Jesus Heals a Leper: Anger or Compassion?

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Jesus Heals a Leper: Anger or Compassion?

The healing of the leper in Mark 1:40–45 has become a subject in discussions about the character and behaviour of Jesus Christ by skeptics of the bible. The controversy centres upon Mark 1:41, where the King James Version reads:

And Jesus, moved with compassion, put forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean.

An alternative Greek reading describes Jesus as having become angry rather than being moved with compassion. The alternative reading has been promoted by Bart D. Ehrman and adopted by certain modern Bible translations, including the 2011 New International Version, which reads:

Jesus was indignant.

The debate involves two separate questions:

  1. What did the original text of Mark 1:41 say?
  2. If Jesus was angry, what was the cause and object of that anger?

These questions should not be confused. Even accepting the alternative Greek reading would not automatically establish that Jesus was angry with the leper, behaving irrationally or acting maliciously.

The leper's request

The account begins with a man suffering from leprosy approaching Jesus.

Mark 1:40 (KJV):

And there came a leper to him, beseeching him, and kneeling down to him, and saying unto him, If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.

The man's statement is particularly important.

He does not question whether Jesus possesses the ability to heal him. He explicitly acknowledges that Jesus can make him clean. His question concerns willingness:

If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.

The Greek construction distinguishes between ability and willingness. The man believes Jesus is capable of cleansing him but does not presume that Jesus will necessarily choose to do so. This is a humble appeal for healing, not an accusation that Jesus is incapable of performing miracles. The distinction is important when considering Ehrman's interpretation.

The traditional reading: compassion

The Textus Receptus reads σπλαγχνισθείς (splagchnistheis), meaning moved with compassion.

Mark 1:41 (KJV):

And Jesus, moved with compassion, put forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean.

The sequence is straightforward:

  1. A leper approaches Jesus.
  2. He kneels before him and asks to be cleansed.
  3. Jesus is moved with compassion.
  4. Jesus reaches out and touches him.
  5. Jesus declares that he is willing to heal him.
  6. The leprosy immediately departs.

The traditional reading gives a natural explanation for Jesus' actions.

He sees an afflicted man, responds with compassion, touches him and heals him.

This is consistent with other descriptions of Jesus' compassion throughout the Gospels.

For example:

Mark 6:34 (KJV):

Jesus is moved with compassion when he sees the multitude as sheep without a shepherd.

Mark 8:2 (KJV):

Jesus declares that he has compassion on the multitude because they have remained with him for three days without food.

Luke 7:13 (KJV):

Jesus has compassion upon the widow at Nain before raising her son.

The description of Jesus as compassionate is therefore entirely consistent with his wider portrayal.

The alternative reading: anger

The alternative Greek reading is ὀργισθείς (orgistheis), meaning having become angry.

Some translations consequently describe Jesus as angry or indignant immediately before healing the leper.

Bart Ehrman argues that anger is the original reading and that Christian scribes would have been more likely to change anger into compassion than compassion into anger.

His argument is based partly upon the principle that scribes sometimes altered difficult readings to make a passage more acceptable or easier to understand.

Ehrman also connects the supposed anger with the subsequent description of Jesus sternly warning and sending the man away in Mark 1:43.

However, the interpretation requires several additional assumptions.

Most importantly, the Greek word for anger does not identify the object of that anger.

Even if the alternative reading were accepted, the verse does not explicitly say that Jesus was angry with the leper.

Possible interpretations include:

  • Anger directed towards the disease and the suffering it caused.
  • Indignation at the circumstances surrounding the man's exclusion from normal society.
  • Anger associated with the man's request or public approach.
  • Frustration concerning the consequences of Jesus' growing public reputation.

These are possible explanations, but they remain interpretations rather than explicit statements in the text.

Bart Bruehler's more recent argument is particularly interesting. He proposes that Jesus' anger concerns the public attention generated by the miracle, particularly following Jesus' stated intention to preach elsewhere in Mark 1:38. This is a different interpretation from the claim that Jesus was simply angry with the leper.

The important distinction is that the text itself does not explicitly identify the reason for anger.

Does Mark 1:43 prove that Jesus was angry with the leper?

Mark 1:43 is frequently used to strengthen the argument for the anger reading.

The KJV reads:

And he straitly charged him, and forthwith sent him away;

Two Greek expressions are important here.

1. ἐμβριμησάμενος – sternly charged

The Greek word embrimēsamenos conveys a strong expression of indignation, sternness or emphatic warning.

