Koinonia
From Textus Receptus
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* the bodily human nature all have in common ([[Hebrews 2:14]]) | * the bodily human nature all have in common ([[Hebrews 2:14]]) | ||
* a work partnership, secular or religious ([[Luke 5:10]]; [[2 Corinthians 8:23]]) | * a work partnership, secular or religious ([[Luke 5:10]]; [[2 Corinthians 8:23]]) | ||
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Of these usages, Bromiley's International Standard Bible Encyclopedia selects as especially significant the following meanings: | Of these usages, Bromiley's International Standard Bible Encyclopedia selects as especially significant the following meanings: | ||
:I. Common life in general (only in [[Acts 2:42]]) | :I. Common life in general (only in [[Acts 2:42]]) | ||
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:III. Communion in the Body and Blood of Christ | :III. Communion in the Body and Blood of Christ | ||
:IV. Sharing in divine revelation and with God himself ([[1 John 1|1 John 1:1-7]]). | :IV. Sharing in divine revelation and with God himself ([[1 John 1|1 John 1:1-7]]). | ||
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| + | From “participation” to “ministry.” Philemon 6 is by far the most difficult verse in the book to understand in terms of vocabulary and syntax. As Paul continues his thanksgiving section, he provides a purpose clause that gives an object to his ambiguous prayer from the second half of Philemon 4, stating, “so that the participation of your faith may become effective in the knowledge of every good thing which is in us in Christ.” Most manuscripts in the Greek tradition read κοινωνία (koinōnia, “participation”). Some manuscripts (01c, 0150, 1874, 1881, and others), though, read διακονία (diakonia, “ministry”) in place of “fellowship” or “participation.” The overwhelming support of early and reliable witnesses gives precedent to “participation” over “ministry,” making the second reading the focus of our discussion here. Scribal considerations must be examined as well. The specific meaning of κοινωνία here has been the subject of some debate. Modern scholars have provided a range of meanings for the term: “association,” “communion,” “sharing,” “participation,” “partnership,” “contributions,” “fellowship,” and others.<sup>31</sup> Modern difficulties in understanding the meaning of κοινωνία may shed light on why διακονία can be found in some manuscripts. Perhaps ancient and medieval readers and scribes shared the same difficulty and sought to clarify the verse by changing κοινωνία to διακονία to avoid ambiguity. Another important aspect to consider is strictly a letter issue: the two terms share several common letters in Greek. A careless scribe initially could have made the change from participation to ministry unintentionally. In this case, ministry could have stayed in the tradition, as the noun makes sense in the flow of Paul’s letter. Whichever way the variant arose, the presence of ministry in the textual tradition points to difficulties in interpretation throughout the centuries. Perhaps this variant reading can help us in interpretation. In this particular instance, past readers struggled with the meaning of the word participation. Some readers, though, were comfortable with the term ministry or service of faith here. This variant reading helps us to understand that this activity of faith that Paul was praying would become effective was certainly connected to the church and involved an act of service or ministry, not simply a passive type of fellowship. The addition of work. Continuing in Philemon 6, Paul prays that the participation of Philemon’s faith will be effective “in the knowledge of every good thing.” The ambiguous use of ἀγαθοῦ (agathou, “good thing”) here led to the addition of a clarifying noun, ἔργου (ergou, “work”). In this case, “every good” became “every good work.” Once the reading made its way into the tradition, it remained, being found in more than 120 manuscripts.<sup>32</sup> Although found in all these manuscripts, the addition appears to be secondary in light of external evidence. Scribal and authorial considerations must be examined as well. In terms of inscriptional probabilities (i.e., what Paul might have written), the addition of work might appear to go against the grain in terms of what Paul usually communicated to his congregations. Although Paul emphasizes salvation being free from “works of the law,” good works more broadly is not a concept foreign to his teaching. Paul uses a form of the phrase ἔργον ἀγαθόν (ergon agathon, “good work”) twelve times in his letters, each time in a positive sense (Rom 2:7; 2 Cor 9:8; Eph 2:10; Phil 1:6; Col 1:10; 1 Tim 2:10, 5:10; 2 Tim 2:21; 3:17; Titus 1:16; 3:1).33 In this instance, therefore, it is possible that Paul could have penned “every good work.” | ||
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| + | In terms of transcriptional probabilities, scribes might have added work to clarify the somewhat ambiguous good. “Of all good” or “of every good thing” is open ended, which could have led some scribes to insert a clarifying noun. Conversely, if work were present initially, its deletion (thus creating a more ambiguous phrase at the end of an already awkward verse) seems less likely. Also, six of the twelve instances of the phrase “good work” occur in the Pastoral Epistles, located right before Philemon in most manuscripts. Due to close proximity, scribes could have added work to good to correct the perceived error of its absence because they were accustomed to seeing the phrase. The secondary nature of the phrase “every good work” makes it a prime candidate for a variant that can be used as commentary for this particular verse. The original text “every good” by itself cries out for something to complete the thought. In this case, scribes inserted work, giving the otherwise ambiguous phrase some kind of tangible action or result. Paul’s prayer was that the participation of Philemon’s faith would become effective in the knowledge of not just all goodness but specifically good deeds and actions. That this reading found staying power in about 20 percent of the Greek manuscript tradition indicates its acceptance as a legitimate way to understand the text here. | ||
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==Aspects== | ==Aspects== | ||
Revision as of 02:33, 1 October 2020
Koinonia (kɔɪnoʊˈniːə) is a transliterated form of the Greek word κοινωνία, which refers to concepts such as communion or fellowship, joint participation, the share which one has in anything, a gift jointly contributed, a collection, a contribution. It identifies the idealized state of fellowship and unity that should exist within the Christian church, the Body of Christ.
