Biblical inerrancy
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Revision as of 12:42, 21 February 2019
Biblical inerrancy is the doctrinal position that, in its original form, the Bible is totally without error, and free from all contradiction; "referring to the complete accuracy of Scripture, including the historical and scientific parts."
Contents |
History of the Doctrine of Inerrancy
According to an article in "Theology Today" published in 1975, "There have been long periods in the history of the church when biblical inerrancy has not been a critical question. It has in fact been noted that only in the last two centuries can we legitimately speak of a formal doctrine of inerrancy. The arguments pro and con have filled many books, and almost anyone can join in the debate."
In the '70s and '80s, however, the ancient debate amongst theological circles, which centered on the issue of whether or not the Bible was infallible or both infallible and inerrant, came into the academic spotlight. Some notable Christian seminaries, such as Princeton Theological Seminary and Fuller Theological Seminary, were formally adopting the doctrine of infallibility while rejecting the doctrine of inerrancy.
The other side of this debate focused largely around the magazine "Christianity Today" and the book entitled "The Battle for the Bible" by Harold Lindsell. The author asserted that losing the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture was the thread that would unravel the church. Conservatives rallied behind this idea, agreeing that once a man disregards the ultimate truthfulness of the Bible, then anything can become justifiable.
Textual tradition of the New Testament
There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 20,000 other manuscripts of various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures.
Most of these manuscripts date to the Middle Ages. The oldest complete copy of the New Testament, the Codex Sinaiticus (possibly a forgery), dates to the 4th century. The earliest fragment of a New Testament book is the Rylands Library Papyrus P52 which dates to the mid 2nd century and is the size of a business card. Very early manuscripts are rare.
The average NT manuscript is about 200 pages, and in all, we have about 1.3 million pages of text.
In the 2008 Greer-Heard debate series, agnostic Bart Ehrman and critical text supporter Daniel B. Wallace discussed these variances in detail. Wallace mentioned that understanding the meaning of the number of variances is not as simple as looking at the number of variances, but one must consider also the number of manuscripts, the types of errors, and among the more serious discrepancies, what impact they do or do not have.
For hundreds of years, biblical and textual scholars have examined the manuscripts extensively. Since the eighteenth century, they have employed several flawed techniques of textual criticism to reconstruct how the extant manuscripts of the New Testament texts might have descended, and to recover earlier recensions of the texts. However, KJV-only inerrantists often prefer the traditional texts (i.e., Textus Receptus which is the basis of KJV) used in their churches to modern attempts of reconstruction (i.e., Nestle-Aland Greek Text which is the basis of Modern Translations), arguing that the Holy Spirit is just as active in the preservation of the scriptures as in their creation and inspiration.
Jack Moorman, in his book Missing In Modern Bibles - Is the Full Story Being Told? found that at least 356 doctrinal passages are affected by the differences between the Textus Receptus and the Nestle-Aland Greek Text.
Some familiar examples of Gospel passages in the Textus Receptus thought to have been added by later interpolaters and omitted in the Nestle Aland Greek Text include the Pericope Adulteræ (John 7:53 - 8:11), the Comma Johanneum (1 John 5:7–8), and the longer ending in Mark 16 (Mark 16:9-20).
Many modern Bibles have footnotes to indicate areas where there is disagreement between source documents, yet often focus on promoting corrupted manuscripts which have been historically rejected by the church.
Inerrantist response
Evangelical inerrantists
Many Evangelical Christians generally accept the findings of textual criticism without question, and nearly all modern translations, including the popular New International Version, work from a Greek New Testament based on modern textual criticism. Since this position requires the belief that the manuscript copies are not perfect, inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors) rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture. This is a complete abandonment of the doctrine of preservation.
Less commonly, more conservative views are held by some groups:
King James Only inerrantists
A faction of those in the "The King-James-Only Movement" rejects the whole discipline of textual criticism and holds that the translators of the King James Version English Bible simply were guided by God, and that the KJV thus is to be taken as the authoritative English Bible. However, those who hold this opinion do not extend it to the KJV translation into English of the Apocryphal books, which were produced along with the rest of the Authorized Version. Modern translations differ from the KJV on numerous points, largely as a result of work in the field of corrupt Textual Criticism. Upholders of the KJV-only position hold that the Protestant canon of KJV is itself an inspired text and therefore remains authoritative. The King-James-Only Movement asserts that the KJV is the sole English translation free from error.
Textus Receptus
Similar to the King James Only view is the view that translations must be derived from the Textus Receptus in order to be considered inerrant. As the King James Version is an English translation, this leaves speakers of other languages in a difficult position, hence the belief in the Textus Receptus as the inerrant source text for translations to modern languages. It should also be noted that the New King James Version was also translated from the Textus Receptus but has about 500 major differences in translation, departing from the KJV, and at times the underlying Textus Receptus.
Logic for arriving at the doctrine of inerrancy
A number of reasons are offered by Christian theologians to justify Biblical inerrancy.