The KJV translates it as "straitly charged."

It is therefore reasonable to recognise that Jesus speaks with considerable seriousness and authority.

However, sternness does not automatically demonstrate hostility towards the person being addressed.

A serious warning can be given without hatred, irrational anger or malicious intent.

2. ἐξέβαλεν – sent him away

The second expression is exebalen, from the Greek verb ἐκβάλλω (ekballō).

The verb has a range of meanings, including:

  • To cast out.
  • To drive out.
  • To expel.
  • To send out.
  • To send away.

The same Greek verb is frequently used in accounts involving the casting out of devils.

However, the occurrence of the same verb does not mean that every use refers to an exorcism.

Context determines the meaning.

In Mark 1:43, the KJV translators render it:

forthwith sent him away.

Ehrman's description can give the impression that Jesus violently expelled the leper as though he were a demon.

That is not what the KJV actually says.

The expression communicates urgency and forcefulness, but it does not by itself establish that Jesus was irrationally angry with the man.

What was Jesus actually commanding?

The following verse is essential to understanding the context.

Mark 1:44 (KJV):

And saith unto him, See thou say nothing to any man: but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing those things which Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them.

Jesus gives the man specific instructions.

He is to:

  1. Avoid spreading the news of the healing.
  2. Present himself to the priest.
  3. Offer the sacrifices required by the Law of Moses.

This is not an instruction to reject Jewish religious practice or disregard the Mosaic Law.

On the contrary, Jesus directs the man to fulfil the requirements associated with his cleansing.

The instructions correspond to the provisions in Leviticus 14.

This context is important when evaluating interpretations suggesting that Jesus was angry because of the Torah itself.

There is no explicit statement that Jesus was angry with the Law of Moses.

Did Matthew and Luke remove an embarrassing description of Jesus?

The parallel accounts appear in Matthew 8:1–4 and Luke 5:12–16.

Neither passage includes an explicit emotional description corresponding to either σπλαγχνισθείς (compassion) or ὀργισθείς (anger) in Mark 1:41.

Some scholars argue that Matthew and Luke omitted the description of anger because it presented an uncomfortable portrayal of Jesus.

However, this conclusion depends upon accepting a particular theory concerning the literary relationship between the Gospels.

The mere fact that Matthew and Luke do not contain the emotional description does not establish that they deliberately removed an embarrassing statement.

It is equally important that the parallel accounts do not explicitly state that Jesus was moved with compassion.

Consequently, these passages cannot simply be presented as direct manuscript evidence for either reading.

Does anger mean that Jesus sinned?

Another issue that sometimes becomes confused with the textual question is whether anger itself is necessarily sinful.

The King James Bible does not teach that every expression of anger is sinful.

Ephesians 4:26 (KJV) states:

Be ye angry, and sin not: let not the sun go down upon your wrath:

Furthermore, Mark itself explicitly records Jesus becoming angry on another occasion.

Mark 3:5 (KJV):

And when he had looked round about on them with anger, being grieved for the hardness of their hearts, he saith unto the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it out: and his hand was restored whole as the other.

Jesus' anger in Mark 3:5 is directed towards the hardness of heart displayed by those opposing the healing of the man with the withered hand.

There is therefore no need to argue that Jesus could never experience anger.

The distinction is between righteous indignation and sinful anger.

The TR/KJV position does not depend upon denying that Jesus could become angry. It depends upon determining which Greek reading belongs in Mark 1:41.

The traditional reading is compassion.

The problem with describing Jesus as psychopathic

Even if the alternative reading of anger were accepted, describing Jesus as a psychopath would go considerably beyond what the passage establishes.

The Greek word ὀργισθείς means becoming angry or being indignant. It does not mean becoming psychotic, losing control or behaving irrationally.

The narrative describes Jesus reaching out, touching the leper and healing him.

He then gives the man specific instructions concerning his cleansing.

Nothing in the verse explicitly says that Jesus struck the man, abused him, lost control or acted violently towards him.

The distinction between what the text says and what an interpreter infers is essential.

A textual variant describing anger cannot, by itself, establish an entire psychological portrait of Jesus.

Conclusion

The traditional reading of Mark 1:41 is that Jesus was moved with compassion before healing the leper.

This reading is preserved in the Textus Receptus and the King James Version and is supported by the overwhelming majority of Greek manuscripts.

