ca. 920 AD, and the Westminster Leningrad Codex, dated to 1008 AD.
Additional manuscripts include the Samaritan Torah and the Peshitta, the latter a translation of the Christian Bible into Syriac, the earliest known copy of which dates to the 2nd century AD.
The New Testament
The most popular historical understanding of how the Synoptic gospels developed amoung textual critics today is known as the two-source hypothesis. This theory holds that Mark is the oldest gospel. Matthew and Luke are believed to come later, and draw on Mark and also on a source that is now believed to be lost, called the Q document, or just "Q". This concept is mostly pushed by those who favor the critical text because Mark has been corrupted in in chapter 16 in texts like Sinaiticus, and thus the Markan priority concept seems to solidify the false claims that the reading is spurious.
Traditional views assume that the bulk of New Testament texts date to the period between AD 45 and AD 96, with the Pauline epistles among the earliest texts. Other views may pre- or post-date the individual books by several decades. The earliest preserved fragment for each text is included as well.
| Book | Scholarly Opinions | Earliest preserved fragment |
|---|---|---|
| Gospel of Matthew | AD 70-100 | ๐104 (150 โ 200 AD) |
| Gospel of Mark | AD 63-85 | ๐88 (AD 350) |
| Gospel of Luke | AD 70-100 | ๐4, ๐75 (AD 175 โ 250) |
| Gospel of John | AD 90-110 | ๐52 (AD 125 โ 160) |
| Acts | AD 80-100 | ๐29, ๐45, ๐48, ๐53, ๐91 (AD 250) |
| Romans | AD 57–58 | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| Corinthians | AD 57 | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| Galatians | AD 45-55 | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| Ephesians | AD 65 | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| Philippians | AD 57–62 | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| Colossians | AD 60+ | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| 1 Thessalonians | AD 50 | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| 2 Thessalonians | AD 50 | ๐92 (AD 300) |
| Timothy | AD 60-100 | Codex Sinaiticus (AD 350) |
| Titus | AD 60-100 | ๐32 (AD 200) |
| Philemon | AD 56 | ๐87 (3rd century AD) |
| Hebrews | AD 80-90 | ๐46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century AD) |
| James | AD 50-200 | ๐20, ๐23 (early 3rd century AD) |
| First Peter | AD 60-96 | ๐72 (3rd / 4th century AD) |
| Second Peter | AD 60-130 | ๐72 (3rd / 4th century AD) |
| Epistles of John | AD 90-100 | ๐9, Uncial 0232, Codex Sinaiticus (3rd / 4th century AD) |
| Jude | AD 66-90 | ๐72 (3rd / 4th century AD) |
| Revelation | AD 68-100 | ๐98 (150 โ 200 AD) |
The Gnostic Scriptures
The Nag Hammadi library, a collection of books found in 1945, some refer to as Gnostic Scriptures (which include the Gospel of Thomas), were not accepted as canonical by the orthodox early Christian communities. They were written in Coptic and are generally dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, though the Gospel of Thomas has ignited some debate. The majority of New Testament scholars and historians place composition no earlier than the 2nd century[7] whereas a minority argue dates as early as the 60's.
See also
- Higher Criticism
- Textual Criticism
- Biblical manuscripts
- Torah
- Documentary hypothesis
- The Bible and history
- Synoptic problem
- Markan priority
- Dead Sea Scrolls
- Nag Hammadi library
- Categories of New Testament manuscripts
- Timeline of the Bible
Notes
- 1. Such claims are detailed in Who Were the Early Israelites? by William G. Dever (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 2003). Another such book is The Bible Unearthed by Neil A. Silberman and Israel Finkelstein (Simon and Schuster, New York, 2001).
- 2. "'David' Found at Dan," Biblical Archaeology Review, March-April 1994
- 3. James H. Charlesworth, Archaeology, Jesus and Christian Faith. p.14
- 4. Josephus, Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, 12.2.11-15; Whiston, William; The Complete Works of Josephus; Hendrickson Publishers, (Nashville, Tennessee, 1987); ISBN 0-913573-86-8
- 5. Rahlfs nos. 801, 819, and 957
- 6. Rahlfs nos. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, and 943
- 7. Bart D. Ehrman, Lost Christianities p. xii
Further reading
- Bruce, F. F. The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? (6th Edition), Eerdmans, 2003. 5th edition
- Metzger, Bruce M. The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origins, Development, and Significance
- Dever, William G. What Did The Biblical Writers Know & When Did They Know It? Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.
