Codex Tischendorfianus III

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Codex Tischendorfianus III – designated by siglum Λ or 039 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 77 (von Soden) – is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century.<ref name = Aland/>

The manuscript was brought from the East by Constantin von Tischendorf (hence name of the codex), who also examined, described, and collated its text as the first. The manuscript was also examined by Tregelles, Dobschütz, and Gächler.

Description

The codex contains the complete text of the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John on 157 parchment leaves (). The leaves are arranged in quarto (four leaves in quires). The text is written in two columns per page, 23 lines per page.<ref name = Aland>Kurt Aland & Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, transl. Erroll F. Rhodes, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, p. 118.</ref> There are no spaces between letters, the words are not separate but written in scriptio continua. The uncial letters are small, not beautiful and leaned. The letters are characterizing by Slavonic uncials.<ref name = Metzger>Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford 2005, page=83</ref> According to Tischendorf the writing is similar to that of Codex Cyprius.<ref name = Anecdota5>C. Tischendorf, Anecdota Sacra et Profana (Leipzig 1861), p. 5 </ref>

It has breathings and accents,<ref name = Gregory>Caspar René Gregory, Textkritik des Neuen Testaments, Leipzig 1900, Vol. 1, p 90</ref> diaeresis, there is no interrogative sign. All errors are not frequent and it has good grammar.

It has the ornamented headpieces before each Gospel and the decorated initial letters.<ref name = Auct>Manuscripts Auctarium at the Bodleian Library</ref>

Before Luke it contains subscription to Mark.<ref name = Gregory/>

The nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way; all abbreviations are written in an usual way.

In the end stands the Jerusalem Colophon.<ref name = Metzger/>

The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the left margin of the text, and their τιτλοι (titles) at the top of the pages. The lists of the κεφαλαια are placed before each Gospel. There is also a division according to the smaller the Ammonian Sections, with a references to the Eusebian Canons (in red).<ref name = Scrivener/>

It contains lectionary markings at the margin and the manuscript can be useful for the Church reading.<ref name = Gregory/> It has also scholia at the margin, of some critical value,<ref name = Scrivener/> according to Tischendorf they cite the Gospel of the Hebrews:

Matthew 4:5 το ιουδαικον ουκ εχει εις την αγιαν πολιν αλλ εν ιλημ

Matthew 16:17 Βαριωνα το ιουδαικον υιε ιωαννου

Matthew 18:22 το ιουδαικον εξης εχει μετα το εβδομηκοντακις επτα και γαρ εν τοις προφηταις μετα το χρισθηναι αυτους εν πνι αγιω ευρισκετω εν αυτοις λογος αμαρτιας

Matthew 26:47 το ιουδαικου και ηρνησατο και ωμοσεν και κατηρασατο.<ref name = Scrivener161>Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener, A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, vol. 1, George Bell & Sons, edition = 4, London 1894, p. 161 </ref>

The errors of itacism are rare, it has iota adscriptum.<ref name = Scrivener>Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener, A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, ed. Edward Miller, (George Bell & Sons: London 1894), vol. 1, p. 160 </ref> Errors of iota subscriptum are absent. The errors are not frequent, and it has good grammar.

Before Gospel of Luke stand subscription to the Gospel of Mark.<ref name = Gregory/>

According to the colophons at the end of each Gospel:

Matthew has 2514 lines and 355 chapters

Mark has 1056 lines and 237 chapters

Luke has 2677 lines and 342 chapters

John has 2210 lines and 232 chapters<ref>C. R. Gregory, "Canon and Text of the New Testament" (1907), p. 360.</ref>

Text

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type, but slightly different than typical Byzantine text. It has some Caesarean readings.<ref>F.G. Kenyon, Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament, London², 1912, p. 118.</ref> Tischendorf as the first found some textual affinities to the textual family today known as f¹³. Tischendorf found its text is of the same type as the manuscripts: Basilensis, Boreelianus, Seidelianus I, Seidelianus II, Cyprius, Campianus, Vaticanus 354, Nanianus, and Mosquensis II.<ref name = Anecdota4/> Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family I^r. It is close to the textual family E. Kurt Aland placed it in Category V.<ref name = Aland/> Wisse classified it as K^x in Luke 10 and Luke 20. In Luke 1 its text is mixed.<ref>F. Wisse, The Profile Method for Calssifying and Evaluating Manuscripts Evidence, p. 52.</ref>

It contains the spurious text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11), but at the margin of verse 8:11 (not 7:53) it has questionable scholion: τα οβελισμενα εν τισιν αντιγραφαις ου κειται, ουδε Απολιναριου εν δε τοις αρχαις ολα μνημονευουσιν της περικοπης ταυτης και οι αποστολοι παντες εν αις εξεθεντο διαταξεσιν εις οικοδομην της εκκλησιας.<ref name = Anecdota5/>

