Gospel of Mark

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===Characteristics of Mark's language===
===Characteristics of Mark's language===
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The phrase "and immediately" occurs nearly forty times in Mark; while in Luke, which is much longer, it is used only seven times, and in John only four times.<ref>[http://www.site-berea.com/D/ebd/T0002400.html#T0002421 Easton's Bible Dictionary: Mark, Gospel according to]</ref> The word from {{lang-el|νομος}}, which roughly translates as ''law,'' ([http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3551]) is never used, while it appears 8 times in Matthew, 9 times in Luke, 15 times in John, 19 times in Acts, many times in Romans.
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The phrase "and immediately" occurs nearly forty times in Mark; while in Luke, which is much longer, it is used only seven times, and in John only four times.<sup>[]</sup> The word from [[νομος]], which roughly translates as ''law,'' ([http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3551]) is never used, while it appears 8 times in Matthew, 9 times in Luke, 15 times in John, 19 times in Acts, many times in Romans.
[[Latin]] loanwords are often used: [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=4688 speculator], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3582 sextarius],
[[Latin]] loanwords are often used: [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=4688 speculator], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3582 sextarius],
[http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2760 centurion], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3003 legion], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2835 quadrans], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=4232 praetorium],
[http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2760 centurion], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3003 legion], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2835 quadrans], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=4232 praetorium],
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[http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2541 caesar], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2778 census], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=5417 flagello], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3426 modius], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=1220 denarius].<ref>[[Bauer lexicon]]</ref> Mark has only a few direct Old Testament quotations: {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|1:2-3}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|4:12}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|7:6-7}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|11:9-10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|12:29-31}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|13:24-26}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|14:27}}. Mark makes frequent use of the [[narrative present]]; Luke changes about 150 of these verbs to past tense.<ref>''Complete Gospels'', Miller, p.11</ref> Mark frequently links sentences with {{lang-el|και}} (''and''); Matthew and Luke replace most of these with [[subordinate clauses]].
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[http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2541 caesar], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2778 census], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=5417 flagello], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=3426 modius], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=1220 denarius].<ref>[[Bauer lexicon]]</ref> Mark has only a few direct Old Testament quotations: {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|1:2-3}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|4:12}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|7:6-7}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|11:9-10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|12:29-31}}, [[Mark 13:24]]-[[Mark 13:26|26]], [[Mark 14:27]]. Mark makes frequent use of the [[narrative present]]; Luke changes about 150 of these verbs to past tense.<sup>[]</sup> Mark frequently links sentences with και (''and''); Matthew and Luke replace most of these with [[subordinate clauses]].
===Other characteristics unique to ''Mark''===
===Other characteristics unique to ''Mark''===

Revision as of 11:19, 29 August 2011

The Gospel According to Mark (κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Μᾶρκον, to euangelion kata Markon), commonly shortened to the Gospel of Mark or simply Mark, is the second book of the New Testament. This canonical account of the life of Jesus of Nazareth is one of the three synoptic gospels. It was thought to be an epitome, which accounts for its place as the second gospel in the Bible. However, most contemporary scholars now regard it as the earliest of the canonical gospels [] (c 70),[] a position known as Markan priority.

The Gospel of Mark narrates the Ministry of Jesus from John the Baptist's baptism of Jesus to the Ascension of Jesus, and it concentrates particularly on the last week of his life (chapters 11–16, the trip to Jerusalem). Its swift narrative portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action,[] an exorcist, a healer and miracle worker.

An important theme of Mark is the Messianic Secret.[] Jesus silences the demoniacs he heals, keeps his messianic identity secret, and conceals his message with parables.[] The disciples also fail to understand the implication of the miracles of Jesus.[]

All four canonical gospels are anonymous, but Early Christian tradition identifies this gospel's author as Mark the Evangelist, who is said to have based the work on the testimony of Saint Peter.[] Some modern scholars consider the traditional authorship account to be essentially credible,[] while others doubt it.[] Even scholars who doubt Mark's authorship acknowledge that much of the material in Mark goes back a long way and represents important information about Jesus.[] The Gospel of Mark is often considered to be the primary source of information about the ministry of Jesus.[]

Contents

Composition and setting

The Gospel of Mark does not name its author.[] A 2nd century tradition ascribes it to Mark the Evangelist (also known as John Mark), a companion of Peter,[] on whose memories it is supposedly based.[][][][] The gospel was written in Greek around AD 64, possibly in Syria.[] The author's use of varied sources tells against the traditional account of authorship,[] and according to the majority view the author is probably unknown.[]

Authorship and sources

Image:Andrea Mantegna 087.jpg
Mantegna's St. Mark.