- Fox, Robin Lane. The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible, NY, 1992.
- Hartman, Louis Francis, and Alexander A. Di Lella (eds.). The Book of Daniel. The Anchor Bible Commentary, vol. 23. New York: Doubleday, 1978.
- Kรผlling, Samuel. Zur Datierung der Genesis "P" Stรผcke. Ph.D. dissertation, 1970
- Pagels, Elaine. The Gnostic Gospels. Vintage, reissued 1989.
- Robinson, John A. T. Redating the New Testament. 1976. Wipf & Stock Publishers, Reprint edition, October 2000. ISBN 1579105270
External links
- Dates for the Sacred Texts of the Jewish and Christian Traditions
- Review of the Leningrad Codex
- Textual Criticism of the Torah
- The Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament)
- When was the Book of Daniel Written? (C.H. Salvia versus J.P. Holding)
- The Straight Dope series:
- Who wrote/compiled/edited (and when) the first five books of the Bible, called the Torah or Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses?
- Who wrote/compiled/edited (and when) the various histories in the Old Testament (such as Judges, Kings, etc.)?
- Who wrote/compiled/edited (and when) the various prophetic books (Isaiah, Jeremiah, etc.) and the wisdom literature (Psalms, Proverbs, etc.) in the Old Testament?
- Who wrote/compiled/edited (and when) the various New Testament Books?
- Who decided which books should be included and which excluded from the Bible(s)? Why are there differences in the Bibles for Catholics, Protestants, and Jews?
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๐1 ยท ๐2 ยท ๐3 ยท ๐4 ยท ๐5 ยท ๐6 ยท ๐7 ยท ๐8 ยท ๐9 ยท ๐10 ยท ๐11 ยท ๐12 ยท ๐13 ยท ๐14 ยท ๐15 ยท ๐16 ยท ๐17 ยท ๐18 ยท ๐19 ยท ๐20 ยท ๐21 ยท ๐22 ยท ๐23 ยท ๐24 ยท ๐25 ยท ๐26 ยท ๐27 ยท ๐28 ยท ๐29 ยท ๐30 ยท ๐31 ยท ๐32 ยท ๐33 ยท ๐34 ยท ๐35 ยท ๐36 ยท ๐37 ยท ๐38 ยท ๐39 ยท ๐40 ยท ๐41 ยท ๐42 ยท ๐43 ยท ๐44 ยท ๐45 ยท ๐46 ยท ๐47 ยท ๐48 ยท ๐49 ยท ๐50 ยท ๐51 ยท ๐52 ยท ๐53 ยท ๐54 ยท ๐55 ยท ๐56 ยท ๐57 ยท ๐58 ยท ๐59 ยท ๐60 ยท ๐61 ยท ๐62 ยท ๐63 ยท ๐64 ยท ๐65 ยท ๐66 ยท ๐67 ยท ๐68 ยท ๐69 ยท ๐70 ยท ๐71 ยท ๐72 ยท ๐73 ยท ๐74 ยท ๐75 ยท ๐76 