The alternative reading of anger is an extreem minority textual variant, and its manuscript support is limited and its interpretation remains highly disputed.

Furthermore, the claim that Jesus was angry with the leper and cast him out like a demon goes beyond what the passage actually states.

The Greek words in Mark 1:43 indicate a stern warning and an urgent dismissal, but they do not independently establish the object or nature of Jesus' supposed anger.

The most defensible conclusion from the TR/KJV perspective is that Mark 1:41 should retain the traditional reading:

Jesus was moved with compassion.

The passage presents Jesus as willing to touch and cleanse a man who had been afflicted by a debilitating condition and separated from ordinary social and religious life.

The alternative reading deserves examination, but it should not be used to construct a psychological description of Jesus that the text itself does not establish.

Further reading

The King James Version 2023 Edition New Testament is now complete and in print format here.

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01 · 02 · 03 · 04 · 05 · 06 · 07 · 08 · 09 · 010 · 011 · 012 · 013 · 014 · 015 · 016 · 017 · 018 · 019 · 020 · 021 · 022 · 023 · 024 · 025 · 026 · 027 · 028 · 029 · 030 · 031 · 032 · 033 · 034 · 035 · 036 · 037 · 038 · 039 · 040 · 041 · 042 · 043 · 044 · 045 · 046 · 047 · 048 · 049 · 050 · 051 · 052 · 053 · 054 · 055 · 056 · 057 · 058 · 059 · 060 · 061 · 062 · 063 · 064 · 065 · 066 · 067 · 068 · 069 · 070 · 071 · 072 · 073 · 074 · 075 · 076 · 077 · 078 · 079 · 080 · 081 · 082 · 083 · 084 · 085 · 086 · 087 · 088 · 089 · 090 · 091 · 092 · 093 · 094 · 095 · 096 · 097 · 098 · 099 · 0100 · 0101 · 0102 · 0103 · 0104 · 0105 · 0106 · 0107 · 0108 · 0109 · 0110 · 0111 · 0112 · 0113 · 0114 · 0115 · 0116 · 0117 · 0118 · 0119 · 0120 · 0121 · 0122 · 0123 · 0124 · 0125 · 0126 · 0127 · 0128 · 0129 · 0130 · 0131 · 0132 · 0134 · 0135 · 0136 · 0137 · 0138 · 0139 · 0140 · 0141 · 0142 · 0143 · 0144 · 0145 · 0146 · 0147 · 0148 · 0149 · 0150 · 0151 · 0152 · 0153 · 0154 · 0155 · 0156 · 0157 · 0158 · 0159 · 0160 · 0161 · 0162 · 0163 · 0164 · 0165 · 0166 · 0167 · 0168 · 0169 · 0170 · 0171 · 0172 · 0173 · 0174 · 0175 · 0176 · 0177 · 0178 · 0179 · 0180 · 0181 · 0182 · 0183 · 0184 · 0185 · 0186 · 0187 · 0188 · 0189 · 0190 · 0191 · 0192 · 0193 · 0194 · 0195 · 0196 · 0197 · 0198 · 0199 · 0200 · 0201 · 0202 · 0203 · 0204 · 0205 · 0206 · 0207 · 0208 · 0209 · 0210 · 0211 · 0212 · 0213 · 0214 · 0215 · 0216 · 0217 · 0218 · 0219 · 0220 · 0221 · 0222 · 0223 · 0224 · 0225 · 0226 · 0227 · 0228 · 0229 · 0230 · 0231 · 0232 · 0234 · 0235 · 0236 · 0237 · 0238 · 0239 · 0240 · 0241 · 0242 · 0243 · 0244 · 0245 · 0246 · 0247 · 0248 · 0249 · 0250 · 0251 · 0252 · 0253 · 0254 · 0255 · 0256 · 0257 · 0258 · 0259 · 0260 · 0261 · 0262 · 0263 · 0264 · 0265 · 0266 · 0267 · 0268 · 0269 · 0270 · 0271 · 0272 · 0273 · 0274 · 0275 · 0276 · 0277 · 0278 · 0279 · 0280 · 0281 · 0282 · 0283 · 0284 · 0285 · 0286 · 0287 · 0288 · 0289 · 0290 · 0291 · 0292 · 0293 · 0294 · 0295 · 0296 · 0297 · 0298 · 0299 · 0300 · 0301 · 0302 · 0303 · 0304 · 0305 · 0306 · 0307 · 0308 · 0309 · 0310 · 0311 · 0312 · 0313 · 0314 · 0315 · 0316 · 0317 · 0318 · 0319 · 0320 · 0321 · 0322 · 0323 ·