In John 5:1-36 in 17 places it 13 times agrees with Alexandrinus, twice with Vaticanus, one with Ephraemi, and one with G H M U V.<ref name = Anecdota4/>

In Luke 3:27 it reads ζορομβαβελ for ζοροβαβελ.<ref name = Anecdota4>C. Tischendorf, Anecdota Sacra et Profana (Leipzig 1861), p. 4</ref>

Luke 1:28 – αυτην + ευηγγελισατο αυτην και, the reading is supported by the codices: Minuscule 164, Minuscule 199, 262, 899, 1187, 1555, and 2586.

In Luke 3:22 after γενεσθαι added phrase προς αυτον, as the codices Minuscule 13, Minuscule 69, Minuscule 119, Minuscule 229, and Minuscule 262; but phrase εξ ουρανου changed into απ ουρανου.<ref name = Anecdota4/>

John 1:28 it reads Βηθεβαρα, supported by minuscule 346;<ref name = Gregory/> Alexandrian manuscripts have βηθανια, majority have βηθαβαρα;

John 4:31 it reads παρεκαλουν;

John 5:1 it reads εορτη των αζυμων for εορτη των Ιουδαιων; the reading is not supported by any Greek manuscript, it is supported only by some manuscripts of Vulgate;<ref>NA26, p. 259 </ref>

In John 5:11 before work αρχην article την is omitted, as in codices: Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Regius, Minuscule 1, Minuscule 33, and Minuscule 262;

John 5:12 it has εμεινεν for εμειναν as in codices A F G 1 124

John 5:24 reads επιστευσεν for επιστευεν as in minuscule 235;

John 5:36 reads μειζων for μειζω.<ref name = Anecdota4/>

In John 8:7 and in 8:10 it reads αναβλεψας instead of ανακυψας, the readings are supported by the manuscripts: Codex Nanianus (only in 8:7), textual family f¹³, and 700;<ref>NA26, p. 274</ref>

In John 8:57 it has singular reading τεσσερακοντα (forty) instead of πεντηκοντα (fifty).<ref>NA26, p. 278</ref>

Group Λ

It creates textual group Λ. The group was identified and described by Hermann von Soden, who designated it by I^r. Soden considered it the most diluted form of the Iota text-type, being about nine parts Kappa to one part Iota. According to von Soden it is not an important group and has a little significance for the reconstruction of the original text of the New Testament.<ref>Soden, Schriften, 1/2, 1170-1180, 1238-1242 </ref> The early date of some its members places the origin of the group in or before the 9th century. According to Wisse the group is fairly close to K^x.

According to the Wisse's Profile Method it has following profile:

Luke 1: 6, 8, (9), 22, (28), (29), 34, (36), (41).

• Luke 1:10 — ην του λαου ] του λαου ην
• Luke 1:14 — γενεσει ] γεννεσει
• Luke 1:15 — του ] omit
• Luke 1:26 — Ναζαρεθ ] Ναζαρετ
• Luke 1:34 — εσται ] εσται μοι
• Luke 1:35 — γεννωμενον ] γεννωμενον εκ του
• Luke 1:44 — εν αγαλλιασει το βρεφος ] το βρεφος εν αγαλλιασει
• Luke 1:50 — γενεας και γενεας ] γενεαν και γενεαν; Textus Receptus reads: γενεας και γενεαν
• Luke 1:61 — εκ της συγγενειας ] εν τη συγγενεια

[[Luke 10: 3, 15, 18, 23, 33, 35, 44, 57.

• Luke 10:1 — ημελλεν ] εμελλεν
• Luke 10:6 — εαν ] εαν μεν
• Luke 10:8 — ην ] δ'
• Luke 10:12 — λεγω ] λεγω δε
• Luke 10:17 — εβδομηκοντα ] εβδομηκοντα μαθηται
• Luke 10:21 — αυτη ] αυτη δε
• Luke 10:30 — εκδυσαντες ] εξεδυσαν
• Luke 10:36 — πλησιον δοκει σοι ] δοκει σοι πλησιον

[[Luke 20: 4, 13, 17, 19, 32, 35, 39, 54, 55, 57, 62.