ยท ๐77 ยท ๐78 ยท ๐79 ยท ๐80 ยท ๐81 ยท ๐82 ยท ๐83 ยท ๐84 ยท ๐85 ยท ๐86 ยท ๐87 ยท ๐88 ยท ๐89 ยท ๐90 ยท ๐91 ยท ๐92 ยท ๐93 ยท ๐94 ยท ๐95 ยท ๐96 ยท ๐97 ยท ๐98 ยท ๐99 ยท ๐100 ยท ๐101 ยท ๐102 ยท ๐103 ยท ๐104 ยท ๐105 ยท ๐106 ยท ๐107 ยท ๐108 ยท ๐109 ยท ๐110 ยท ๐111 ยท ๐112 ยท ๐113 ยท ๐114 ยท ๐115 ยท ๐116 ยท ๐117 ยท ๐118 ยท ๐119 ยท ๐120 ยท ๐121 ยท ๐122 ยท ๐123 ยท ๐124 ยท ๐125 ยท ๐126 ยท ๐127 ยท ๐128 ยท ๐129 ยท ๐130 ยท ๐131 ยท ๐132 ยท ๐133 ยท ๐134 ยท ๐135 ยท ๐136 ยท ๐137 ยท ๐138 ยท ๐139 ยท ๐140 ยท
List of New Testament minuscules
1 ยท 2 ยท 3 ยท 4 ยท 5 ยท 6 ยท 7 ยท 8 ยท 9 ยท 10 ยท 11 ยท 12 ยท 13 ยท 14 ยท 15 ยท 16 ยท 17 ยท 18 ยท 19 ยท 20 ยท 21 ยท 22 ยท 23 ยท 24 ยท 25 ยท 26 ยท 27 ยท 28 ยท 29 ยท 30 ยท 31 ยท 32 ยท 33 ยท 34 ยท 35 ยท 36 ยท 37 ยท 38 ยท 39 ยท 40 ยท 41 ยท 42 ยท 43 ยท 44 ยท 45 ยท 46 ยท 47 ยท 48 ยท 49 ยท 50 ยท 51 ยท 52 ยท 53 ยท 54 ยท 55 ยท 56 ยท 57 ยท 58 ยท 59 ยท 60 ยท 61 ยท 62 ยท 63 ยท 64 ยท 65 ยท 66 ยท 67 ยท 68 ยท 69 ยท 70 ยท 71 ยท 72 ยท 73 ยท 74 ยท 75 ยท 76 ยท 77 ยท 78 ยท 79 ยท 80 ยท 81 ยท 82 ยท 83 ยท 84 ยท 85 ยท 86 ยท 87 ยท 88 ยท 89 ยท 90 ยท 91 ยท 92 ยท 93 ยท 94 ยท 95 ยท 96 ยท 97 ยท 98 ยท 99 ยท 100 ยท 101 ยท 102 ยท 103 ยท 104 ยท 105 ยท 106 ยท 107 ยท 108 ยท 109 ยท 110 ยท 111 ยท 112 ยท 113 ยท 114 ยท 115 ยท 116 ยท 117 ยท 118 ยท 119 ยท 120 ยท 121 ยท 122 ยท 123 ยท 124 ยท 125 ยท 126 ยท 127 ยท 128 ยท 129 ยท 130 ยท 131 ยท 132 ยท 133 ยท 134 ยท 135 ยท 136 ยท 137 ยท 138 ยท 139 ยท 140 ยท 141 ยท 142 ยท 143 ยท 144 ยท 145 ยท 146 ยท 147 ยท 148 ยท 149 ยท 150 ยท 151 ยท 152 ยท 153 ยท 154 ยท 155 ยท 156 ยท 157 ยท 158 ยท 159 ยท 160 ยท 161 ยท 162 ยท 163 ยท 164 ยท 165 ยท 166 ยท 167 ยท 168 ยท 169 ยท 170 ยท 171 ยท 172 ยท 173 ยท 174 ยท 175 ยท 176 ยท 177 ยท 178 ยท 179 ยท 180 ยท 181 ยท 182 ยท 183 ยท 184 ยท 185 ยท 186 ยท 187 ยท 188 ยท 189 ยท 190 ยท 191 ยท 192 ยท 193 ยท 194 ยท 195 ยท 196 ยท 197 ยท 198 ยท 199 ยท 200 ยท 201 ยท 202 ยท 203 ยท 204 ยท 205 ยท 206 ยท 207 ยท 208 ยท 209 ยท 210 ยท 211 ยท 212 ยท 213 ยท 214 ยท 215 ยท 216 ยท 217 ยท 218 ยท 219 ยท 220 ยท 221 ยท 222 ยท 223 ยท 224 ยท 225 ยท 226 ยท 227 ยท 228 ยท 229 ยท 230 ยท 231 ยท 232 ยท 233 ยท 234 ยท 235 