The term communion is derived from Latin communio ('sharing in common').
Contents |
New Testament
The essential meaning of the koinonia embraces concepts conveyed in the English terms community, communion, joint participation, sharing and intimacy. Koinonia can therefore refer in some contexts to a jointly contributed gift. The word appears 19 times in Textus Receptus editions of the Greek New Testament. In the New American Standard Bible, it is translated "fellowship" twelve times, "sharing" three times, and "participation" and "contribution" twice each, but it changes the word in Ephesians 3:9.
Koinonia appears nowhere in the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint. It sometimes has a secular significance, as in the case of the partnership between fishermen spoken of in Luke 5:7-10. As a noun, or in its adjectival or verbal forms, it is found in 43 verses of the New Testament. In addition, the noun is found in some manuscripts (used for producing the English translation known as the King James Version, but not for more recent translations) in Ephesians 3:9.
In the New Testament the word is applied, according to the context, to communion, sharing or fellowship with:
- the divine nature (2 Peter 1:4), God (1 John 1:6), the Trinity (1 John 1:3), Jesus, Son of God (1 Corinthians 1:9), his sufferings (Philippians 3:10; 1 Peter 4:13), his future glory (1 Peter 5:1), the Holy Spirit (2 Corinthians 13:14; Philippians 2:1)
- the blood and the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 10:16), pagan sacrifices and gods ([[1 Corinthians 10|1 Corinthians 10:18-20)
- fellow Christians, their sufferings and the faith (Acts 2:42; Galatians 2:9}}; 1 John 1:3, 1 John 1:7; Hebrews 10:33; Revelation 1:9; Philemon 1:6, Philemon 1:17)
- a source of spiritual favours (Romans 11:17), the gospel (1 Corinthians 9:23), light and darkness (2 Corinthians 6:14)
- others' sufferings and consolation (2 Corinthians 1:7; Philippians 4:14), their evangelizing work (Philippians 1:5), their graces or privileges (Romans 15:27; Philippians 1:7), their material needs, to remedy which assistance is given (Romans 12:13, Romans 15:26-27; 2 Corinthians 8:4, 2 Corinthians 9:13; Galatians 6:6; Philippians 4:15; 1 Timothy 6:18; 13:16)
- the evil deeds of others (Matthew 23:30; Ephesians 5:11; 1 Timothy 5:22; 2 John 1:11; Revelation 18:4)
- the bodily human nature all have in common (Hebrews 2:14)
- a work partnership, secular or religious (Luke 5:10; 2 Corinthians 8:23)
Of these usages, Bromiley's International Standard Bible Encyclopedia selects as especially significant the following meanings:
- I. Common life in general (only in Acts 2:42)
- II. Communion between particular groups, the most remarkable instance of which was that between Jews and Gentiles
- III. Communion in the Body and Blood of Christ
- IV. Sharing in divine revelation and with God himself (1 John 1:1-7).
