Tau
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[[Image:Tau.png|thumb|150px|Tau]] | [[Image:Tau.png|thumb|150px|Tau]] | ||
| + | '''Tau''' (uppercase '''Τ''', lowercase '''τ'''; Ταυ ˈtaf) is the 19th letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 300. The name in English is pronounced ˈtaʊ|, but in [[Modern Greek]] it is ˈtaf. This is because the pronunciation of the combination of Greek letters αυ has changed from ancient to modern times from one of [au] to either [av] or [af], depending on what follows (see [[Greek orthography]]). | ||
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| + | Letters that arose from tau include Roman [[T]] and Cyrillic [[Te (Cyrillic)|Te]] (Т, τ). | ||
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| + | The symbolism of the [[cross]] was connected not only to the letter [[chi (letter)|chi]], but also to tau, the equivalent of the last letter in the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] and Old Hebrew alphabets, and which was originally cruciform in shape. | ||
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| + | The letter occupies the [[Unicode]] slots U+03C4 (lowercase) and U+03A4 (uppercase). In HTML, they can be produced with [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|named entities]] (<code>&tau;</code> and <code>&Tau;</code>), [[Numeric character reference|decimal references]] (<code>&#964;</code> and <code>&#932;</code>), or [[Numeric character reference|hexadecimal references]] (<code>&#x3C4;</code> and <code>&#x3A4;</code>). | ||
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| + | ==Scientific uses== | ||
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| + | The lower-case letter τ is used as a symbol for: | ||
| + | * The perceived motion-gap in [[General Tau Theory]], a psychological principle of perception. | ||
| + | * [[Torque]], the rotational force in mechanics. | ||
| + | * In the physical sciences, tau is sometimes used as time variable, to avoid confusing t as temperature. | ||
| + | * Tuning and Analysis Utilities (TAU) performance evaluation tool, computer science <ref>[http://tau.uoregon.edu Tuning and Analysis Utilities]</ref> | ||
| + | * Used as the symbol for tangent by Richard Feynman in order to avoid any confusion caused by "tan" | ||
| + | * The [[tau lepton]], an elementary particle in particle physics. | ||
| + | * The lifetime of a [[spontaneous emission]] process. | ||
| + | * The specific tax amount. | ||
| + | * The [[time constant]] of any device, such as an [[RC circuit]]. | ||
| + | * The dose interval in [[pharmacokinetics]]. | ||
| + | * [[Proper time]] in relativity. | ||
| + | * The symbol of continuity in electro-flux resonance. | ||
| + | * The symbol for [[tortuosity]] in hydrogeology. | ||
| + | * A [[correlation coefficient|coefficient of correlation]] — see [[Kendall's tau]]. | ||
| + | * The [[golden ratio]] 1.618..., although φ (phi) is more common | ||
| + | * [[Ramanujan's tau function]] in number theory. | ||
| + | * The [[divisor function]] in number theory. | ||
| + | * Tau in [[astronomy]] is a measure of [[Opacity (optics)|opacity]], or how much sunlight cannot penetrate the atmosphere. | ||
| + | * [[Tau (protein)]] in biochemistry is a protein associated with microtubules and is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and FTLD. | ||
| + | * [[Shear stress]] in continuum mechanics. | ||
| + | * The prefix of many stars, via the [[Bayer designation|Bayer]] stellar designation system. ([[Tau Ceti]] is such a star.) | ||
| + | * The expressed period of the freerunning rhythm of an animal (circadian rhythm terminology), i.e., the length of the daily cycle of an animal when kept in constant light or constant darkness | ||
| + | * [[Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient]] as a non-parametric correlation measure in statistics. | ||
| + | * [[Torsion of a curve]] in differential geometry. | ||
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| + | ==Other uses== | ||
| + | * In ancient times, a symbol for [[life]] and/or [[resurrection]], whereas the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, [[theta]], was considered the symbol of [[death]]. | ||
| + | * In Biblical times, the [[Taw]] was put on men to distinguish those who lamented sin, although newer versions of the Bible have replaced the ancient term “Taw” with "mark" ([[Ezekiel 9:4]]) or "signature" ([[Job 31:35]]). Its original sound value is a [[voiceless alveolar plosive]], IPA /t/, | ||
| + | * Tau is usually considered as the symbol of [[Franciscan]] orders due to [[Saint Francis of Assisi|St. Francis']] love for it, symbol of the redemption and of the [[Cross]]. Almost all Franciscan churches have painted a tau with two crossing arms, both with [[stigmata]], the one of Jesus and the other of Francis; usually members of the [[Secular Franciscan Order]] wear a wooden τ in a string with three knots around the neck. | ||
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| + | ==Miscellaneous== | ||
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| + | An essay written around 160 AD, attributed to [[Lucian]], a mock legal prosecution called ''The Consonants at Law — Sigma v. Tau in the Court of Seven Vowels'' contains a reference to the attribution. [[Sigma (letter)|Sigma]] petitions the court to sentence Tau to death by crucifixion, saying: | ||
| + | :''Men weep, and bewail their lot, and curse Cadmus with many curses for introducing ''Tau'' into the family of letters; they say it was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up structures on which men are crucified. ''Stauros'' (cross) the vile engine is called, and it derives its vile name from him. Now, with all these crimes upon him, does he not deserve death, nay, many deaths? For my part I know none bad enough but that supplied by his own shape — that shape which he gave to the [[gibbet]] named ''stauros'' after him by men.'' | ||
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| + | == References == | ||
| + | [[Category:Greek letters]] | ||
Revision as of 19:44, 29 March 2011
Tau (uppercase Τ, lowercase τ; Ταυ ˈtaf) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 300. The name in English is pronounced ˈtaʊ|, but in Modern Greek it is ˈtaf. This is because the pronunciation of the combination of Greek letters αυ has changed from ancient to modern times from one of [au] to either [av] or [af], depending on what follows (see Greek orthography).