ยท 236 ยท 237 ยท 238 ยท 239 ยท 240 ยท 241 ยท 242 ยท 243 ยท 244 ยท 245 ยท 246 ยท 247 ยท 248 ยท 249 ยท 250 ยท 251 ยท 252 ยท 253 ยท 254 ยท 255 ยท 256 ยท 257 ยท 258 ยท 259 ยท 260 ยท 261 ยท 262 ยท 263 ยท 264 ยท 265 ยท 266 ยท 267 ยท 268 ยท 269 ยท 270 ยท 271 ยท 272 ยท 273 ยท 274 ยท 275 ยท 276 ยท 277 ยท 278 ยท 279 ยท 280 ยท 281 ยท 282 ยท 283 ยท 284 ยท 285 ยท 286 ยท 287 ยท 288 ยท 289 ยท 290 ยท 291 ยท 292 ยท 293 ยท 294 ยท 295 ยท 296 ยท 297 ยท 298 ยท 299 ยท 300 ยท 301 ยท 302 ยท 303 ยท 304 ยท 305 ยท 306 ยท 307 ยท 308 ยท 309 ยท 310 ยท 311 ยท 312 ยท 313 ยท 314 ยท 315 ยท 316 ยท 317 ยท 318 ยท 319 ยท 320 ยท 321 ยท 322 ยท 323 ยท 324 ยท 325 ยท 326 ยท 327 ยท 328 ยท 329 ยท 330 ยท 331 ยท 332 ยท 333 ยท 334 ยท 335 ยท 336 ยท 337 ยท 338 ยท 339 ยท 340 ยท 341 ยท 342 ยท 343 ยท 344 ยท 345 ยท 346 ยท 347 ยท 348 ยท 349 ยท 350 ยท 351 ยท 352 ยท 353 ยท 354 ยท 355 ยท 356 ยท 357 ยท 358 ยท 359 ยท 360 ยท 361 ยท 362 ยท 363 ยท 364 ยท 365 ยท 366 ยท 367 ยท 368 ยท 369 ยท 370 ยท 371 ยท 372 ยท 373 ยท 374 ยท 375 ยท 376 ยท 377 ยท 378 ยท 379 ยท 380 ยท 381 ยท 382 ยท 383 ยท 384 ยท 385 ยท 386 ยท 387 ยท 388 ยท 389 ยท 390 ยท 391 ยท 392 ยท 393 ยท 394 ยท 395 ยท 396 ยท 397 ยท 398 ยท 399 ยท 400 ยท 401 ยท 402 ยท 403 ยท 404 ยท 405 ยท 406 ยท 407 ยท 408 ยท 409 ยท 410 ยท 411 ยท 412 ยท 413 ยท 414 ยท 415 ยท 416 ยท 417 ยท 418 ยท 419 ยท 420 ยท 421 ยท 422 ยท 423 ยท 424 ยท 425 ยท 426 ยท 427 ยท 428 ยท 429 ยท 430 ยท 431 ยท 432 ยท 433 ยท 434 ยท 435 ยท 436 ยท 437 ยท 438 ยท 439 ยท 440 ยท 441 ยท 442 ยท 443 ยท 444 ยท 445 ยท 446 ยท 447 ยท 448 ยท 449 ยท 450 ยท 451 ยท 452 ยท 453 ยท 454 ยท 455 ยท 456 ยท 457 ยท 458 ยท 459 ยท 460 ยท 461 ยท 462 ยท 463 ยท 464 ยท 465 ยท 466 ยท 467 ยท 468 ยท 469 ยท 470 ยท 471 ยท 472 ยท 473 ยท 474 ยท 475 ยท 476 ยท 477 ยท 478 ยท 479 ยท 480 ยท 481 ยท 482 ยท 483 ยท 484 ยท 485 ยท 486 ยท 487 ยท 488 ยท 489 ยท 490 ยท 491 ยท 492 ยท 493 ยท 494 ยท 495 ยท 496 ยท 497 ยท 498 ยท 499 ยท 500 ยท 501 ยท 502 ยท 503 ยท 504 ยท 505 ยท 506 ยท 507 ยท 543 ยท 544 ยท 565 ยท 566 ยท 579 ยท 585 ยท 614 ยท 639 ยท 653 ยท 654 ยท 655 ยท 656 ยท 657 ยท 658 ยท 659 ยท 660 ยท 661 ยท 669 ยท 676 ยท 685 ยท 700 ยท 798 