• Luke 20:1 — αρχιερεις ] ιερεις
• Luke 20:5 — δια τι ] πας ο λαος
• Luke 20:7 — ποθεν ] 'omit
• Luke 20:9 — τις ] omit
• Luke 20:18 — επ ] εις
• Luke 20:19 — τον λαον ] omit
• Luke 20:22 — φορον ] φορους
• Luke 20:31 — ωσαυτως ] ωσαυτως ως αυτως
• Luke 20:31 — επτα ] επτα και
• Luke 20:32 — υστερον ] υστερον παντων
• Luke 20:35 — γαμιζονται ] εκγαμιζονται (ΤR reads: εκγαμισκονται)<ref>Frederik Wisse, The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke, William B. Eerdmans Publishing (Grand Rapids, 1982), p. 102 </ref>

According to Frederick Wisse following 23 manuscripts belong to this group in at least a part of Luke: 039, 161, 164, 166, 173 (Luke 20), 174, 199, 211, 230, 262, 710 (Luke 20), 899, 1187, 1205, 1301 (Luke 20), 1502 (Luke 20), 1555, 1573, (Luke 10 and 20), 2465, 2585 (Luke 1 and 20) 2586, and 2725 (Luke 20).<ref>Frederik Wisse, The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke, William B. Eerdmans Publishing (Grand Rapids, 1982), p. 103 </ref>

History

thumb|right|200px|Tischendorf – discoverer and editor of the codex Scrivener and Tischendorf<ref name = Anecdota4/> dated the manuscript to the 8th century, Gregory to the 9th century. In the present time the manuscript on the palaeographical ground has been assigned to the 9th century or to the 10th century (the 8th century is also possible palaeographically, but it is excluded by full marginal equipment).<ref name = Auct/>

The place of origin is still a subject of speculations. One of the possible places is Palestine.<ref name = Auct/>

Formerly it was bounded with the codex 566 in one manuscript. 556 contains Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Mark written in minuscule letters. Two parts of the manuscript are agreed in the form (two columns, 23 lines per column), in the signatures, in the writing of the scholia, and the text-type. The marginal notes are written in the same small uncial letters. The nomina sacra are abbreviated in the same way. Also errors (e.g. itacisms, N ephelkystikon, iota adscriptum, no iota subscriptum etc.) are of the same kind. It is sure that these two parts were written by the same hand.<ref>Ernst von Dobschütz, Zwei Bibelhandschriften mit doppelter Schriftart, Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1899, Nr. 3, 4. Febr. pp. 74-75</ref> Alfred Rahlfs noted that also codex E of the Septuagint, was written partly in uncials and partly in minuscules, in the ninth or tenth century, when the change from one style of writing to the other was taking place. Tischendorfianus III is not only one manuscript written in that way.<ref>Rahlfs, Nachrichten von der Kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philol: histor. Klasse, 1898, Heft 1, p. 98 </ref>

The codex was held at the Sinai and was discovered by Constantin von Tischendorf in 1853, who took with himself only uncial text (Luke-John) – along with Codex Tischendorfianus IV – and brought it to Oxford to the Bodleian Library, where it is located now. Formerly it was housed under the shelf number "Misc. 310", actually it is housed under shelf number "Auctarium T. infr 1.1".<ref name = Gregory/><ref name = Aland/> Actually it is one of the popular attraction for the visitors of the Bodleian Library.<ref>Oxford - Magic Destination </ref>

The first description of the codex Tischendorf published in 1860.<ref>C. Tischendorf, Notitia editionis codicis Bibliorum Sinaitici (Leipzig: 1860), pp. 58-59 </ref> In 1861 Tischendorf in detailed way examined some parts of it – Luke 3:19-36 and John 5:1-36, he also slightly examined the rest part of the codex.<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, Anecdota sacra et profana (Lipsiae 1861), p. 4-5 </ref>

The text of the codex was later collated by Tischendorf and Tregelles. Tischendorf used its text in 1858 in his edition of the Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine.<ref>Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. C, v. Tischendorf, (Leipzig 1858), p. XLI </ref>

The minuscule text Tischendorf brought in 1859, it is housed now in the National Library of Russia in Sankt Petersburg.

P. Gächler in 1934 found some textual similarities between the manuscript and Codex Bezae, which represents the Western text.<ref>P. Gächler, Codex D and Λ, JTS XXXV (1934), pp. 248-266</ref>

See also

• List of New Testament uncials
• Textual criticism

References

Further reading

• Constantin von Tischendorf, Anecdota Sacra et Profana (Leipzig 1855)
• C. Tischendorf, Notitia editionis codicis Bibliorum Sinaitici (Leipzig: 1860), pp. 58-59
• C. Tischendorf, Anecdota Sacra et Profana (Leipzig 1861), pp. 4-6
• Ernst von Dobschütz, Zwei Bibelhandschriften mit doppelter Schriftart, Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1899, Nr. 3, 4. Febr. pp. 74-75
• P. Gächler, Codex D and Λ, JTS XXXV (1934), pp. 248-266

External links

• Codex Tischendorfianus Λ (039) at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
• Manuscripts Auctarium at the Bodleian Library