Gospel of Mark

From Textus Receptus

Revision as of 10:43, 29 August 2011

The Gospel According to Mark (κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Μᾶρκον, to euangelion kata Markon), commonly shortened to the Gospel of Mark or simply Mark, is the second book of the New Testament. This canonical account of the life of Jesus of Nazareth is one of the three synoptic gospels. It was thought to be an epitome, which accounts for its place as the second gospel in the Bible. However, most contemporary scholars now regard it as the earliest of the canonical gospels ^[] (c 70),^[] a position known as Markan priority.

The Gospel of Mark narrates the Ministry of Jesus from John the Baptist's baptism of Jesus to the Ascension of Jesus, and it concentrates particularly on the last week of his life (chapters 11–16, the trip to Jerusalem). Its swift narrative portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action,^[] an exorcist, a healer and miracle worker.

An important theme of Mark is the Messianic Secret.^[] Jesus silences the demoniacs he heals, keeps his messianic identity secret, and conceals his message with parables.^[] The disciples also fail to understand the implication of the miracles of Jesus.^[]

All four canonical gospels are anonymous, but Early Christian tradition identifies this gospel's author as Mark the Evangelist, who is said to have based the work on the testimony of Saint Peter.^[] Some modern scholars consider the traditional authorship account to be essentially credible,^[] while others doubt it.^[] Even scholars who doubt Mark's authorship acknowledge that much of the material in Mark goes back a long way and represents important information about Jesus.^[] The Gospel of Mark is often considered to be the primary source of information about the ministry of Jesus.^[]

Composition and setting

The Gospel of Mark does not name its author.^[] A 2nd century tradition ascribes it to Mark the Evangelist (also known as John Mark), a companion of Peter,^[] on whose memories it is supposedly based.^[][][][] The gospel was written in Greek around AD 64, possibly in Syria.^[] The author's use of varied sources tells against the traditional account of authorship,^[] and according to the majority view the author is probably unknown.^[]

Authorship and sources

According to Irenaeus, Papias of Hierapolis, writing in the early 2nd century, reported that this gospel was by John Mark,^[] the companion of Saint Peter in Rome, who "had one purpose only – to leave out nothing that he had heard, and to make no misstatement about it."^[] A number of modern scholars believe that the gospel was written in Syria by an unknown Christian around AD 70, using various sources including a passion narrative (probably written), collections of miracles stories (oral or written), apocalyptic traditions (probably written), and disputations and didactic sayings (some possibly written).^[] Some of the material in Mark, however, goes back a very long way, representing an important source for historical information about Jesus.^[]

Mark wrote primarily for an audience of gentile Greek-speaking residents of the Roman Empire: Jewish traditions are explained, clearly for the benefit of non-Jews (e.g., Mark 7:1–4; Mark 14:12; Mark 15:42), and Aramaic words and phrases are expanded upon by the author, e.g., ταλιθα κουμ (talitha koum, Mark 5:41); κορβαν (Corban, Mark 7:11); αββα (abba, Mark 14:36). When Mark makes use of the Old Testament he does so in the form in which it had been translated into Greek, the Septuagint, for instance Mark 1:2; Mark 2:23–28; Mark 10:48b; Mark 12:18–27; also compare Mark 2:10 with Daniel Daniel 7:13–14.

Source for Matthew and Luke

See also Two-source hypothesis

The first page of Mark in Minuscule 544

Most scholars believe that the Gospel of Mark was the first of the canonical gospels, and was available when the gospels of Matthew and Luke were written.^[] The reason that such great importance is attached to this Gospel has been the widespread belief in the academic community that the Gospel of Mark and probably Q were the basis of the Synoptic Gospels,^[][] as held in the two-source hypothesis.^[][][][][] Mark's gospel is a short, Koine Greek basis for the Synoptic Gospels. It provides the general chronology, from Jesus' baptism to the empty tomb.^[]

Differing versions

Mark is the shortest of the canonical gospels. Manuscripts, both scrolls and codices, tend to lose text at the beginning and the end, not unlike a coverless paperback in a backpack.^[] These losses are characteristically unconnected with excisions. For instance, {{#if:| }}Mark 1:1 has been found in two different forms. Most manuscripts of Mark, including the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus, have the text "son of God",^[] but three important manuscripts do not. Those three are: Codex Sinaiticus (01, א; dated 4th century), Codex Koridethi (038, Θ; 9th century), and the text called Minuscule 28 (11th century).^[] Textual support for the term "Son of God" is strong, but the phrase may not have been original.^[]

Interpolations may not be editorial, either. It is a common experience that glosses written in the margins of manuscripts get incorporated into the text as copies are made. Any particular example is open to dispute, of course, but one may take note of {{#if:| }}Mark 7:16, "Let anyone with ears to hear, listen," which is not found in early manuscripts.

