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| - | [[image:kappa.png|thumb|150px|Kappa]] | + | #REDIRECT [[Kappa (letter)]] |
| - | '''Kappa''' (uppercase '''Κ''', lowercase '''κ''' or '''ϰ'''; Κάππα) is the 10th letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], used to represent the [[voiceless velar stop]], or "k", sound in [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter [[Kaph]]. Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman [[K]] and Cyrillic [[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]].
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| - | Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with "c" due to contemporary rendering into the [[Latin alphabet]] by ancient Romans. However, modern transliteration of the Greek language invariably use the letter "k". Compare ''Κυνοσκεφαλαι'', ''[[Cynoscephalae]]'' (ancient placename); ''κυνος κεφαλαι'', ''kunos kephalai'' (phrase), meaning "[[dog]]'s [[head]]s".
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| - | [[File:kappa-variant.PNG|frame|left|Greek word ''καί'' written with a handwritten variant of kappa, from the Byzantine period]]
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| - | In [[mathematics]], the [[kappa curve]] is named after this letter; the [[tangent]]s of this [[curve]] were first calculated by [[Isaac Barrow|Barrow]] (17th Century).
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| - | ==Symbol==
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| - | In [[graph theory]], the [[Connectivity (graph theory)|connectivity]] of a [[graph (mathematics)|graph]] is given by κ.
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| - | In [[differential geometry]], the [[curvature]] of a curve is given by κ.
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| - | In [[physics]], the [[torsional constant]] of an [[oscillator]] is given by κ as well as [[Einstein's constant|Einstein constant of gravitation]].
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| - | In [[structural design]], κ is the ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment and is used to calculate the critical [[elastic moment]] of an unbraced steel member.
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| - | In [[electrical engineering]], it is the multiplication factor, a function of the R/X ratio of the equivalent power system network, which is used in calculating the peak short-circuit current of a system fault.
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| - | In [[chemistry]], the [[compressibility]] of a compound is given by κ.
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| - | In [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]], kappa represents a measure of diagnostic reliability.
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| - | In [[biology]], kappa and kappa prime are important [[nucleotide]] motifs for a tertiary interaction of group II introns.
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| - | In [[biology]], kappa designates a subtype of an [[antibody]] component.
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| - | In [[pharmacology]], kappa represents a type of [[opioid receptors]].
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| - | [[Kappa statistics]] such as [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Fleiss' kappa]] are methods for calculating [[inter-rater agreement]].
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| - | Upper-case letter Κ is used as a symbol for:
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| - | In [[textual criticism]], the [[Byzantine text-type]] (from Κοινη, ''Koine'', the common text).
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| - | In [[set theory]], kappa is often used to denote an [[Ordinal numbers|ordinal]] which is also a [[Cardinal numbers|cardinal]].
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| - | [[Category:Greek letters]]
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