Faddan More Psalter
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| + | The '''Faddan More Psalter''' (also ''Irish Bog Psalter'' or ''Faddan Mor Psalter'') is an [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[psalter]] (prayer book) discovered in a [[bog]] in July 2006, in the townland of [[Faddan More]] in north [[County Tipperary]], [[Ireland]].<sup>[1]</sup> It is estimated to have been in the bog for between 1,000 and 1,200 years, but the book itself has yet to be formally identified, named or dated by Irish archaeological authorities. This discovery was hailed by the [[National Museum of Ireland]] as one of the most significant Irish [[archaeology|archaeological]] finds in decades.<sup>[2]</sup> An expert who was called in to advise on the discovery said that he believes the psalter is the first discovery of an Irish early [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[manuscript]] in two centuries.<sup>[3]</sup> During the conservation process, in the period 2006–2010, the lining of the binding was found to have elements of [[papyrus]] leading to suggestions of links between the early Irish Christian Church and the Middle Eastern [[Coptic Church]].<sup>[4]</sup> The manuscript is due to go on display in the National Museum in 2011. | ||
| + | ==Description== | ||
| + | The book is written in [[Latin]] on [[vellum]] pages and extensive fragments have survived. Large [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] [[initial]]s, typical of [[Insular art]], are visible at the corners. Early research shows that the approximately 20 recovered pages are rectangular sheets, folded in the centre, with a wraparound vellum or leather cover like "a very thick wallet in appearance". It does not have a modern binding. It is believed to have been made by monks in the scriptorium of an Irish [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic]] monastery.<sup>[2]</sup><sup>[5]</sup> | ||
| + | Low oxygen levels in the bog provide unusual preservation conditions, and bogs were often used by Irish monks as hiding places for valuables in the face of [[Viking]] raids. In addition to low oxygen levels, [[sphagnum]] moss, of which the peat bog is composed, produces an antibiotic substance called [[sphagnan]] that binds with proteins on the surface of microorganisims, immobilizing them. Its highly reactive carbonyl groups can alter chemicals and nutrients that would otherwise decompose organic matter. And above all the sphagnum moss causes organic material to undergo chemical changes itself that make it impervious to rot.<sup>[6]</sup> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Discovery== | ||
| + | It was uncovered by bulldozer driver Eddie Fogarty,<sup>[1]</sup> a worker extracting [[peat]] with a [[backhoe]]. Dr. Patrick Wallace, director of the National Museum, praised Fogarty for immediately having covered the book with damp soil, as exposure to dry air after so many centuries of dampness might have destroyed it. The book is being stored in refrigeration at the National Museum. Identifying the safest way to pry open the pages without damaging or destroying them could take months, and conservation work could take two years. The area around Faddan More Bog is rich in medieval history. Monastic foundations such as [[Lorrha]] and [[Terryglass]] in Co. Tipperary and [[Birr]] and Seirkieran in Co. Offaly are located nearby.<sup>[1]</sup> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The bog is owned by local brothers Kevin and Patrick Leonard. Six years before the psalter find, a leather satchel was found that, by [[radiocarbon dating]], was estimated to originate from between the seventh and ninth centuries. This was located just 100m from the psalter findspot and is of a similar date suggesting that the satchel may have originally contained the book. Additionally, in recent years two ancient wooden vessels were also found in the same bog.<sup>[1]</sup> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Misreported prophecy== | ||
| + | When found, the book was opened to a page displaying [[Psalms|Psalm]] [[s:la:The Old Testament (Vulgate)/Psalmi#83|83]] (in the [[Septuagint]] numbering), which corresponds with [[s:en:Bible (King James)/Psalms#84|Psalm 84]] in the [[Masoretic Text|Masoretic]] numbering used in most English-language translations.<sup>[]</sup> Due to confusion regarding differences in numbering the Psalms, some news sites implied that the Psalter was open at the [[s:en:Bible (King James)/Psalms#83|Masoretic Psalm 83]]. That psalm contains such lines as "They have said, Come, and let us cut them off from being a nation; that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance"; this reference to the attempted destruction of [[Israel]] connected the find in some people's minds with the contemporaneous [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]]. The matter was clarified by the director of the [[National Museum of Ireland]], who pointed out the difference in [[Septuagint]] vs. [[Masoretic]] numbering and that the displayed psalm contains no reference to the destruction of Israel.<sup>[7]</sup> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation== | ||