Revision and editorial error may also contribute. Most differences are trivial but Mark 1:41, where the leper approached Jesus begging to be healed, is significant. Early (Western) manuscripts say that Jesus became angry with the leper while later (Byzantine) versions indicate that Jesus showed compassion. This is possibly a confusion between the Aramaic words ethraham (he had pity) and ethra'em (he was enraged).^[] Since it is easier to understand why a scribe would change "rage" to "pity" than "pity" to "rage," the earlier version is probably original.^[]

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}}{{#if:||.}} Template:Page needed</ref> The style of these verses differs from the rest of Mark, suggesting they were a later addition. In a handful of manuscripts, a "short ending" is included after 16:8, but before the "long ending", and exists by itself in one of the earliest Old Latin codices, Codex Bobiensis. By the 5th century, at least four different endings have been attested. (See Mark 16 for a more comprehensive treatment of this topic.) Possibly, the Long Ending (16:9-20) started as a summary of evidence for Jesus' resurrection and the apostles' divine mission, based on other gospels.<ref name = "May Metzger">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.</ref> It was likely composed early in the 2nd century and incorporated into the gospel around the middle of the 2nd century.<ref name = "May Metzger"/>

Therefore, the Gospel of Mark may have originally ended abruptly at Mark 16:8. This has become problematic for scholars, as it is unlikely that a Christian author would have intentionally ended his gospel in such a fashion. The most common explanation is that the ending was lost. This is not uncommon with ancient scrolls due to their wearing patterns. The gospel may have been unfinished, due to death or some form of persecution. Finally Mark could have been a two volume work in the tradition of Luke-Acts, the second volume being lost or unfinished.<ref name="N. Clayton Croy 2003"/><ref>Scholars agree that Luke based his work on Mark and the first 16 Chapters of Acts have a distinct Markan flavor to them, raising several interesting possibilities see William Telford, The Theology of the Gospel of Mark, Cambridge University Press, 1999 pp. 182 - 183</ref><ref>These losses are characteristically unconnected with excisions. For instance, {{#if:| }}Mark 1:1 has been found in two different forms. Most manuscripts of Mark, including the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus, have the text "son of God",Greek grammar and article use allow an English translation of the Son of God, a son of God, or merely Son of God. but three important manuscripts do not. Those three are: Codex Sinaiticus (01, א; dated 4th century), Codex Koridethi (038, Θ; 9th century), and the text called Minuscule 28(11th century).Novum Testamentum Graece</ref> <ref>David Arthur DeSilva, An introduction to the New Testament: contexts, methods & ministry formation, InterVarsity Press, 2004 pp. 224 - 227</ref>

Irenaeus, c. 180, quoted from the long ending, specifically as part of Mark's gospel.<ref>Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.10.5-6, "Furthermore, near the end of his Gospel, Mark says: 'thus, after the Lord Jesus had spoken to them, he was taken up into heaven, and sits on the right and of God.'" c.f. Mark 16:19</ref> The 3rd-century theologian Origen of Alexandria quoted the resurrection stories in Matthew, Luke, and John but failed to quote anything after {{#if:| }}Mark 16:8, suggesting that his copy of Mark stopped there. Eusebius and Jerome both mention the majority of texts available to them omitted the longer ending.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Critics are divided over whether the original ending at 16:8 was intentional, whether it resulted from accidental loss, or even the author's death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Those who believe that 16:8 was not the intended ending argue that it would be very unusual syntax for the text to end with the conjunction gar (), as does Mark 16:8, and that thematically it would be strange for a book of good news to end with a note of fear (, "for they were afraid").<ref>N. B. Stonehouse, The Witness of Matthew and Mark to Christ (1944) pp. 86-118; also J. B. Tyson, Journal of Biblical Literature 80 (1961) pp. 261-268. A relevant commentary: P. W. van Horst, "Can a book end with ? A note on Mark 16:8", in Journal of Theological Studies, new series 23 (1972) pp. 121-124.</ref> If the 16:8 ending was intentional, it could indicate a connection to the theme of the "Messianic Secret". This abrupt ending is also used to support the identification of this book as an example of closet drama, which characteristically ended without resolution and often with a tragic or shocking event that prevents closure.<ref name="Smith 1995"></ref>

