Ibid.

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An example of Ibid. citations in use, from "Justice" by Michael J. Sandel.

'Ibid. (Latin, short for ibidem, meaning "in the same place") is the term used to provide an endnote, footnote, or bibliography citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated Id., which is commonly used in legal citation.^[1] To find the ibid. source, one must look at the reference preceding it.

Ibid. may also be used in the Harvard (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.^[2]^[3] The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page. Many academic publishers now prefer that "ibid." should not be given in italics, as it is a commonly found term.^[4]

Notice that ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it commonly takes a period (full stop) in both American and British usage.

Example

[1] E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Ibid., 29.
[4] A. Alhazred, The Necronomicon (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
[5] Ibid. 1, 34.

Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5.

Cultural references

Ibid. is used in the 1960s play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibidTemplate:Huh in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line.
In the 1989 book Pyramids by Terry Pratchett, one of the Ephebian philosophers is called "Ibid".
In the 1997 movie Good Will Hunting, the main character, Will Hunting, when arguing for himself in court against the dismissive rebuttals of the prosecuting attorney, cites obscure case law, then follows up by stating "Ibid, your Honor."

References

1. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/idem thefreedictionary.com
2. Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).
3. New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396
4. E.g., "Style sheet: Cambridge University Press" (DOC). 2013.

External links

Ibid. on Dictionary.com
Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles

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