ยท 823 ยท 824 ยท 825 ยท 826 ยท 827 ยท 828 ยท 829 ยท 830 ยท 831 ยท 876 ยท 891 ยท 892 ยท 893 ยท 918 ยท 1071 ยท 1143 ยท 1152 ยท 1241 ยท 1253 ยท 1423 ยท 1424 ยท 1432 ยท 1582 ยท 1739 ยท 1780 ยท 1813 ยท 1834 ยท 2050 ยท 2053 ยท 2059 ยท 2060 ยท 2061 ยท 2062 ยท 2174 ยท 2268 ยท 2344 ยท 2423 ยท 2427 ยท 2437 ยท 2444 ยท 2445 ยท 2446 ยท 2460 ยท 2464 ยท 2491 ยท 2495 ยท 2612 ยท 2613 ยท 2614 ยท 2615 ยท 2616 ยท 2641 ยท 2754 ยท 2755 ยท 2756 ยท 2757 ยท 2766 ยท 2767 ยท 2768 ยท 2793 ยท 2802 ยท 2803 ยท 2804 ยท 2805 ยท 2806 ยท 2807 ยท 2808 ยท 2809 ยท 2810 ยท 2811 ยท 2812 ยท 2813 ยท 2814 ยท 2815 ยท 2816 ยท 2817 ยท 2818 ยท 2819 ยท 2820 ยท 2821 ยท 2855 ยท 2856 ยท 2857 ยท 2858 ยท 2859 ยท 2860 ยท 2861 ยท 2862 ยท 2863 ยท 2881 ยท 2882 ยท 2907 ยท 2965 ยท
01 ยท 02 ยท 03 ยท 04 ยท 05 ยท 06 ยท 07 ยท 08 ยท 09 ยท 010 ยท 011 ยท 012 ยท 013 ยท 014 ยท 015 ยท 016 ยท 017 ยท 018 ยท 019 ยท 020 ยท 021 ยท 022 ยท 023 ยท 024 ยท 025 ยท 026 ยท 027 ยท 028 ยท 029 ยท 030 ยท 031 ยท 032 ยท 033 ยท 034 ยท 035 ยท 036 ยท 037 ยท 038 ยท 039 ยท 040 ยท 041 ยท 042 ยท 043 ยท 044 ยท 045 ยท 046 ยท 047 ยท 048 ยท 049 ยท 050 ยท 051 ยท 052 ยท 053 ยท 054 ยท 055 ยท 056 ยท 057 ยท 058 ยท 059 ยท 060 ยท 061 ยท 062 ยท 063 ยท 064 ยท 065 ยท 066 ยท 067 ยท 068 ยท 069 ยท 070 ยท 071 ยท 072 ยท 073 ยท 074 ยท 075 ยท 076 ยท 077 ยท 078 ยท 079 ยท 080 ยท 081 ยท 082 ยท 083 ยท 084 ยท 085 ยท 086 ยท 087 ยท 088 ยท 089 ยท 090 ยท 091 ยท 092 ยท 093 ยท 094 ยท 095 ยท 096 ยท 097 ยท 098 ยท 099 ยท 0100 ยท 0101 ยท 0102 ยท 0103 ยท 0104 ยท 0105 ยท 0106 ยท 0107 ยท 0108 ยท 0109 ยท 0110 ยท 0111 ยท 0112 ยท 0113 ยท 0114 ยท 0115 ยท 0116 ยท 0117 ยท 0118 ยท 0119 ยท 0120 ยท 0121 ยท 0122 ยท 0123 ยท 0124 ยท 0125 ยท 0126 ยท 0127 ยท 0128 ยท 0129 ยท 0130 ยท 0131 ยท 0132 ยท 0134 ยท 0135 ยท 0136 ยท 0137 ยท 0138 ยท 0139 ยท 0140 ยท 0141 ยท 0142 ยท 0143 ยท 0144 ยท 0145 ยท 0146 ยท 0147 ยท 0148 ยท 0149 ยท 0150 ยท 0151 ยท 0152 ยท 0153 ยท 0154 ยท 0155 ยท 0156 ยท 0157 ยท 0158 ยท 0159 ยท 0160 ยท 0161 ยท 0162 ยท 0163 ยท 0164 ยท 0165 ยท 0166 ยท 0167 ยท 0168 ยท 0169 ยท 0170 ยท 0171 ยท 0172 ยท 0173 ยท 0174 ยท 0175 ยท 0176 ยท 0177 ยท 0178 ยท 0179 ยท 0180 ยท 0181 