Characteristics

[[File:Archaic mark session.jpg|thumb|Minuscule 2427 – "Archaic Mark"]] The Gospel of Mark differs from the other gospels in language, detail and content. Its theology is unique. The gospel's vocabulary embraces 1330 distinct words, of which 60 are proper names. Eighty words, (exclusive of proper names), are not found elsewhere in the New Testament. About one-fourth of these are non-classical. In addition Mark makes use of the "historic present" as well as the "Messianic secret" to make known his Gospel message.<ref>William Telford, Mark, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003 pp.75 - 78</ref>

Theology

Christians consider the Gospel of Mark to be divinely inspired and will see the gospel's theology as consistent with that of the rest of the Bible. Each sees Mark as contributing a valuable voice to a wider Christian theology, though Christians sometimes disagree about the nature of this theology. However, Mark's contribution to a New Testament theology can be identified as unique in and of itself.

Mark is seen as a historian/theologian and declares that his account is "The Gospel of Jesus Christ". The "Suffering Messiah" is central to Mark's portrayal of Jesus, his theology and the structure of the gospel. This knowledge is hidden and only those with spiritual insight may see. The concept of hidden knowledge may have become the basis of the Gnostic Gospels.<ref>William L. Lane, The Gospel according to Mark, Volume 2 of The new international commentary on the New Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1974 pp.300 - 303</ref> John Killinger, arguing that, in Mark, the resurrection account is hidden throughout the gospel rather than at the end, speculates that the Markan author might himself have been a Gnostic Christian.<ref>John Killinger, Hidden Mark: Exploring Christianity's Heretical Gospel (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2010).</ref>

Messianic secret

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In Mark, more than in the other synoptics, Jesus hides his messianic identity.<ref>Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. p. 287.</ref> When he exorcises demons, they recognize him, but he commands them to be silent. When he heals people, he tells them not to reveal how they were healed.<ref>'Again and again, both Jesus' intimate disciples and those whom he miraculously heals or cleanses or from whom he exorcises demons are charged not to reveal who he is (Mark 1:23-24, 34; 3:11-12; 8:30; 9:2-9).' Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. p. 287.</ref> When he preaches, he uses parables to conceal his true message. The disciples are obtuse, understanding the true significance of Jesus only after his death.<ref>Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. p. 287-288.</ref> This "Messianic secret" is a central issue in Bible scholarship.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Messianic secret." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>

In 1901, William Wrede challenged the current critical view that Mark comprised a straightforward historical account and gave the name "Messianic secret" to this gospel theme. He argued that the Messianic secret was a literary device that Mark used to resolve the tension between early Christians, who hailed Jesus as the Messiah, and the historical Jesus who, he argued, never made any such claim for himself.<ref>"Wrede, William." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> The Messianic secret remains a topic of debate.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Adoptionism

Christians believe that Jesus was the Son of God. The majority Christian view is that He was conceived by the Holy Spirit and was born of the Virgin Mary.

However, there is a minority Christian belief called Adoptionism. Adoptionists believe that Jesus was fully human, born of a sexual union between Joseph and Mary.<ref>Bart D. Ehrman, Truth and fiction in The Da Vinci code: a historian reveals what we really know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine, Oxford University Press US, 2004, p. 19</ref><ref>Charles Landon, "A text-critical study of the Epistle of Jude", Volume 135 of Journal for the study of the New Testament, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1996, p.43</ref> Jesus only became divine, i.e. (adopted as God's son), later at his baptism.<ref>Ed Hindson & Ergun Caner, The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity, Harvest House Publishers, 2008 P. 16</ref> He was chosen as the firstborn of all creation because of his sinless devotion to the will of God.<ref>Ed Hindson & Ergun Caner, The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity, Harvest House Publishers, 2008 p. 17</ref><ref>They too accept Matthew's gospel, and like the followers of Cerinthus and Merinthus, they use it alone. They call it the Gospel of the Hebrews, for in truth Matthew alone in the New Testament expounded and declared the Gospel in Hebrew using Hebrew script. After saying many things, this Gospel continues: “After the people were baptized, Jesus also came and was baptized by John. And as Jesus came up from the water, Heaven was opened, and He saw the Holy Spirit descend in the form of a dove and enter into Him. And a voice from Heaven said, ‘You are my beloved Son; with You I am well pleased.’ And again, ‘Today I have begotten You.’ “Immediately a great light shone around the place; and John, seeing it, said to Him, ‘Who are you, Lord? And again a voice from Heaven said, ‘This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.’ Then John, falling down before Him, said, ‘I beseech You, Lord, baptize me!’ But He forbade him saying, ‘Let it be so; for thus it is fitting that all things be fulfilled.’” Epiphanius, Panarion 30.3.7 & 13.7</ref>

