Semicolon

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Revision as of 07:24, 24 June 2017

The semicolon or semi-colon (;) is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction. Semicolons can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of that list contain commas.

The first printed semicolon was the work of the Italian printer Aldus Manutius the Elder in 1494. Manutius established the practice of using the semicolon to separate words of opposed meaning and to allow a rapid change in direction in connecting interdependent statements. Ben Jonson was the first notable English writer to use the semicolon systematically. The modern uses of the semicolon relate either to the listing of items or to the linking of related clauses.

English

Although terminal marks (i.e. full stops, exclamation marks, and question marks) mark the end of a sentence, the comma, semicolon and colon are normally sentence internal, making them secondary boundary marks. The semicolon falls between terminal marks and the comma; its strength is equal to that of the colon.

Constraints

1. When a semicolon marks the left boundary of a constituent (e.g. the beginning of a clause or a phrase), the right boundary is marked by punctuation of equal or greater strength.
2. When two or more semicolons are used within a single construction, all constituents are at the same level, unlike commas, which can separate, for example, subordinate clauses from main clauses.

Usage

Semicolons are followed by a lower case letter, unless that letter would ordinarily be capitalized mid-sentence (e.g. the word "I," acronyms/initialisms, or proper nouns, like the words "France" or "Chicago"). Modern style guides recommend no space before them and one space after. They also typically recommend placing semicolons outside ending quotation marks, although this was not always the case. For example, the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1906) recommended placing the semicolon inside ending quotation marks.

Applications of the semicolon in English include:

• Between items in a series or listing containing internal punctuation, especially parenthetic commas, where the semicolons function as serial commas:
  • The people present were Jamie, a man from New Zealand; John, the milkman's son; and George, a gaunt kind of man with no friends.
  • Several fast food restaurants can be found within the following cities: London, England; Paris, France; Dublin, Ireland; Madrid, Spain.
  • Here are three examples of familiar sequences: one, two, and three; a, b, and c; first, second, and third.
  • (Fig. 8; see also plates in Harley 1941, 1950; Schwab 1947).
• Between closely related independent clauses not conjoined with a coordinating conjunction, when the two clauses are balanced, opposed or contradictory:
  • My wife would like tea; I would prefer coffee.
  • I went to the basketball court; I was told it was closed for cleaning.
  • I told Kate she's running for the hills; I wonder if she knew I was joking.

Either clause may include commas; this is especially common when parallel wording is omitted from the second:

• Ted has two dogs; Sam, one.

• When a comma replaces a period (full stop) in a quotation, or when a quotation otherwise links two independent sentences:
  • "I have no use for this," he said; "you are welcome to it."
  • "Is this your book?" she asked; "I found it on the floor."

A period (full stop) may also be used here:

• "I have no use for this," he said. "You are welcome to it."
• "Is this your book?" she asked. "I found it on the floor."

Other languages

Arabic

In Arabic, the semicolon is called Fāṣila Manqūṭa (فاصلة منقوطة) which means literally "a dotted comma", and is written inverted ( ؛ ). In Arabic, the semicolon has several uses:

• It can be used between two phrases, in which the first phrase causes the second.
  • Example: "He played much; so, his clothes became dirty". (لقد لعب كثيرًا؛ فاتسخت ملابسه.)
• It can be used in two phrases, where the second is a reason for the first.
  • Example: "Your sister did not get high marks; because she didn't study". (لم تحقق أختك درجات عالية؛ لأنها لم تدرس بإخلاص.)

Greek and Church Slavonic

In Greek and Church Slavonic, a semicolon indicates a question, similar to a Latin question mark. To indicate a long pause or separate sections, each with commas (the semicolon's purpose in English), Greek uses the "άνω τελεία", an interpunct ( · ).

Examples:

Greek: Με συγχωρείτε· πού είναι ο σταθμός; (Excuse me; where is the station?)

Church Slavonic: гдѣ єсть рождeйсѧ царь їудeйскій; (Where is the one who is born king of the Jews? - Matthew 2:1)

French

In French, a semicolon is a separation between two full sentences, used where either a colon or a comma would not be appropriate. The phrase following a semicolon has to be a full sentence (as if following a period), which is related to the previous one (but not explaining it, contrary to a sentence introduced by a colon). However, in no case would the first next word be capitalized.

The dash character is used in French writing too (for example, by Belgian novelist Georges Simenon, acting like parentheses), but not as widely as the semicolon. Usage of these devices (semicolon and dash) varies from author to author.

Example: (From Victor Hugo, Notre-Dame de Paris) "Une musique de hauts et bas instruments se fit entendre de l’intérieur de l’échafaudage ; la tapisserie se souleva ; quatre personnages bariolés et fardés en sortirent, grimpèrent la roide échelle du théâtre, et, parvenus sur la plate-forme supérieure, se rangèrent en ligne devant le public, qu’ils saluèrent profondément ; alors la symphonie se tut."