According to Irenaeus, Papias of Hierapolis, writing in the early 2nd century, reported that this gospel was by John Mark,[] the companion of Saint Peter in Rome, who "had one purpose only – to leave out nothing that he had heard, and to make no misstatement about it."[] A number of modern scholars believe that the gospel was written in Syria by an unknown Christian around AD 70, using various sources including a passion narrative (probably written), collections of miracles stories (oral or written), apocalyptic traditions (probably written), and disputations and didactic sayings (some possibly written).[] Some of the material in Mark, however, goes back a very long way, representing an important source for historical information about Jesus.[]

Mark wrote primarily for an audience of gentile Greek-speaking residents of the Roman Empire: Jewish traditions are explained, clearly for the benefit of non-Jews (e.g., Mark 7:1–4; Mark 14:12; Mark 15:42), and Aramaic words and phrases are expanded upon by the author, e.g., ταλιθα κουμ (talitha koum, Mark 5:41); κορβαν (Corban, Mark 7:11); αββα (abba, Mark 14:36). When Mark makes use of the Old Testament he does so in the form in which it had been translated into Greek, the Septuagint, for instance Mark 1:2; Mark 2:23–28; Mark 10:48b; Mark 12:18–27; also compare Mark 2:10 with Daniel Daniel 7:13–14.

Source for Matthew and Luke

See also Two-source hypothesis

The first page of Mark in Minuscule 544
The first page of Mark in Minuscule 544

Most scholars believe that the Gospel of Mark was the first of the canonical gospels, and was available when the gospels of Matthew and Luke were written.[] The reason that such great importance is attached to this Gospel has been the widespread belief in the academic community that the Gospel of Mark and probably Q were the basis of the Synoptic Gospels,[][] as held in the two-source hypothesis.[][][][][] Mark's gospel is a short, Koine Greek basis for the Synoptic Gospels. It provides the general chronology, from Jesus' baptism to the empty tomb.[]

Differing versions

Mark is the shortest of the canonical gospels. Manuscripts, both scrolls and codices, tend to lose text at the beginning and the end, not unlike a coverless paperback in a backpack.[] These losses are characteristically unconnected with excisions. For instance, Mark 1:1 has been found in two different forms. Most manuscripts of Mark, including the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus, have the text "son of God",[] but three important manuscripts do not. Those three are: Codex Sinaiticus (01, א; dated 4th century), Codex Koridethi (038, Θ; 9th century), and the text called Minuscule 28 (11th century).[] Textual support for the term "Son of God" is strong, but the phrase may not have been original.[]

Interpolations may not be editorial, either. It is a common experience that glosses written in the margins of manuscripts get incorporated into the text as copies are made. Any particular example is open to dispute, of course, but one may take note of Mark 7:16, "Let anyone with ears to hear, listen," which is not found in early manuscripts.

Revision and editorial error may also contribute. Most differences are trivial but Mark 1:41, where the leper approached Jesus begging to be healed, is significant. Early (Western) manuscripts say that Jesus became angry with the leper while later (Byzantine) versions indicate that Jesus showed compassion. This is possibly a confusion between the Aramaic words ethraham (he had pity) and ethra'em (he was enraged).[] Since it is easier to understand why a scribe would change "rage" to "pity" than "pity" to "rage," the earlier version is probably original.[]

Ending

See Also Mark 16

Starting in the 19th century, textual critics have commonly asserted that Mark 16:9–20, describing some disciples' encounters with the resurrected Jesus, was a later addition to the gospel. Mark 16:8 stops at a description of the empty tomb, which is immediately preceded by a statement by a "young man dressed in a white robe" that Jesus is "risen" and is "going ahead of you into Galilee." The last twelve verses are missing from the oldest manuscripts of Mark's Gospel.[] The style of these verses differs from the rest of Mark, suggesting they were a later addition. In a handful of manuscripts, a "short ending" is included after 16:8, but before the "long ending", and exists by itself in one of the earliest Old Latin codices, Codex Bobiensis. By the 5th century, at least four different endings have been attested. (See Mark 16 for a more comprehensive treatment of this topic.) Possibly, the Long Ending (16:9-20) started as a summary of evidence for Jesus' resurrection and the apostles' divine mission, based on other gospels.[] It was likely composed early in the 2nd century and incorporated into the gospel around the middle of the 2nd century.[]

