Aleph

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-	{{other uses}}	+	#REDIRECT [[Aleph (letter)]]
-	{{Phoenician glyph|letname=Alef|previouslink=Aleph|previousletter=      |nextlink=Bet (letter)|nextletter=Bet|arrowleft= |archar=ا|sychar=ܐ|hechar=א|amchar=aleph|gechar=አ|phchar=aleph|grchar=Α|lachar=A|cychar=А|ipa=ʔ|num=1|gem=1}}	+
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-	'''{{transl|sem|ʾĀlep}}''' is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the [[Proto-Canaanite alphabet]], continued in descended [[Semitic alphabets]] as [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] '''{{transl|sem|Aleph}}''' [[File:phoenician aleph.svg|15px|]],  [[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]] '''{{transl|sem|'Ālaph}}''' {{lang|syr|ܐ}}, [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] '''Aleph'''  {{lang|he|א}}, and [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] '''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾAlif}}''' {{lang|ar|ا}}.	+
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-	The Phoenician letter gave rise to the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[Alpha (letter)|Alpha]] (Α), being re-interpreted to express not the glottal consonant but the accompanying [[vowel]], and hence the [[Latin]] [[A]] and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] [[A (Cyrillic)|А]].	+
-	{{Semitic alphabet}}	+
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-	The Unicode value for aleph is U+05D0 (1488 decimal).	+
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-	In phonetics, aleph ({{IPA-en|ˈɑːlɨf}}) originally represented the [[glottal stop]] ({{IPAblink|ʔ}}), usually [[transliteration|transliterated]] as '''{{transl|sem|ʾ}}''' (U+02BE) "[[ʾ|modifier letter right half ring]]", based on the Greek ''[[spiritus lenis]]'' {{polytonic|ʼ}}. For example in the transliteration of the letter name itself, ''{{transl|sem|ʾāleph}}''.	+
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-	==Origin==	+
-	The name ''aleph''  is derived from the West Semitic word for "[[ox]]", and the shape of the letter derives from a [[Proto-Sinaitic]] glyph based on a [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyph]] depicting an ox's head, <div style="display:inline;"> <hiero> F1 </hiero> </div>.	+
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-	In Modern Standard Arabic, there is a word {{lang|ar|أليف}} {{IPA|/ʔaliːf/}} which literally means "tamed" or "coy",  derived from the root {{IPA|{{!}}ʔ-l-f{{!}}}} from which the past tense verb  آلَفَ {{IPA|/ʔaːlafa/}} means to "to coy". This has sometimes been connected with the name of ''alif'' in [[folk etymology]].{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}	+
-	In modern Hebrew, the same root t {{IPA|{{!}}ʔ-l-f{{!}}}} (alef-lamed-pe)  gives "me'ulaf",  the passive participle of the verb "le'alef", and means trained (when referring to pets) or tamed (when referring to wild animals); the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] rank of [[Aluf]], taken from an [[Edom]]ite title of nobility, is also cognate.{{clarify|date=October 2011}}	+
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-	==Arabic==	+
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-	Written as <big>{{lang|ar|ا}}</big>, spelled as <big>{{lang|ar|ألف}}</big> and transcribed as ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' is the first letter in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Perso-Arabic alphabet]].	+
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-	Together with Hebrew Aleph, Greek [[Alpha (letter)|Alpha]] and Latin [[A]], it is descended from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] {{transl|sem|ʾāleph}}, from a reconstructed Proto-Canaanite ''{{transl|sem|ʾalp}}'' "ox".	+
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-	Alif is written in one of the following ways depending on its position in the word:	+
-	{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ا}}	+
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-	Historically, the Perso-Arabic letter was used to render either a long {{IPA|/aː/}}, or a [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}}. This led to [[orthographical]] confusion, and to introduction of the additional letter ''{{transl|ar|DIN|hamzat qatʿ}}'' <big>{{lang|ar|ﺀ}}</big>. [[Hamza]]h is not considered a full letter in Arabic orthography: in most cases it appears on a carrier, either a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|wāw}}'' (<big>{{lang|ar|ؤ}}</big>), a dotless ''{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}'' (<big>{{lang|ar|ئ}}</big>, or an alif.  The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif <big>{{lang|ar|إ أ}}</big> is generally the carrier where the only adjacent vowel is ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}''. It is the only possible carrier where hamzah is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamzah, hamzah is added above the alif, or, for initial alif ''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'', below it, indicating that the letter so modified does indeed signify a glottal stop, and not a long vowel.	+
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-	A second type of hamza, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|hamzat waṣl}}'' ({{lang|ar|همزة وصل}}, occurs only as the initial phoneme of the [[Al-|definite article]] and in some related cases. It differs from ''{{transl|ar|DIN|hamzat qatʿ}}'' in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Again, alif is always the carrier.	+