Adoptionism probably arose among early Jewish Christians seeking to reconcile the claims that Jesus was the Son of God with the strict monotheism of Judaism, in which the concept of a trinity of divine persons in one Godhead was unacceptable. In fact, Bart D. Ehrman argues that adoptionist theology may date back almost to the time of Jesus and his view is shared by many other scholars.<ref name="Bart D Ehrman 1996. p.74-55">Bart D Ehrman, The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. p.74-55</ref> The early Jewish-Christian Gospels make no mention of a supernatural birth. Rather, they state that Jesus was begotten at his baptism.

The theology of Adoptionism fell into disfavor as Christianity left its Jewish roots and Gentile Christianity became dominant. Adoptionism was declared heresy at the end of the 2nd century, and was rejected by the First Council of Nicaea, which proclaimed the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity and identifies Jesus as eternally begotten of God. The Creed of Nicaea now holds Jesus was born of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. (See Virgin Birth).<ref>"Jesus was either regarded as the man whom God had chosen, in whom the Deity or the Spirit of God dwelt, and who, after being tested, was adopted by God and invested with dominion, (Adoptian Christology); or Jesus was regarded as a heavenly spiritual being (the highest after God) who took flesh, and again returned to heaven after the completion of his work on earth (pneumatic Christology)." Adolf von Harnack, History of Dogma [3]</ref>

Adoptionism may go back as far as Matthew and the Apostles.<ref name="Bart D Ehrman 1996. p.74-55"/> According to the Church Fathers,<ref>Origen explains, "The very first account to be written was by Matthew, once a tax collector, but later an apostle of Jesus Christ. Matthew published it for the converts from Judaism and composed it in Hebrew letters." Eusebius Church History, 6:25 Eusebius adds insight by explaining that the apostles "were led to write only under the pressure of necessity. Matthew, who had first preached the Gospel in Hebrew, when on the point of going to other nations, committed the gospel to writing in his native language. Therefore he supplied the written word to make up for the lack of his own presence to those from whom he was sent." Eusebius Church History, 3:24</ref> the first gospel was written by the Apostle Matthew, and his account was called the Gospel of the Hebrews or the Gospel of the Apostles.<ref>Bernhard Pick, The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers, Kessinger Publishing, 2006, pp. 122, 125-129</ref><ref>Eusebius Church History 3:39 .</ref> <ref>Irenaeus gives us further insight into the date and circumstances of this gospel by explaining, "Matthew also issued a written Gospel of the Hebrews in their own language while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome and laying the foundations of the Church." Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 3:1</ref> <ref>Matthew, the tax collector and later an Apostle, composed his gospel near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians. It was then translated into Greek but the Greek copy was lost. The Hebrew original was preserved at the Library of Caesarea, which Pamphilus diligently gathered. The Nazarenes transcribed a copy for Jerome which he used in his work. "Jerome, On Illustrious Men 3">Jerome, On Illustrious Men 3 [4]</ref><ref>Matthew's gospel was called the Gospel of the Hebrews or sometimes the Gospel of the Apostles, and was written in the Chaldee and Syriac language but in Hebrew script. It was used by the Nazarene communities. Jerome, Against Pelagius 3:2 [5]</ref> This, the first written account of the life of Jesus was adoptionist in nature. The Gospel of the Hebrews has no mention of the Virgin Birth and when Jesus is baptized it states, "Jesus came up from the water, Heaven was opened, and He saw the Holy Spirit descend in the form of a dove and enter into Him. And a voice from Heaven said, ‘You are my beloved Son; with You I am well pleased.’ And again, ‘Today I have begotten You.’ Immediately a great light shone around the place".<ref>Epiphanius, Panarion 30:13</ref><ref>James R. Edwards, The Hebrew Gospel & the Development of the Synoptic Tradition, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2009, pp. 1-376</ref><ref>Pierson Parker A Basis for the Gospel According to the Hebrews Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Dec., 1940), pp. 471.</ref>