Therefore, the Gospel of Mark may have originally ended abruptly at Mark 16:8. This has become problematic for scholars, as it is unlikely that a Christian author would have intentionally ended his gospel in such a fashion. The most common explanation is that the ending was lost. This is not uncommon with ancient scrolls due to their wearing patterns. The gospel may have been unfinished, due to death or some form of persecution. Finally Mark could have been a two volume work in the tradition of Luke-Acts, the second volume being lost or unfinished.[][][] []

Irenaeus, c. 180, quoted from the long ending, specifically as part of Mark's gospel.[] The 3rd-century theologian Origen of Alexandria quoted the resurrection stories in Matthew, Luke, and John but failed to quote anything after {{#if:| }}Mark 16:8, suggesting that his copy of Mark stopped there. Eusebius and Jerome both mention the majority of texts available to them omitted the longer ending.[] Critics are divided over whether the original ending at 16:8 was intentional, whether it resulted from accidental loss, or even the author's death.[] Those who believe that 16:8 was not the intended ending argue that it would be very unusual syntax for the text to end with the conjunction gar (), as does Mark 16:8, and that thematically it would be strange for a book of good news to end with a note of fear (, "for they were afraid").[] If the 16:8 ending was intentional, it could indicate a connection to the theme of the "Messianic Secret". This abrupt ending is also used to support the identification of this book as an example of closet drama, which characteristically ended without resolution and often with a tragic or shocking event that prevents closure.[]

Characteristics

[[File:Archaic mark session.jpg|thumb|Minuscule 2427 – "Archaic Mark"]] The Gospel of Mark differs from the other gospels in language, detail and content. Its theology is unique. The gospel's vocabulary embraces 1330 distinct words, of which 60 are proper names. Eighty words, (exclusive of proper names), are not found elsewhere in the New Testament. About one-fourth of these are non-classical. In addition Mark makes use of the "historic present" as well as the "Messianic secret" to make known his Gospel message.<ref>William Telford, Mark, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003 pp.75 - 78</ref>

Theology

Christians consider the Gospel of Mark to be divinely inspired and will see the gospel's theology as consistent with that of the rest of the Bible. Each sees Mark as contributing a valuable voice to a wider Christian theology, though Christians sometimes disagree about the nature of this theology. However, Mark's contribution to a New Testament theology can be identified as unique in and of itself.

Mark is seen as a historian/theologian and declares that his account is "The Gospel of Jesus Christ". The "Suffering Messiah" is central to Mark's portrayal of Jesus, his theology and the structure of the gospel. This knowledge is hidden and only those with spiritual insight may see. The concept of hidden knowledge may have become the basis of the Gnostic Gospels.<ref>William L. Lane, The Gospel according to Mark, Volume 2 of The new international commentary on the New Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1974 pp.300 - 303</ref> John Killinger, arguing that, in Mark, the resurrection account is hidden throughout the gospel rather than at the end, speculates that the Markan author might himself have been a Gnostic Christian.<ref>John Killinger, Hidden Mark: Exploring Christianity's Heretical Gospel (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2010).</ref>

Messianic secret

See Also Messianic secret

In Mark, more than in the other synoptics, Jesus hides his messianic identity.[] When he exorcises demons, they recognize him, but he commands them to be silent. When he heals people, he tells them not to reveal how they were healed.[] When he preaches, he uses parables to conceal his true message. The disciples are obtuse, understanding the true significance of Jesus only after his death.[] This "Messianic secret" is a central issue in Bible scholarship.[]

In 1901, William Wrede challenged the current critical view that Mark comprised a straightforward historical account and gave the name "Messianic secret" to this gospel theme. He argued that the Messianic secret was a literary device that Mark used to resolve the tension between early Christians, who hailed Jesus as the Messiah, and the historical Jesus who, he argued, never made any such claim for himself.[] The Messianic secret remains a topic of debate.[]

Adoptionism

Christians believe that Jesus was the Son of God. The majority Christian view is that He was conceived by the Holy Spirit and was born of the Virgin Mary.