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-	The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif maddah}}'' is, as it were, a double alif, expressing both a glottal stop and a long vowel: {{lang|ar|آ}}  (final {{lang|ar|ـآ}})    {{transl|ar|DIN|ʾā}} {{IPA|/ʔaː/}}, for example in <big>{{lang|ar|آخر}}</big> ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾāḫir}}'' {{IPA|/ʔaːxir/}} "last".	+
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-	{{Arabic alphabet shapes|آ}}	+
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-	{{Anchor|alifmaqsura}}The {{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif maqṣūrah}} ({{lang|ar|ألف مقصورة}}), or "broken alif;" commonly known in Egypt as ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif layyinah}}'' ({{lang|ar|ألف لينة}}, {{IPA-arz|ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ|}} "flexible alif"). It looks like a dotless [[yāʾ|{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}]], <big>{{lang|ar|ى}}</big> (final <big>{{lang|ar|ـى}}</big> &nbsp; not to be confused with [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] ''[[Yodh#Perso-Arabic ye|ye]]''). It may only appear at the end of a word. Although it looks different from a regular Alif, it represents the same sound (long {{IPA|/aː/}}). ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾAlif maqsurah}}'' is transliterated as {{transl|ar|DIN|ā}} in [[DIN 31635]], {{transl|ar|ALA|á}} in [[ALA-LC Romanization|ALA-LC]], {{transl|ar|ISO 233-2|à}} in ISO 233-2 and ỳ in [[ISO 233]]. ''ʾAlif maqṣūrah'' can be confused with a yāʾ because they are both normally written finally as <big>ى</big> in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other places, but anyway its occurrence in Modern Standard Arabic is not very common. In the case when <big>ى</big> represents final /-aː/, it may also be called, especially in Egypt, ألف لينة ''{{transl|ar|ʾalif layyinah}}'' ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ and when it represents final /-iː/, it is called je. In Egypt, it is always short [-æ, -ɑ] if used in [[Egyptian Arabic]] and most commonly short in Modern Standard Arabic, as well.	+
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-	==Hebrew==	+
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-	Written as <big>{{lang|he|א}}</big>, spelled as <big>אָלֶף</big> and transcribed as Aleph.	+
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-	In [[Hebrew language|Modern Israeli Hebrew]], the letter represents either a [[glottal stop]], or has no pronunciation besides that of the [[vowel]] attached to it.  The pronunciation varies among [[Jewish ethnic divisions|Jewish ethnic groups]].	+
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-	In [[gematria]], aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew years]], it means 1000 (i.e. א'תשנ"ד in [[Arabic numerals|numbers]] would be the [[Calendar date|date]] 1754).	+
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-	Aleph, along with [[Ayin]], [[Resh]], [[He (letter)|He]], and [[Heth (letter)|Heth]], cannot receive a [[dagesh]]. (However, there are few very rare examples where the [[Masoretes]] added a dagesh to an Aleph or Resh.)	+
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-	In Modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of alef, out of all the letters, is 4.94%.	+
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-	Aleph is sometimes used as a [[mater lectionis]] to denote a vowel, usually /a/. Such use is more common in words of [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin, in foreign names and some other borrowed words.	+
-	{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"	+
-	|-	+
-	!colspan=5|<small>[[Orthography|Orthographic]] variants</small>	+
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-	!colspan=3|<small>Various Print Fonts</small>	+
-	!rowspan=2|<small>[[Cursive Hebrew|Cursive<br />Hebrew]]</small>	+
-	!rowspan=2|<small>[[Rashi Script|Rashi<br />Script]]</small>	+
-	|-	+
-	!|<small>[[Serif]]</small> !! <small>[[Sans-serif]]</small> !! <small>[[Monospaced font|Monospaced]]</small> <!-- !! </small> [[Rounded Roman]]</small> -->	+
-	|-	+
-	|width=20%|<span style="font:29pt 'times new roman', 'David', 'Narkisim';">א</span>	+
-	|width=20%|<span style="font:29pt 'arial',sans-serif;">א</span>	+
-	|width=20%|<span style="font:30pt 'courier new',monospace;">א</span>	+
-	<!-- |width=20%|<span style="font:30pt 'cooper black';">א</span> -->	+
-	|width=20%|[[image:Hebrew letter Alef handwriting.svg|18px]]	+
-	|width=20%|[[image:Hebrew letter Alef Rashi.png|31px]]	+
-	|}	+
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-	===Rabbinic Judaism===	+
-	'Aleph is the subject of a [[midrash]] which praises its humility in not demanding to start the Bible. (In [[Hebrew]] the Bible begins with the second letter of the [[alphabet]], [[Bet (letter)|Bet]].) In this folktale, 'Aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start the [[Ten Commandments]]. (In [[Hebrew]], the first word is אָנֹכִי, which starts with an aleph.)	+
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-	In the [[Sefer Yetzirah]], the [[letter (alphabet)|letter]] 'Aleph is [[King]] over Breath, Formed Air in the universe, Temperate in the Year, and the [[Chest]] in the soul.	+
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-	'Aleph is also the first letter of the [[Hebrew]] word ''emet'', which means ''truth''. In [[Jewish mythology]] it was the letter aleph that was carved into the head of the [[golem]] which ultimately gave it life.	+