Scriptural inerrancy is established by a number of observations and processes, which include:
- the historical, geographical, and scientific accuracy of the Bible
- massive amount of manuscript evidence
- prophetic accuracy
- the Bible's claims of its own inerrancy
- church history and tradition
- one's individual experience with God
Deductive Reasoning to arrive at Inerrancy
The first deductive justification is that the Bible claims to be inspired by God (for instance "16 All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness." (2 Timothy 3:16 KJV), and because God is perfect, and always keeps His promises, the Bible must also be perfect, and hence free from error.
A second reason offered is that Jesus and the apostles used the Old Testament in a way which assumes it is inerrant. For instance in Galatians 3:16, Paul bases his argument on the fact that the word "seed" in the Genesis reference to "Abraham and his seed", is singular rather than plural. This sets a precedent for inerrant interpretation down to the individual letters of the words. Many modern versions ruin this revelation by not submitting faithful translations such as the NKJV in this verse which has descendants, meaning Israel and not seed meaning Jesus. See NKJV error in Genesis_22:17. Similarly Jesus said that every minute detail of the Old Testament Law must be fulfilled (Matthew 5:18), indicating (it is claimed) that every detail must be correct.
For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Matthew 5:18, KJV
Although in these verses Jesus and the apostles are only referring to the Old Testament, the argument extends to the New Testament writings, because 2 Peter 3:16 accords the status of Scripture to New Testament writings also:
- "As also in all his (Paul's) epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction." (2 Peter 3:16 KJV).
Inductive Reasoning to arrive at Inerrancy
Dan Wallace who rejects the KJV and TR favoring corruptions like Vaticanus and Sinaiticus describes the inductive approach by enlisting the Presbyterian theologian B. B. Warfield:
- In his Inspiration and Authority of the Bible, Warfield lays out an argument for inerrancy that has been virtually ignored by today’s evangelicals. Essentially, he makes a case for inerrancy on the basis of inductive evidence, rather than deductive reasoning. Most evangelicals today follow E. J. Young’s deductive approach toward bibliology, forgetting the great articulator of inerrancy. But Warfield starts with the evidence that the Bible is a historical document, rather than with the presupposition that it is inspired.
In Lutheranism
Lutherans traditionally hold the Bible as without error because of what they hold about its inspiration, authority and sufficiency.
Inspiration
The Bible does not merely contain the Word of God, but every word of it is, because of verbal inspiration, the direct, immediate word of God. As Lutherans confess in the Nicene Creed, the Holy Spirit "spoke through the prophets". The Apology of the Augsburg Confession identifies Holy Scripture with the Word of God and calls the Holy Spirit the author of the Bible. Because of this, Lutherans confess in the Formula of Concord, "we receive and embrace with our whole heart the prophetic and apostolic Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the pure, clear fountain of Israel."The apocryphal books were not written by the prophets, by inspiration; they contain errors E.g.:Tobit 6, 71; 2 Macc. 12, 43 f.; 14, 411), and were never included in the Palestinian Canon that Jesus used, and therefore are not a part of Holy Scripture. The prophetic and apostolic Scriptures are authentic as written by the prophets and apostles. A correct translation of their writings is God's Word because it has the same meaning as the original Hebrew and Greek. A mistranslation is not God's word, and no human authority can invest it with divine authority.
Divine authority
Holy Scripture, the Word of God, carries the full authority of God. Every single statement of the Bible calls for instant and unqualified acceptance. Every doctrine of the Bible is the teaching of God and therefore requires full agreement. Every promise of the Bible calls for unshakable trust in its fulfillment. Every command of the Bible is the directive of God himself and therefore demands willing observance.
Sufficiency
The Bible contains everything that one needs to know in order to obtain salvation and to live a Christian life. There are no deficiencies in Scripture that need to be filled with by tradition, pronouncements of the Pope, new revelations, or present-day development of doctrine.
See also
- Biblical hermeneutics
- Biblical infallibility
- Biblical literalism
- Biblical preservation
- Bibliolatry
- Calvin's view of Scripture
- Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
- Higher criticism
- Internal consistency of the Bible
- Religious skepticism
- Textual criticism
- What the Bible Really Teaches: A Challenge for Fundamentalists
- An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
Notes
References
External links
Classification
Supportive links
- Monergism.com links to articles on scripture from a conservative Calvinist perspective
- The Authority and Inspiration of the Scriptures by B. B. Warfield
- Why I believe the NT is historically reliable by Gary Habermas
- Recent Perspectives on the Reliability of the Gospels by Gary R. Habermas
- Why I Believe in the Inerrancy of the Scriptures by Dave Miller (see Farrell Till below)
- Scholarly articles on Inerrancy from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library
- FAQ about the Bible by Anastasios Kioulachoglou (The Journal of Biblical Accuracy)
- Ten reasons why I believe the Bible is The Word of God by R. A. Torrey
- How Can The Bible be Authoritative? by N.T. Wright
Critical links
- Dissolving the Inerrancy Debate (a postmodern view)
- Bible Inerrancy: A Belief Without Evidence Farrell Till's rebuttal to Dave Miller's defense (see above)
- Textual Corruptions Favoring the Trinitarian Position
- Isaac Newton's Views on the Corruption of Scripture
- The Two Most Notable Corruptions of Scripture, by Isaac Newton
The King James Version 2023 Edition New Testament is now complete and in print format here.
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List of New Testament minuscules
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List of New Testament lectionaries
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