Scholars also see Adoptionist theology in the Gospel of Mark. Mark has Jesus as the Son of God, occurring at the strategic points of 1:1 ("The beginning of the gospel about Jesus Christ, the Son of God") and 15:39 ("Surely this man was the Son of God!"), but the Virgin Birth of Jesus has not been developed.The phrase "Son of God" is not present in some early manuscripts at 1:1. Bart D. Ehrman uses this omission to support the notion that the title "Son of God" is not used of Jesus until his baptism, and that Mark reflects an adoptionist view.<ref name="Ehrman, Bart D. 1996. p.74-55">Ehrman, Bart D., The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. p.74-55.</ref> However, the authenticity of the omission of "Son of God" and its theological significance has been rejected by Bruce Metzger and Ben Witherington III.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (New York : United Bible Societies, 1994). Mark 1:1.</ref><ref>Ben Witherington III, What Have They Done With Jesus? (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 2006), p. 7.</ref>

By the time the Gospels of Luke and Matthew were written, Jesus is portrayed as being the Son of God from the time of birth, and finally the Gospel of John portrays the Son as existing "in the beginning".<ref name="Ehrman, Bart D. 1996. p.74-55"/>

Meaning of Jesus' death

Mark portrays Jesus' death as an atoning sacrifice for sin.<ref name = "JInt">Ehrman, Bart D.. Jesus, Interrupted, HarperCollins, 2009. ISBN 0061173932</ref> The Temple curtain, which served as a barrier between the holy presence of God and the profane world, rips at the moment of Jesus' death, symbolizing an end to the division between humans and God.<ref name = "JInt"/>

The only explicit mention of the meaning of Jesus' death in Mark occurs in where Jesus says that the "Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom (lutron) for many (anti pollōn)." According to Barnabas Lindars, this refers to Isaiah's fourth servant song, with lutron referring to the "offering for sin" (Isaiah 53:10) and anti pollōn to the Servant "bearing the sin of many" in Isaiah 52:12.<ref>Lindars, Barnabas. "Salvation Proclaimed, VII: Mark 10:45 – A Ransom for Many" Expository Times 93 [1982], 293.</ref> The Greek word anti means "in the place of", which indicates a substitutionary death.<ref>Ladd, George Eldon. A Theology of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), 188.</ref>

The author of this gospel also speaks of Jesus' death through the metaphors of the departing bridegroom in , and of the rejected heir in . He views it as fulfilling Old Testament prophecy (, , and ).

Many scholars believe that Mark structured his gospel in order to emphasise Jesus' death. For example, Alan Culpepper sees Mark 15:1-39 as developing in three acts, each containing an event and a response.<ref>Culpepper, R. Alan. "The Passion and Resurrection in Mark," Review and Expositor 75 [1978], 584.</ref> The first event is Jesus' trial, followed by the soldiers' mocking response; the second event is Jesus' crucifixion, followed by the spectators mocking him; the third and final event in this sequence is Jesus' death, followed by the veil being rent and the centurion confessing, "truly this man was the Son of God." In weaving these things into a triadic structure, Mark is thereby emphasising the importance of this confession, which provides a dramatic contrast to the two scenes of mocking which precede it. D. R. Bauer suggests that "by bringing his gospel to a climax with this christological confession at the cross, Mark indicates that Jesus is first and foremost Son of God, and that Jesus is Son of God as one who suffers and dies in obedience to God."<ref>Bauer, D. R. "Son of God" in Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight and I. Howard Marshall (eds.) Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (Downers Grove: IVP, 1992), 773.</ref> Joel Marcus notes that the other Evangelists "attenuate" Mark's emphasis on Jesus' suffering and death, and sees Mark as more strongly influenced than they are by Paul's "theology of the cross".<ref></ref>

Characteristics of Mark's content

[[File:MarkSt.Matts.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Stained glass depiction of St. Mark at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina.]] The narrative can be divided into three sections: the Galilean ministry, including the surrounding regions of Phoenicia, Decapolis, and Cæsarea Philippi (1-9); the Journey to Jerusalem (10); and the Events in Jerusalem (11-16).