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-	Aleph also begins the three words that make up God's mystical name in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], [[I am who I Am|I Am who I Am]] (in [[Hebrew]], 'Ehyeh 'Asher 'Ehyeh אהיה אשר אהיה}}), and 'aleph is an important part of mystical [[amulet]]s and formulas.	+
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-	Aleph in Jewish mysticism represents the oneness of God.  The letter can been seen as being composed of an upper yud, a lower yud, and a vav leaning on a diagonal.  The upper yud represents the hidden and ineffible aspects of God while the lower yud represents God's revelation and presence in the world.  The vav ("hook") connects the two realms.	+
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-	Jewish mysticism relates Aleph to the element of air, The Fool (Key 0, value 1) of the major arcana of the tarot deck,<sup>[]</sup> and the Scintillating Intelligence (#11) of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of the Sephiroth.	+
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-	====Hebrew sayings with aleph====	+
-	'''From Aleph to [[Taw|Tav]]''' describes something from beginning to end; the Hebrew equivalent of the English ''From A to Z''.	+
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-	'''One who doesn't know how to make an Aleph''' is someone who is illiterate.	+
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-	'''No...with a big Aleph!''' (''lo b'aleph rabati'' - לא באלף רבתי) means '''Absolutely not!'''.	+
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-	==Syriac Alaph/Olaf==	+
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-	{| class="wikitable"	+
-	|-	+
-	!''Alaph''	+
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-	| [[image:Syriac Eastern alap.svg|50px]] ''Madnḫaya'' Alaph	+
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-	| [[image:Syriac Serta alap.svg|50px]] ''Serṭo'' Alaph	+
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-	| [[image:Syriac Estrangela alap.svg|50px]] ''Esṭrangela'' Alaph	+
-	|}	+
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-	[[File:Syriac letter shapes Alaph.PNG|600px]]	+
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-	In the [[Syriac alphabet]], the first letter is ܐ — ܐܵܠܲܦ — Alaph (in eastern dialects) or Olaf (in western dialects). It is used in word-initial position to mark a word beginning with a vowel — although some words beginning with ''i'' or ''u'' do not need its help, and sometimes an initial Alaph/Olaf is [[elision|elided]]. For example, when the Syriac [[grammatical person|first-person]] [[grammatical number|singular]] [[pronoun]] ܐܵܢܵܐ is in [[clitic|enclitic]] positions, it is pronounced ''no/na'' (again west/east) rather than the full form ''eno/ana''. The letter occurs very regularly at the end of words, where it represents the long final vowels ''o/a'' or ''e''. In the middle of the word, the letter represents either a [[glottal stop]] between vowels (but West Syriac pronunciation often makes this a [[palatal approximant]]), a long ''i/e'' (less commonly ''o/a'') or is silent.	+
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-	===Numeral===	+
-	As a numeral it Alaph/Olaf stands for the number one. With a dot below, it is the number 1,000, with a line above it, Alaph/Olaf will represent 1,000,000. with a line below it is 10,000 and with two dots below it is 10,000,000.	+
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-	==Ancient Egyptian==	+
-	See Also [[Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian]]	+
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-	The Egyptian "vulture" [[hieroglyph]] ([[Gardiner's sign list|Gardiner]] [[List of hieroglyphs/G|G]]1), by convention pronounced {{IPA|[a]}}) is also referred to as ''alef'', on grounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a glottal stop, although some recent suggestions<sup>[]</sup> tend towards an {{IPAblink|ɹ}} sound instead.	+
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-	The phoneme is commonly transliterated by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in [[Unicode]] (as of version 5.1, in the [[Latin Extended D]] range) encoded at  U+A722 Ꜣ <small>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF</small> and U+A723 ꜣ <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF</small>. A fallback representation is the numeral ''3'', or the Middle English character  ''ȝ'' [[Yogh#In Egyptology|Yogh]]; neither are to be preferred to the genuine Egyptological characters.	+
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-	==Other uses==	+
-	===Mathematics===	+
-	In [[set theory]], the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the [[aleph number]]s, which represent the [[cardinality]] of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician [[Georg Cantor]].	+
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-	==See also==	+
-	* [[ʾ]]	+
-	* [[Al-]]	+
-	* [[Yodh#Arabic yāʼ|Arabic {{unicode|yāʼ}}]]	+
-	* [[Hamza]]	+
-	* [[Aleph number]]	+
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-	==References==	+
-	{{Reflist}}	+
-	{{Arabic language}}	+
-	{{Hebrew language}}	+
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-	[[Category:Phoenician alphabet]]	+
-	[[Category:Hebrew alphabet]]	+
-	==See Also==	+
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-	* ''Aleph'' is also the shorthand designation for [[Codex Sinaiticus]], a 4th-century manuscript of the Bible	+

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Current revision

1. REDIRECT Aleph (letter)