List of New Testament lectionaries

1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 25b · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · 32 · 33 · 34 · 35 · 36 · 37 · 38 · 39 · 40 · 41 · 42 · 43 · 44 · 45 · 46 · 47 · 48 · 49 · 50 · 51 · 52 · 53 · 54 · 55 · 56 · 57 · 58 · 59 · 60 · 61 · 62 · 63 · 64 · 65 · 66 · 67 · 68 · 69 · 70 · 71 · 72 · 73 · 74 · 75 · 76 · 77 · 78 · 79 · 80 · 81 · 82 · 83 · 84 · 85 · 86 · 87 · 88 · 89 · 90 · 91 · 92 · 93 · 94 · 95 · 96 · 97 · 98 · 99 · 100 · 101 · 102 · 103 · 104 · 105 · 106 · 107 · 108 · 109 · 110 · 111 · 112 · 113 · 114 · 115 · 116 · 117 · 118 · 119 · 120 · 121 · 122 · 123 · 124 · 125 · 126 · 127 · 128 · 129 · 130 · 131 · 132 · 133 · 134 · 135 · 136 · 137 · 138 · 139 · 140 · 141 · 142 · 143 · 144 · 145 · 146 · 147 · 148 · 149 · 150 · 151 · 152 · 153 · 154 · 155 · 156 · 157 · 158 · 159 · 160 · 161 · 162 · 163 · 164 · 165 · 166 · 167 · 168 · 169 · 170 · 171 · 172 · 173 · 174 · 175 · 176 · 177 · 178 · 179 · 180 · 181 · 182 · 183 · 184 · 185 · 186 · 187 · 188 · 189 · 190 · 191 · 192 · 193 · 194 · 195 · 196 · 197 · 198 · 199 · 200 · 201 · 202 · 203 · 204 · 205 · 206a · 206b · 207 · 208 · 209 · 210 · 211 · 212 · 213 · 214 · 215 · 216 · 217 · 218 · 219 · 220 · 221 · 222 · 223 · 224 · 225 · 226 · 227 · 228 · 229 · 230 · 231 · 232 · 233 · 234 · 235 · 236 · 237 · 238 · 239 · 240 · 241 · 242 · 243 · 244 · 245 · 246 · 247 · 248 · 249 · 250 · 251 · 252 · 253 · 254 · 255 · 256 · 257 · 258 · 259 · 260 · 261 · 262 · 263 · 264 · 265 · 266 · 267 · 268 · 269 · 270 · 271 · 272 · 273 · 274 · 275 · 276 · 277 · 278 · 279 · 280 · 281 · 282 · 283 · 284 · 285 · 286 · 287 · 288 · 289 · 290 · 291 · 292 · 293 · 294 · 295 · 296 · 297 · 298 · 299 · 300 · 301 · 302 · 303 · 304 · 305 · 306 · 307 · 308 · 309 · 310 · 311 · 312 · 313 · 314 · 315 · 316 · 317 · 318 · 319 · 320 · 321 · 322 · 323 · 324 · 325 · 326 · 327 · 328 · 329 · 330 · 331 · 332 · 368 · 449 · 451 · 501 · 502 · 542 · 560 · 561 · 562 · 563 · 564 · 648 · 649 · 809 · 965 · 1033 · 1358 · 1386 · 1491 · 1423 · 1561 · 1575 · 1598 · 1599 · 1602 · 1604 · 1614 · 1619 · 1623 · 1637 · 1681 · 1682 · 1683 · 1684 · 1685 · 1686 · 1691 · 1813 · 1839 · 1965 · 1966 · 1967 · 2005 · 2137 · 2138 · 2139 · 2140 · 2141 · 2142 · 2143 · 2144 · 2145 · 2164 · 2208 · 2210 · 2211 · 2260 · 2261 · 2263 · 2264 · 2265 · 2266 · 2267 · 2276 · 2307 · 2321 · 2352 · 2404 · 2405 · 2406 · 2411 · 2412 ·



New book available with irrefutable evidence for the reading in the TR and KJV.
Revelation 16:5 book
Revelation 16:5 book
Revelation 16:5 and the Triadic Declaration - A defense of the reading of “shalt be” in the Authorized Version