• Unlike both Matthew and Luke, Mark does not offer any information about the life of Jesus before his baptism and ministry, including neither a nativity nor a genealogy. He is simply stated as having come "out of Galilee;" the Gospel of John similarly refers to Jesus being of Galilean origin.
• Jesus' baptism is understated, with John not identifying Jesus as the Son of God, nor initially declining to baptize him
• Son of Man is the major title used of Jesus in Mark ({{#if:| }}Mark 2:10, ; ; , , ; , ; , ). Many peopleTemplate:Who have seen that this title is a very important one within Mark’s Gospel, and it has important implications for Mark’s Christology. Jesus raises a question that demonstrates the association in Mark between "Son of Man" (cf. Dan 7:13–14) and the suffering servant in {{#if:| }}Isaiah 52:13-53:12—"How then is it written about the Son of Man, that he is to go through many sufferings and be treated with contempt?" (9:12b NRSV). Yet this comparison is not explicit; Mark's Gospel creates this link between Daniel and Isaiah, and applies it to Christ. It is postulated that this is because of the persecution of Christians; thus, Mark's Gospel encourages believers to stand firm ({{#if:| }}Mark 13:13) in the face of troubles.
• Jesus "explained everything in private to his disciples" () while only speaking in parables to the crowds. His use of parables obscures his message and fulfills prophecy ({{#if:| }}Mark 4:10-12).
• The Messianic Secret, Jesus' command to unclean spirits and to his disciples that they not reveal his identity, is stronger in Mark than in the other gospels.<ref>Wrede, Wilhelm. The Messianic Secret in the Gospels. 1901. ISBN 0-227-67717-X</ref>
• To the question "Are You the Christ?", Jesus gives the direct answer, "I am": {{#if:| }}Mark 14:62; cf. {{#if:| }}Mark 15:2, {{#if:| }}Matthew 26:63-64, , {{#if:| }}Luke 22:70, , , {{#if:| }}John 18:20, .
• Mark is the only gospel that has Jesus explicitly admit that he does not know when the end of the world will be ({{#if:| }}Mark 13:32). The equivalent verse in the Byzantine manuscripts of Matthew does not contain the words "nor the Son" ({{#if:| }}Matthew 24:36) (but it is present in most Alexandrian and Western text-type).<ref>{{

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}}{{#if:||.}} On Matthew 24.36: "The omission of the words ["neither the Son"] because of the doctrinal difficulty they present is more probable than their addition by assimilation to Mk 13.32."</ref> See also Kenosis.

• "No sign will be given to this generation" ; Matthew and Luke include "except for the sign of Jonah" {{#if:| }}Matthew 12:38-39, {{#if:| }}Luke 11:29. See also Typology (theology). In John, Jesus provides six signs specifically to demonstrate his divine role.<ref name="JInt"/>

Characteristics of Mark's language

The phrase "and immediately" occurs nearly forty times in Mark; while in Luke, which is much longer, it is used only seven times, and in John only four times.<ref>Easton's Bible Dictionary: Mark, Gospel according to</ref> The word from Greek: νομος{{#if:|

|[[Category:Articles containing {{#switch:el
 |ar       = Arabic
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 |bg       = Bulgarian
 |cs       = Czech
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 |nl       = Dutch
 |et       = Estonian
 |fi       = Finnish
 |el       = Greek
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 |ga       = Irish
 |grc      = Ancient Greek
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 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:Articles containing Template:ISO 639 name el language text
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}}, which roughly translates as law, ([8]) is never used, while it appears 8 times in Matthew, 9 times in Luke, 15 times in John, 19 times in Acts, many times in Romans.

Latin loanwords are often used: speculator, sextarius, centurion, legion, quadrans, praetorium, caesar, census, flagello, modius, denarius.<ref>Bauer lexicon</ref> Mark has only a few direct Old Testament quotations: , , , , , , . Mark makes frequent use of the narrative present; Luke changes about 150 of these verbs to past tense.<ref>Complete Gospels, Miller, p.11</ref> Mark frequently links sentences with Greek: και{{#if:|

|[[Category:Articles containing {{#switch:el
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}} (and); Matthew and Luke replace most of these with subordinate clauses.