ยท 0182 ยท 0183 ยท 0184 ยท 0185 ยท 0186 ยท 0187 ยท 0188 ยท 0189 ยท 0190 ยท 0191 ยท 0192 ยท 0193 ยท 0194 ยท 0195 ยท 0196 ยท 0197 ยท 0198 ยท 0199 ยท 0200 ยท 0201 ยท 0202 ยท 0203 ยท 0204 ยท 0205 ยท 0206 ยท 0207 ยท 0208 ยท 0209 ยท 0210 ยท 0211 ยท 0212 ยท 0213 ยท 0214 ยท 0215 ยท 0216 ยท 0217 ยท 0218 ยท 0219 ยท 0220 ยท 0221 ยท 0222 ยท 0223 ยท 0224 ยท 0225 ยท 0226 ยท 0227 ยท 0228 ยท 0229 ยท 0230 ยท 0231 ยท 0232 ยท 0234 ยท 0235 ยท 0236 ยท 0237 ยท 0238 ยท 0239 ยท 0240 ยท 0241 ยท 0242 ยท 0243 ยท 0244 ยท 0245 ยท 0246 ยท 0247 ยท 0248 ยท 0249 ยท 0250 ยท 0251 ยท 0252 ยท 0253 ยท 0254 ยท 0255 ยท 0256 ยท 0257 ยท 0258 ยท 0259 ยท 0260 ยท 0261 ยท 0262 ยท 0263 ยท 0264 ยท 0265 ยท 0266 ยท 0267 ยท 0268 ยท 0269 ยท 0270 ยท 0271 ยท 0272 ยท 0273 ยท 0274 ยท 0275 ยท 0276 ยท 0277 ยท 0278 ยท 0279 ยท 0280 ยท 0281 ยท 0282 ยท 0283 ยท 0284 ยท 0285 ยท 0286 ยท 0287 ยท 0288 ยท 0289 ยท 0290 ยท 0291 ยท 0292 ยท 0293 ยท 0294 ยท 0295 ยท 0296 ยท 0297 ยท 0298 ยท 0299 ยท 0300 ยท 0301 ยท 0302 ยท 0303 ยท 0304 ยท 0305 ยท 0306 ยท 0307 ยท 0308 ยท 0309 ยท 0310 ยท 0311 ยท 0312 ยท 0313 ยท 0314 ยท 0315 ยท 0316 ยท 0317 ยท 0318 ยท 0319 ยท 0320 ยท 0321 ยท 0322 ยท 0323 ยท
List of New Testament lectionaries
1 ยท 2 ยท 3 ยท 4 ยท 5 ยท 6 ยท 7 ยท 8 ยท 9 ยท 10 ยท 11 ยท 12 ยท 13 ยท 14 ยท 15 ยท 16 ยท 17 ยท 18 ยท 19 ยท 20 ยท 21 ยท 22 ยท 23 ยท 24 ยท 25 ยท 25b ยท 26 ยท 27 ยท 28 ยท 29 ยท 30 ยท 31 ยท 32 ยท 33 ยท 34 ยท 35 ยท 36 ยท 37 ยท 38 ยท 39 ยท 40 ยท 41 ยท 42 ยท 43 ยท 44 ยท 45 ยท 46 ยท 47 ยท 48 ยท 49 ยท 50 ยท 51 ยท 52 ยท 53 ยท 54 ยท 55 ยท 56 ยท 57 ยท 58 ยท 59 ยท 60 ยท 61 ยท 62 ยท 63 ยท 64 ยท 65 ยท 66 ยท 67 ยท 68 ยท 69 ยท 70 ยท 71 ยท 72 ยท 73 ยท 74 ยท 75 ยท 76 ยท 77 ยท 78 ยท 79 ยท 80 ยท 81 ยท 82 ยท 83 ยท 84 ยท 85 ยท 86 ยท 87 ยท 88 ยท 89 ยท 90 ยท 91 ยท 92 ยท 93 ยท 94 ยท 95 ยท 96 ยท 97 ยท 98 ยท 99 ยท 100 ยท 101 ยท 102 ยท 103 ยท 104 ยท 105 ยท 106 ยท 107 ยท 108 ยท 109 ยท 110 ยท 111 ยท 112 ยท 113 ยท 114 ยท 115 ยท 116 ยท 117 ยท 118 ยท 119 ยท 120 ยท 121 ยท 122 ยท 123 ยท 124 ยท 125 ยท 126 ยท 127 ยท 128 ยท 129 ยท 130 ยท 131 ยท 132 ยท 133 ยท 134 ยท 135 ยท 136 ยท 137 ยท 138 ยท 139 ยท 140 ยท 141 ยท 142 