From “participation” to “ministry.” Philemon 6 is by far the most difficult verse in the book to understand in terms of vocabulary and syntax. As Paul continues his thanksgiving section, he provides a purpose clause that gives an object to his ambiguous prayer from the second half of Philemon 4, stating, “so that the participation of your faith may become effective in the knowledge of every good thing which is in us in Christ.” Most manuscripts in the Greek tradition read κοινωνία (koinōnia, “participation”). Some manuscripts (01c, 0150, 1874, 1881, and others), though, read διακονία (diakonia, “ministry”) in place of “fellowship” or “participation.” The overwhelming support of early and reliable witnesses gives precedent to “participation” over “ministry,” making the second reading the focus of our discussion here. Scribal considerations must be examined as well. The specific meaning of κοινωνία here has been the subject of some debate. Modern scholars have provided a range of meanings for the term: “association,” “communion,” “sharing,” “participation,” “partnership,” “contributions,” “fellowship,” and others.31 Modern difficulties in understanding the meaning of κοινωνία may shed light on why διακονία can be found in some manuscripts. Perhaps ancient and medieval readers and scribes shared the same difficulty and sought to clarify the verse by changing κοινωνία to διακονία to avoid ambiguity. Another important aspect to consider is strictly a letter issue: the two terms share several common letters in Greek. A careless scribe initially could have made the change from participation to ministry unintentionally. In this case, ministry could have stayed in the tradition, as the noun makes sense in the flow of Paul’s letter. Whichever way the variant arose, the presence of ministry in the textual tradition points to difficulties in interpretation throughout the centuries. Perhaps this variant reading can help us in interpretation. In this particular instance, past readers struggled with the meaning of the word participation. Some readers, though, were comfortable with the term ministry or service of faith here. This variant reading helps us to understand that this activity of faith that Paul was praying would become effective was certainly connected to the church and involved an act of service or ministry, not simply a passive type of fellowship. The addition of work. Continuing in Philemon 6, Paul prays that the participation of Philemon’s faith will be effective “in the knowledge of every good thing.” The ambiguous use of ἀγαθοῦ (agathou, “good thing”) here led to the addition of a clarifying noun, ἔργου (ergou, “work”). In this case, “every good” became “every good work.” Once the reading made its way into the tradition, it remained, being found in more than 120 manuscripts.32 Although found in all these manuscripts, the addition appears to be secondary in light of external evidence. Scribal and authorial considerations must be examined as well. In terms of inscriptional probabilities (i.e., what Paul might have written), the addition of work might appear to go against the grain in terms of what Paul usually communicated to his congregations. Although Paul emphasizes salvation being free from “works of the law,” good works more broadly is not a concept foreign to his teaching. Paul uses a form of the phrase ἔργον ἀγαθόν (ergon agathon, “good work”) twelve times in his letters, each time in a positive sense (Rom 2:7; 2 Cor 9:8; Eph 2:10; Phil 1:6; Col 1:10; 1 Tim 2:10, 5:10; 2 Tim 2:21; 3:17; Titus 1:16; 3:1).33 In this instance, therefore, it is possible that Paul could have penned “every good work.”
In terms of transcriptional probabilities, scribes might have added work to clarify the somewhat ambiguous good. “Of all good” or “of every good thing” is open ended, which could have led some scribes to insert a clarifying noun. Conversely, if work were present initially, its deletion (thus creating a more ambiguous phrase at the end of an already awkward verse) seems less likely. Also, six of the twelve instances of the phrase “good work” occur in the Pastoral Epistles, located right before Philemon in most manuscripts. Due to close proximity, scribes could have added work to good to correct the perceived error of its absence because they were accustomed to seeing the phrase. The secondary nature of the phrase “every good work” makes it a prime candidate for a variant that can be used as commentary for this particular verse. The original text “every good” by itself cries out for something to complete the thought. In this case, scribes inserted work, giving the otherwise ambiguous phrase some kind of tangible action or result. Paul’s prayer was that the participation of Philemon’s faith would become effective in the knowledge of not just all goodness but specifically good deeds and actions. That this reading found staying power in about 20 percent of the Greek manuscript tradition indicates its acceptance as a legitimate way to understand the text here.
Aspects
Fellowship of believers
Sacramental meaning
See also: Eucharist
The Eucharist is the sacrament of communion with one another in the one body of Christ. This was the full meaning of eucharistic koinonia in the early Catholic Church. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote, "the Eucharist is the sacrament of the unity of the Church, which results from the fact that many are one in Christ."
Between churches
See also: Full communion
By metonymy, the term is used of a group of Christian churches that have this close relationship of communion with each other. An example is the Anglican Communion.
If the relationship between the churches is complete, involving fullness of "those bonds of communion – faith, sacraments and pastoral governance – that permit the Faithful to receive the life of grace within the Church" it is called full communion. However, the term "full communion" is frequently used in a broader sense, to refer instead to a relationship between Christian churches that are not united, but have only entered into an arrangement whereby members of each church have certain rights within the other.
If a church recognizes that another church, with which it lacks bonds of pastoral governance, shares with it some of the beliefs and essential practices of Christianity, it may speak of "partial communion" between it and the other church.
Between the living and the dead
See also: Communion of saints
The communion of saints is the relationship that, according to the belief of Christians, exists between them as people made holy by their link with Christ. That this relationship extends not only to those still in earthly life, but also to those who have gone past death to be "away from the body and at home with the Lord" (2 Corinthians 5:8) is a general belief among Christians. Their communion is believed to be "a vital fellowship between all the redeemed, on earth and in the next life, that is based on the common possession of the divine life of grace that comes to us through the risen Christ".
Since the word rendered in English as "saints" can mean not only "holy people" but also "holy things", "communion of saints" also applies to the sharing by members of the church in the holy things of faith, sacraments (especially the Eucharist), and the other spiritual graces and gifts that they have in common.
The term "communion" is applied to sharing in the Eucharist by partaking of the consecrated bread and wine, an action seen as entering into a particularly close relationship with Christ. Sometimes the term is applied not only to this partaking but to the whole of the rite or to the consecrated elements.
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
- Lexicon entry for koinonia, common domain
- Fellowship as defined in the New Testament
- Broken but Never Divided: An Orthodox Perspective
- Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on some aspects of the Church understood as communion
The King James Version 2023 Edition New Testament is now complete and in print format here.
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List of New Testament minuscules
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