Other characteristics unique to Mark

• The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath ({{#if:| }}Mark 2:27).<ref>Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC, "The Sabbath is given over to you ["the son of man"], and not you to the Sabbath." [9] Jewish Encyclopedia: New Testament: Misunderstood Passages</ref> Not present in either {{#if:| }}Matthew 12:1–8 or {{#if:| }}Luke 6:1–5. This is also a so-called "Western non-interpolation". The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark.
• People were saying, "[Jesus] has gone out of his mind", see also Rejection of Jesus ({{#if:| }}Mark 3:21).
• Mark is the only gospel with the combination {{#if:| }}Mark 4:24-25, the other gospels split them up: Mark 4:24 being found in {{#if:| }}Luke 6:38 and {{#if:| }}Matthew 7:2; Mark 4:25 being found in {{#if:| }}Matthew 13:12 and , {{#if:| }}Luke 8:18 and .
• Parable of the Growing Seed ().
• Only Mark counts the possessed swine; there are about two thousand ({{#if:| }}Mark 5:13).
• Two consecutive healing stories of women; both make use of the number twelve ({{#if:| }}Mark 5:25 and {{#if:| }}Mark 5:42).
• Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the (presumably original) Aramaic: Talitha koum ({{#if:| }}Mark 5:41), Ephphatha ({{#if:| }}Mark 7:34). See Aramaic of Jesus.
• Only place in the New Testament Jesus is addressed as "the son of Mary" ({{#if:| }}Mark 6:3).
• Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter ({{#if:| }}Mark 6:3). In Matthew he is called a carpenter's son ({{#if:| }}Matthew 13:55).
• Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters ({{#if:| }}Mark 6:3; Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother{{#if:| }}Matthew 13:55).
• The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in {{#if:| }}Mark 6:8–10 but prohibited in {{#if:| }}Matthew 10:10 and {{#if:| }}Luke 9:3.
• The longest version of the story of Herodias' daughter's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist ({{#if:| }}Mark 6:14–29).
• Mark's literary cycles:

• - Feeding of the five thousand;
• - Crossing of the lake;
• - Dispute with the Pharisees;
• - Discourse on Defilement<ref>Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study by Graham H. Twelftree 1999 ISBN 0830815961 page 79</ref>

Then:

• - Feeding of the four thousand;
• - Crossing of the lake;
• - Dispute with the Pharisees;
• - Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees.

• Customs that at that time were peculiar to Jews are explained (hand, produce, and utensil washing): .
• "Thus he declared all foods clean."<ref>The verb katharizo means both "to declare to be clean" and "to purify." The Scholars Version has: "This is how everything we eat is purified", Gaus' Unvarnished New Testament has: "purging all that is eaten." See also Strong's G2511</ref> NRSV, not found in the Matthean parallel {{#if:| }}Matthew 15:15-20.
• Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time: ; cf. {{#if:| }}Mark 8:23, {{#if:| }}Luke 11:20, {{#if:| }}John 9:6, {{#if:| }}Matthew 8:16; see also Exorcism.
• Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him: ; cf. , , {{#if:| }}Acts 6:6, , , laying on of hands.
• Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael: "Hear O Israel ..." (); in the parallels of {{#if:| }}Matt 22:37-38 and {{#if:| }}Luke 10:27 the first part of the Shema ({{#if:| }}Deut 6:4) is absent.
• Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple ().
• When Jesus is arrested, a young naked man flees: . A young man in a robe also appears in , see also Secret Gospel of Mark.
• Mark doesn't name the High Priest, cf. {{#if:| }}Matt 26:57, {{#if:| }}Luke 3:2, {{#if:| }}Acts 4:6, {{#if:| }}John 18:13.
• Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree (, ).
• The cock crows "twice" as predicted ({{#if:| }}Mark 14:72). See also Fayyum Fragment. The other Gospels simply record, "the cock crew". Early codices 01, W, and most Western texts have the simpler version.<ref name="Willker, Wieland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Pilate's position (Governor) isn't specified, , cf. {{#if:| }}Matt 27:2, {{#if:| }}Luke 3:1, {{#if:| }}John 18:28-29.
• Simon of Cyrene's sons are named ({{#if:| }}Mark 15:21).
• A summoned centurion is questioned ({{#if:| }}Mark 15:44–45).
• The women ask each other who will roll away the stone ({{#if:| }}Mark 16:3), cf. {{#if:| }}Matt 28:2-7.
• A young man sits on the "right side" ({{#if:| }}Mark 16:5), cf. {{#if:| }}Luke 24:4, {{#if:| }}John 20:12.
• Afraid, the women flee from the empty tomb. They "tell no one" what they have seen ({{#if:| }}Mark 16:8), compare with {{#if:| }}Mark 16:10, {{#if:| }}Matt 28:8, {{#if:| }}Luke 24:9, {{#if:| }}John 20:2.
• Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings (see Mark 16, Possible Scenarios); however, most of the contents of the traditional "Longer Ending" ({{#if:| }}Mark 16:9-20) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark, see Mark 16#The Longer Ending. The one significant exception is 16:18b "and if they drink any deadly thing", it will not harm those who believe, which is unique to Mark.