However, there is a minority Christian belief called Adoptionism. Adoptionists believe that Jesus was fully human, born of a sexual union between Joseph and Mary.[][] Jesus only became divine, i.e. (adopted as God's son), later at his baptism.[] He was chosen as the firstborn of all creation because of his sinless devotion to the will of God.[][]

Adoptionism probably arose among early Jewish Christians seeking to reconcile the claims that Jesus was the Son of God with the strict monotheism of Judaism, in which the concept of a trinity of divine persons in one Godhead was unacceptable. In fact, Bart D. Ehrman argues that adoptionist theology may date back almost to the time of Jesus and his view is shared by many other scholars.[] The early Jewish-Christian Gospels make no mention of a supernatural birth. Rather, they state that Jesus was begotten at his baptism.

The theology of Adoptionism fell into disfavor as Christianity left its Jewish roots and Gentile Christianity became dominant. Adoptionism was declared heresy at the end of the 2nd century, and was rejected by the First Council of Nicaea, which proclaimed the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity and identifies Jesus as eternally begotten of God. The Creed of Nicaea now holds Jesus was born of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. (See Virgin Birth).[]

Adoptionism may go back as far as Matthew and the Apostles.[] According to the Church Fathers,[] the first gospel was written by the Apostle Matthew, and his account was called the Gospel of the Hebrews or the Gospel of the Apostles.[][] [] [] This, the first written account of the life of Jesus was adoptionist in nature. The Gospel of the Hebrews has no mention of the Virgin Birth and when Jesus is baptized it states, "Jesus came up from the water, Heaven was opened, and He saw the Holy Spirit descend in the form of a dove and enter into Him. And a voice from Heaven said, ‘You are my beloved Son; with You I am well pleased.’ And again, ‘Today I have begotten You.’ Immediately a great light shone around the place".[][][]

Scholars also see Adoptionist theology in the Gospel of Mark. Mark has Jesus as the Son of God, occurring at the strategic points of 1:1 ("The beginning of the gospel about Jesus Christ, the Son of God") and 15:39 ("Surely this man was the Son of God!"), but the Virgin Birth of Jesus has not been developed.The phrase "Son of God" is not present in some early manuscripts at 1:1. Bart D. Ehrman uses this omission to support the notion that the title "Son of God" is not used of Jesus until his baptism, and that Mark reflects an adoptionist view.[] However, the authenticity of the omission of "Son of God" and its theological significance has been rejected by Bruce Metzger and Ben Witherington III.[][]

By the time the Gospels of Luke and Matthew were written, Jesus is portrayed as being the Son of God from the time of birth, and finally the Gospel of John portrays the Son as existing "in the beginning".[]

Meaning of Jesus' death

Mark portrays Jesus' death as an atoning sacrifice for sin.[] The Temple curtain, which served as a barrier between the holy presence of God and the profane world, rips at the moment of Jesus' death, symbolizing an end to the division between humans and God.[]

The only explicit mention of the meaning of Jesus' death in Mark occurs in Mark 10:45 where Jesus says that the "Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom (lutron) for many (anti pollōn)." According to Barnabas Lindars, this refers to Isaiah's fourth servant song, with lutron referring to the "offering for sin" (Isaiah 53:10) and anti pollōn to the Servant "bearing the sin of many" in Isaiah 52:12.[] The Greek word anti means "in the place of", which indicates a substitutionary death.[]

The author of this gospel also speaks of Jesus' death through the metaphors of the departing bridegroom in Mark 2:20, and of the rejected heir in Mark 12:6-8. He views it as fulfilling Old Testament prophecy (Mark 9:12, Mark 12:10-11, Mark 14:21 and Mark 14:27).