ยท 143 ยท 144 ยท 145 ยท 146 ยท 147 ยท 148 ยท 149 ยท 150 ยท 151 ยท 152 ยท 153 ยท 154 ยท 155 ยท 156 ยท 157 ยท 158 ยท 159 ยท 160 ยท 161 ยท 162 ยท 163 ยท 164 ยท 165 ยท 166 ยท 167 ยท 168 ยท 169 ยท 170 ยท 171 ยท 172 ยท 173 ยท 174 ยท 175 ยท 176 ยท 177 ยท 178 ยท 179 ยท 180 ยท 181 ยท 182 ยท 183 ยท 184 ยท 185 ยท 186 ยท 187 ยท 188 ยท 189 ยท 190 ยท 191 ยท 192 ยท 193 ยท 194 ยท 195 ยท 196 ยท 197 ยท 198 ยท 199 ยท 200 ยท 201 ยท 202 ยท 203 ยท 204 ยท 205 ยท 206a ยท 206b ยท 207 ยท 208 ยท 209 ยท 210 ยท 211 ยท 212 ยท 213 ยท 214 ยท 215 ยท 216 ยท 217 ยท 218 ยท 219 ยท 220 ยท 221 ยท 222 ยท 223 ยท 224 ยท 225 ยท 226 ยท 227 ยท 228 ยท 229 ยท 230 ยท 231 ยท 232 ยท 233 ยท 234 ยท 235 ยท 236 ยท 237 ยท 238 ยท 239 ยท 240 ยท 241 ยท 242 ยท 243 ยท 244 ยท 245 ยท 246 ยท 247 ยท 248 ยท 249 ยท 250 ยท 251 ยท 252 ยท 253 ยท 254 ยท 255 ยท 256 ยท 257 ยท 258 ยท 259 ยท 260 ยท 261 ยท 262 ยท 263 ยท 264 ยท 265 ยท 266 ยท 267 ยท 268 ยท 269 ยท 270 ยท 271 ยท 272 ยท 273 ยท 274 ยท 275 ยท 276 ยท 277 ยท 278 ยท 279 ยท 280 ยท 281 ยท 282 ยท 283 ยท 284 ยท 285 ยท 286 ยท 287 ยท 288 ยท 289 ยท 290 ยท 291 ยท 292 ยท 293 ยท 294 ยท 295 ยท 296 ยท 297 ยท 298 ยท 299 ยท 300 ยท 301 ยท 302 ยท 303 ยท 304 ยท 305 ยท 306 ยท 307 ยท 308 ยท 309 ยท 310 ยท 311 ยท 312 ยท 313 ยท 314 ยท 315 ยท 316 ยท 317 ยท 318 ยท 319 ยท 320 ยท 321 ยท 322 ยท 323 ยท 324 ยท 325 ยท 326 ยท 327 ยท 328 ยท 329 ยท 330 ยท 331 ยท 332 ยท 368 ยท 449 ยท 451 ยท 501 ยท 502 ยท 542 ยท 560 ยท 561 ยท 562 ยท 563 ยท 564 ยท 648 ยท 649 ยท 809 ยท 965 ยท 1033 ยท 1358 ยท 1386 ยท 1491 ยท 1423 ยท 1561 ยท 1575 ยท 1598 ยท 1599 ยท 1602 ยท 1604 ยท 1614 ยท 1619 ยท 1623 ยท 1637 ยท 1681 ยท 1682 ยท 1683 ยท 1684 ยท 1685 ยท 1686 ยท 1691 ยท 1813 ยท 1839 ยท 1965 ยท 1966 ยท 1967 ยท 2005 ยท 2137 ยท 2138 ยท 2139 ยท 2140 ยท 2141 ยท 2142 ยท 2143 ยท 2144 ยท 2145 ยท 2164 ยท 2208 ยท 2210 ยท 2211 ยท 2260 ยท 2261 ยท 2263 ยท 2264 ยท 2265 ยท 2266 ยท 2267 ยท 2276 ยท 2307 ยท 2321 ยท 2352 ยท 2404 ยท 2405 ยท 2406 ยท 2411 ยท 2412 ยท
See Also: New Testament |
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See Also: Old Testament |
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