Secret Gospel of Mark

Secret Gospel of Mark

The Secret Gospel of Mark refers to a version of the Gospel of Mark being circulated in 2nd century Alexandria, which was kept from the Christian community at large. This non-canonical gospel fragment was discovered in 1958, by biblical researcher Morton Smith at the Mar Saba monastery.<ref>Wilhelm Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and related writings, Vol 1, Westminster John Knox Press, 2003 pp.106 - 109</ref>

In this fragment, Clement of Alexandria explains that Mark, during Peter's stay in Rome wrote an account of the life of Jesus. Mark selected those events that would be the most helpful to the Church. When Peter died a martyr, Mark left Rome and went to Alexandria. He brought both his own writings and those of Peter. It was here that Mark composed a second more spiritual Gospel and when he died, he left his composition to the Church.<ref>Bart D. Ehrman, Lost scriptures: books that did not make it into the New Testament, Oxford University Press US, 2003 pp.87 - 89</ref> The Carpocrates got a copy of this Gospel and they misinterpreted it, which caused problems for the early Church.

Some modern scholars maintain the Secret Gospel is a clumsy forgery, while others accept this text as being authentic.<ref>Bart Ehrman, Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew, Oxford University Press, 2003 p. 79</ref> <ref>Early Christian Writings</ref> The nature of the Secret Gospel of Mark as well as Morton Smith's role in its discovery are still being debated.<ref name="Carlson 2005">{{

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}}{{#if:||.}} </ref><ref>Wright, Jesus and the Victory of God, 1996, p. 49.</ref><ref>Bruce, "The 'Secret' Gospel of Mark," 1974.</ref>

Canonical Status

A related issue is the adoption of the Gospel of Mark as a Canonical Gospel, given that, like the hypothetical Q, it is largely reproduced in Matthew and Luke, but, unlike Q, it did not become "lost". Traditionally Mark's authority and survival has derived from its Petrine origins (see above "Authorship"). A recent suggestion is that Mark gained widespread popularity in oral performance, apart from readings from manuscript copies. Its widespread oral popularity ensured it a place in the written canon.^[]

Content

See also

• Gospel harmony
• Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark
• List of Gospels
• Apocalyptic literature
• Acts of the Apostles (genre)
• List of omitted Bible verses
• Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus (reference to Mark)

Notes

References

Gospel of Mark online

• Biblegateway

Commentaries

General

• Brown, R., et al. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Prentice Hall, 1990.
• Bultmann, R., History of the Synoptic Tradition, Harper & Row, 1963.
• Dewey, J., The Survival of Mark’s Gospel: A Good Story?, JBL 123.3 (2004) 495-507.
• Ehrman, Bart D., Misquoting Jesus, Harper Collins, 2005. p. 66-68.
• Grant, Robert M., A Historical Introduction to the New Testament Harper and Row, 1963: Chapter 8: The Gospel Of Mark
• Dormeyer, Detlev, Das Markusevangelium, Wiss. Buchgeselschaft Darmstadt 2005, ISBN 978-3-534-15613-9
• Guy, Harold A, The Origin of the Gospel of Mark, Hodder & Stoughton 1954
• Holmes, M. W., "To Be Continued... The Many Endings of Mark", Bible Review 17.4 (2001).
• Ladd, George Eldon. A Theology of the New Testament Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.
• R. T. France, The Gospel of Mark: A Commentary on the Greek text, NICNT, Wm. Eerdmans, 2002.
• Mack, Burton L., 1993. The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian origins, HarperSanFrancisco.
• McKnight, E. V., What is Form Criticism?, 1997.
• Neill, Stephen and Wright, Tom, The Interpretation of The New Testament 1861-1986, Oxford University Press, 1990, 1989, 1964, ISBN 0-19-283057-0
• Perrin, N., What is Redaction Criticism?
• Perrin, Norman & Duling, Dennis C., The New Testament: An Introduction, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1982, 1974
• Schnelle, Udo, 1998. The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings (M. Eugene Boring translator), Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998.
• Telford, W. (ed.), The Interpretation of Mark, Fortress Press, 1985.
• Tuckett, C. (ed), The Messianic Secret, Fortress Press, 1983

External links

Online translations of the Gospel of Mark:

• Bible Gateway 35 languages/50 versions at GospelCom.net
• Unbound Bible 100+ languages/versions at Biola University
• Online Bible at gospelhall.org
• Early Christian Writings: Mark in numerous English translations, on-line scholarly resources
• Mark on Wikisource (King James version)

Related articles:

• Resources for the Book of Mark at The Text This Week
• An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels by Wieland Willker, including detailed text-critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text (PDF, 411 pages) and the variant endings (PDF, 17 pages).
• Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture Gospel of Mark, Author Dr. Mary Healy

External Links

• Wikipedia article on the Gospel of Mark