Many scholars believe that Mark structured his gospel in order to emphasise Jesus' death. For example, Alan Culpepper sees Mark 15:1-39 as developing in three acts, each containing an event and a response.<ref>Culpepper, R. Alan. "The Passion and Resurrection in Mark," Review and Expositor 75 [1978], 584.</ref> The first event is Jesus' trial, followed by the soldiers' mocking response; the second event is Jesus' crucifixion, followed by the spectators mocking him; the third and final event in this sequence is Jesus' death, followed by the veil being rent and the centurion confessing, "truly this man was the Son of God." In weaving these things into a triadic structure, Mark is thereby emphasising the importance of this confession, which provides a dramatic contrast to the two scenes of mocking which precede it. D. R. Bauer suggests that "by bringing his gospel to a climax with this christological confession at the cross, Mark indicates that Jesus is first and foremost Son of God, and that Jesus is Son of God as one who suffers and dies in obedience to God."<ref>Bauer, D. R. "Son of God" in Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight and I. Howard Marshall (eds.) Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (Downers Grove: IVP, 1992), 773.</ref> Joel Marcus notes that the other Evangelists "attenuate" Mark's emphasis on Jesus' suffering and death, and sees Mark as more strongly influenced than they are by Paul's "theology of the cross".<ref></ref>

Characteristics of Mark's content

[[File:MarkSt.Matts.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Stained glass depiction of St. Mark at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina.]] The narrative can be divided into three sections: the Galilean ministry, including the surrounding regions of Phoenicia, Decapolis, and Cæsarea Philippi (1-9); the Journey to Jerusalem (10); and the Events in Jerusalem (11-16).

  • Unlike both Matthew and Luke, Mark does not offer any information about the life of Jesus before his baptism and ministry, including neither a nativity nor a genealogy. He is simply stated as having come "out of Galilee;" the Gospel of John similarly refers to Jesus being of Galilean origin.
  • Jesus' baptism is understated, with John not identifying Jesus as the Son of God, nor initially declining to baptize him
  • Son of Man is the major title used of Jesus in Mark ({{#if:| }}Mark 2:10, ; ; , , ; , ; , ). Many peopleTemplate:Who have seen that this title is a very important one within Mark’s Gospel, and it has important implications for Mark’s Christology. Jesus raises a question that demonstrates the association in Mark between "Son of Man" (cf. Dan 7:13–14) and the suffering servant in {{#if:| }}Isaiah 52:13-53:12—"How then is it written about the Son of Man, that he is to go through many sufferings and be treated with contempt?" (9:12b NRSV). Yet this comparison is not explicit; Mark's Gospel creates this link between Daniel and Isaiah, and applies it to Christ. It is postulated that this is because of the persecution of Christians; thus, Mark's Gospel encourages believers to stand firm ({{#if:| }}Mark 13:13) in the face of troubles.
  • Jesus "explained everything in private to his disciples" () while only speaking in parables to the crowds. His use of parables obscures his message and fulfills prophecy ({{#if:| }}Mark 4:10-12).
  • The Messianic Secret, Jesus' command to unclean spirits and to his disciples that they not reveal his identity, is stronger in Mark than in the other gospels.<ref>Wrede, Wilhelm. The Messianic Secret in the Gospels. 1901. ISBN 0-227-67717-X</ref>
  • To the question "Are You the Christ?", Jesus gives the direct answer, "I am": {{#if:| }}Mark 14:62; cf. {{#if:| }}Mark 15:2, {{#if:| }}Matthew 26:63-64, , {{#if:| }}Luke 22:70, , , {{#if:| }}John 18:20, .
  • Mark is the only gospel that has Jesus explicitly admit that he does not know when the end of the world will be ({{#if:| }}Mark 13:32). The equivalent verse in the Byzantine manuscripts of Matthew does not contain the words "nor the Son" ({{#if:| }}Matthew 24:36) (but it is present in most Alexandrian and Western text-type).<ref>{{ 
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}}{{#if:||.}} On Matthew 24.36: "The omission of the words ["neither the Son"] because of the doctrinal difficulty they present is more probable than their addition by assimilation to Mk 13.32."</ref> See also Kenosis.

Characteristics of Mark's language

The phrase "and immediately" occurs nearly forty times in Mark; while in Luke, which is much longer, it is used only seven times, and in John only four times.[] The word from νομος, which roughly translates as law, ([3]) is never used, while it appears 8 times in Matthew, 9 times in Luke, 15 times in John, 19 times in Acts, many times in Romans.