Letters that arose from tau include Roman T and Cyrillic Te (Т, τ).
The symbolism of the cross was connected not only to the letter chi, but also to tau, the equivalent of the last letter in the Phoenician and Old Hebrew alphabets, and which was originally cruciform in shape.
The letter occupies the Unicode slots U+03C4 (lowercase) and U+03A4 (uppercase). In HTML, they can be produced with named entities (τ and Τ), decimal references (τ and Τ), or hexadecimal references (τ and Τ).
Contents |
Scientific uses
The lower-case letter τ is used as a symbol for:
- The perceived motion-gap in General Tau Theory, a psychological principle of perception.
- Torque, the rotational force in mechanics.
- In the physical sciences, tau is sometimes used as time variable, to avoid confusing t as temperature.
- Tuning and Analysis Utilities (TAU) performance evaluation tool, computer science <ref>Tuning and Analysis Utilities</ref>
- Used as the symbol for tangent by Richard Feynman in order to avoid any confusion caused by "tan"
- The tau lepton, an elementary particle in particle physics.
- The lifetime of a spontaneous emission process.
- The specific tax amount.
- The time constant of any device, such as an RC circuit.
- The dose interval in pharmacokinetics.
- Proper time in relativity.
- The symbol of continuity in electro-flux resonance.
- The symbol for tortuosity in hydrogeology.
- A coefficient of correlation — see Kendall's tau.
- The golden ratio 1.618..., although φ (phi) is more common
- Ramanujan's tau function in number theory.
- The divisor function in number theory.
- Tau in astronomy is a measure of opacity, or how much sunlight cannot penetrate the atmosphere.
- Tau (protein) in biochemistry is a protein associated with microtubules and is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and FTLD.
- Shear stress in continuum mechanics.
- The prefix of many stars, via the Bayer stellar designation system. (Tau Ceti is such a star.)
- The expressed period of the freerunning rhythm of an animal (circadian rhythm terminology), i.e., the length of the daily cycle of an animal when kept in constant light or constant darkness
- Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient as a non-parametric correlation measure in statistics.
- Torsion of a curve in differential geometry.
Other uses
- In ancient times, a symbol for life and/or resurrection, whereas the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, theta, was considered the symbol of death.
- In Biblical times, the Taw was put on men to distinguish those who lamented sin, although newer versions of the Bible have replaced the ancient term “Taw” with "mark" (Ezekiel 9:4) or "signature" (Job 31:35). Its original sound value is a voiceless alveolar plosive, IPA /t/,
- Tau is usually considered as the symbol of Franciscan orders due to St. Francis' love for it, symbol of the redemption and of the Cross. Almost all Franciscan churches have painted a tau with two crossing arms, both with stigmata, the one of Jesus and the other of Francis; usually members of the Secular Franciscan Order wear a wooden τ in a string with three knots around the neck.
Miscellaneous
An essay written around 160 AD, attributed to Lucian, a mock legal prosecution called The Consonants at Law — Sigma v. Tau in the Court of Seven Vowels contains a reference to the attribution. Sigma petitions the court to sentence Tau to death by crucifixion, saying:
- Men weep, and bewail their lot, and curse Cadmus with many curses for introducing Tau into the family of letters; they say it was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up structures on which men are crucified. Stauros (cross) the vile engine is called, and it derives its vile name from him. Now, with all these crimes upon him, does he not deserve death, nay, many deaths? For my part I know none bad enough but that supplied by his own shape — that shape which he gave to the gibbet named stauros after him by men.