| + | The National Museum of Ireland consulted with specialists in archaeological conservation and book conservation about the best way to conserve the psalter, and received partly conflicting advice. Ultimately a multi-phase conservation plan was determined. The first phase involved non-destructive examination of the book in the form in which it was discovered - e.g., photography, MRI scanning, and examination of the binding by book-binding specialists. In the second phase, experiments were done on 18th century parchments to determine the best way of drying waterlogged parchment. The most effective method involved soaking the parchment in ethanol to replace the water, placing it between blotting sheets, and vacuum-packing it. In the third phase, this technique was tested on small fragments of the psalter, and found to be effective. Conservationists then began applying this method to larger sections of the psalter.<sup>[8]</sup> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[Cathach of St. Columba]], a 7th Century Irish psalter | ||
| + | *[[Clonycavan Man]] and [[Old Croghan Man]], recent Irish bog finds | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * 1. Location of 'Ireland's Dead Sea Scrolls' revealed- IOL news 05/08/2006 - 09:50:08 | ||
| + | * 2. Ancient manuscript discovered in the Midlands - RTÉ News | ||
| + | * 3. Bernard Meehan cited in the Sydney Morning Herald | ||
| + | * 4. http://www.independent.ie/national-news/manuscript-dug-from-bog-rates-among-our-top-10-biggest-finds-2325341.html | ||
| + | * 5. Ancient Psalms Found Preserved in Irish Bog - NPR | ||
| + | * 6. How do bogs keep things fresh? by Daniel Engber, Slate, 2006 | ||
| + | * 7. Museum plays diplomatic role on psalm's 'warning to Israel' - Irish Times | ||
| + | * 8. The Faddan More Psalter: a progress update, by John Gillis and Anthony Read | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | * [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/wire/sns-ap-ireland-ancient-book,1,3769300.story Ireland Worker Finds Ancient Psalms in Bog] at the Los Angeles Times | ||
| + | * [http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=9&si=1659834&issue_id=14411 "Ancient prayer book found in bog"] in the [[Irish Independent]] (login required) | ||
| + | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5216320.stm "'Irish Dead Sea Scrolls' in bog"] on [[BBC News]] | ||
| + | * [http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0725/manuscript.html "Ancient manuscript discovered in the Midlands"] on [[RTÉ News]] (video report attached) | ||
| + | * [http://www.museum.ie/news/details_news.asp?sPressType=1&newsid=231 "Clarification re Psalm 83 in Ancient Book of Psalms"] on [[National Museum of Ireland]] | ||
| + | * [http://www.newadvent.org/bible/psa083.htm "Book of Psalms (Latin)/Psalm 83"] | ||
| + | * [http://www.explore.ie/ireland/article.php?ID=143 article on irish bog bodies] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:2006 archaeological discoveries]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Archaeological artefacts]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Irish manuscripts]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Bogs]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Illuminated psalters]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Donate}} | ||
Current revision
The Faddan More Psalter (also Irish Bog Psalter or Faddan Mor Psalter) is an early medieval Christian psalter (prayer book) discovered in a bog in July 2006, in the townland of Faddan More in north County Tipperary, Ireland.[1] It is estimated to have been in the bog for between 1,000 and 1,200 years, but the book itself has yet to be formally identified, named or dated by Irish archaeological authorities. This discovery was hailed by the National Museum of Ireland as one of the most significant Irish archaeological finds in decades.[2] An expert who was called in to advise on the discovery said that he believes the psalter is the first discovery of an Irish early medieval manuscript in two centuries.[3] During the conservation process, in the period 2006–2010, the lining of the binding was found to have elements of papyrus leading to suggestions of links between the early Irish Christian Church and the Middle Eastern Coptic Church.[4] The manuscript is due to go on display in the National Museum in 2011.