Latin loanwords are often used: speculator, sextarius, centurion, legion, quadrans, praetorium, caesar, census, flagello, modius, denarius.<ref>Bauer lexicon</ref> Mark has only a few direct Old Testament quotations: , , , , , Mark 13:24-26, Mark 14:27. Mark makes frequent use of the narrative present; Luke changes about 150 of these verbs to past tense.[] Mark frequently links sentences with και (and); Matthew and Luke replace most of these with subordinate clauses.

Other characteristics unique to Mark

  • - Feeding of the five thousand;
  • - Crossing of the lake;
  • - Dispute with the Pharisees;
  • - Discourse on Defilement<ref>Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study by Graham H. Twelftree 1999 ISBN 0830815961 page 79</ref>
Then:
  • - Feeding of the four thousand;
  • - Crossing of the lake;
  • - Dispute with the Pharisees;
  • - Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees.

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Secret Gospel of Mark

Secret Gospel of Mark

The Secret Gospel of Mark refers to a version of the Gospel of Mark being circulated in 2nd century Alexandria, which was kept from the Christian community at large. This non-canonical gospel fragment was discovered in 1958, by biblical researcher Morton Smith at the Mar Saba monastery.[]

In this fragment, Clement of Alexandria explains that Mark, during Peter's stay in Rome wrote an account of the life of Jesus. Mark selected those events that would be the most helpful to the Church. When Peter died a martyr, Mark left Rome and went to Alexandria. He brought both his own writings and those of Peter. It was here that Mark composed a second more spiritual Gospel and when he died, he left his composition to the Church.[] The Carpocrates got a copy of this Gospel and they misinterpreted it, which caused problems for the early Church.

Some modern scholars maintain the Secret Gospel is a clumsy forgery, while others accept this text as being authentic.[] [] The nature of the Secret Gospel of Mark as well as Morton Smith's role in its discovery are still being debated.[][][][]

Canonical Status

A related issue is the adoption of the Gospel of Mark as a Canonical Gospel, given that, like the hypothetical Q, it is largely reproduced in Matthew and Luke, but, unlike Q, it did not become "lost". Traditionally Mark's authority and survival has derived from its Petrine origins (see above "Authorship"). A recent suggestion is that Mark gained widespread popularity in oral performance, apart from readings from manuscript copies. Its widespread oral popularity ensured it a place in the written canon.[]

Content

Galilean ministry

Journey to Jerusalem

Events in Jerusalem

See also

Notes

References

Gospel of Mark online

Commentaries

General

  • Brown, R., et al. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Prentice Hall, 1990.
  • Bultmann, R., History of the Synoptic Tradition, Harper & Row, 1963.
  • Dewey, J., The Survival of Mark’s Gospel: A Good Story?, JBL 123.3 (2004) 495-507.
  • Ehrman, Bart D., Misquoting Jesus, Harper Collins, 2005. p. 66-68.
  • Grant, Robert M., A Historical Introduction to the New Testament Harper and Row, 1963: Chapter 8: The Gospel Of Mark
  • Dormeyer, Detlev, Das Markusevangelium, Wiss. Buchgeselschaft Darmstadt 2005, ISBN 978-3-534-15613-9
  • Guy, Harold A, The Origin of the Gospel of Mark, Hodder & Stoughton 1954
  • Holmes, M. W., "To Be Continued... The Many Endings of Mark", Bible Review 17.4 (2001).
  • Ladd, George Eldon. A Theology of the New Testament Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.
  • R. T. France, The Gospel of Mark: A Commentary on the Greek text, NICNT, Wm. Eerdmans, 2002.
  • Mack, Burton L., 1993. The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian origins, HarperSanFrancisco.
  • McKnight, E. V., What is Form Criticism?, 1997.
  • Neill, Stephen and Wright, Tom, The Interpretation of The New Testament 1861-1986, Oxford University Press, 1990, 1989, 1964, ISBN 0-19-283057-0
  • Perrin, N., What is Redaction Criticism?
  • Perrin, Norman & Duling, Dennis C., The New Testament: An Introduction, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1982, 1974
  • Schnelle, Udo, 1998. The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings (M. Eugene Boring translator), Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998.
  • Telford, W. (ed.), The Interpretation of Mark, Fortress Press, 1985.
  • Tuckett, C. (ed), The Messianic Secret, Fortress Press, 1983

External links

Online translations of the Gospel of Mark:

Related articles:

External Links

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