Contents |
Description
The book is written in Latin on vellum pages and extensive fragments have survived. Large illuminated initials, typical of Insular art, are visible at the corners. Early research shows that the approximately 20 recovered pages are rectangular sheets, folded in the centre, with a wraparound vellum or leather cover like "a very thick wallet in appearance". It does not have a modern binding. It is believed to have been made by monks in the scriptorium of an Irish Celtic monastery.[2][5] Low oxygen levels in the bog provide unusual preservation conditions, and bogs were often used by Irish monks as hiding places for valuables in the face of Viking raids. In addition to low oxygen levels, sphagnum moss, of which the peat bog is composed, produces an antibiotic substance called sphagnan that binds with proteins on the surface of microorganisims, immobilizing them. Its highly reactive carbonyl groups can alter chemicals and nutrients that would otherwise decompose organic matter. And above all the sphagnum moss causes organic material to undergo chemical changes itself that make it impervious to rot.[6]
Discovery
It was uncovered by bulldozer driver Eddie Fogarty,[1] a worker extracting peat with a backhoe. Dr. Patrick Wallace, director of the National Museum, praised Fogarty for immediately having covered the book with damp soil, as exposure to dry air after so many centuries of dampness might have destroyed it. The book is being stored in refrigeration at the National Museum. Identifying the safest way to pry open the pages without damaging or destroying them could take months, and conservation work could take two years. The area around Faddan More Bog is rich in medieval history. Monastic foundations such as Lorrha and Terryglass in Co. Tipperary and Birr and Seirkieran in Co. Offaly are located nearby.[1]
The bog is owned by local brothers Kevin and Patrick Leonard. Six years before the psalter find, a leather satchel was found that, by radiocarbon dating, was estimated to originate from between the seventh and ninth centuries. This was located just 100m from the psalter findspot and is of a similar date suggesting that the satchel may have originally contained the book. Additionally, in recent years two ancient wooden vessels were also found in the same bog.[1]
Misreported prophecy
When found, the book was opened to a page displaying Psalm 83 (in the Septuagint numbering), which corresponds with Psalm 84 in the Masoretic numbering used in most English-language translations.[] Due to confusion regarding differences in numbering the Psalms, some news sites implied that the Psalter was open at the Masoretic Psalm 83. That psalm contains such lines as "They have said, Come, and let us cut them off from being a nation; that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance"; this reference to the attempted destruction of Israel connected the find in some people's minds with the contemporaneous 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. The matter was clarified by the director of the National Museum of Ireland, who pointed out the difference in Septuagint vs. Masoretic numbering and that the displayed psalm contains no reference to the destruction of Israel.[7]
Conservation
The National Museum of Ireland consulted with specialists in archaeological conservation and book conservation about the best way to conserve the psalter, and received partly conflicting advice. Ultimately a multi-phase conservation plan was determined. The first phase involved non-destructive examination of the book in the form in which it was discovered - e.g., photography, MRI scanning, and examination of the binding by book-binding specialists. In the second phase, experiments were done on 18th century parchments to determine the best way of drying waterlogged parchment. The most effective method involved soaking the parchment in ethanol to replace the water, placing it between blotting sheets, and vacuum-packing it. In the third phase, this technique was tested on small fragments of the psalter, and found to be effective. Conservationists then began applying this method to larger sections of the psalter.[8]
See also
- Cathach of St. Columba, a 7th Century Irish psalter
- Clonycavan Man and Old Croghan Man, recent Irish bog finds
References
- 1. Location of 'Ireland's Dead Sea Scrolls' revealed- IOL news 05/08/2006 - 09:50:08
- 2. Ancient manuscript discovered in the Midlands - RTÉ News
- 3. Bernard Meehan cited in the Sydney Morning Herald
- 4. http://www.independent.ie/national-news/manuscript-dug-from-bog-rates-among-our-top-10-biggest-finds-2325341.html
- 5. Ancient Psalms Found Preserved in Irish Bog - NPR
- 6. How do bogs keep things fresh? by Daniel Engber, Slate, 2006
- 7. Museum plays diplomatic role on psalm's 'warning to Israel' - Irish Times
- 8. The Faddan More Psalter: a progress update, by John Gillis and Anthony Read
External links
- Ireland Worker Finds Ancient Psalms in Bog at the Los Angeles Times
- "Ancient prayer book found in bog" in the Irish Independent (login required)
- "'Irish Dead Sea Scrolls' in bog" on BBC News
- "Ancient manuscript discovered in the Midlands" on RTÉ News (video report attached)
- "Clarification re Psalm 83 in Ancient Book of Psalms" on National Museum of Ireland
- "Book of Psalms (Latin)/Psalm 83"
- article on irish bog bodies
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