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			[[Image:Joachim Westphal.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Joachim Westphal]]

	'''Joachim Westphal''' (born at [[Hamburg]] 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "[[Gnesio-Lutheran]]" theologian and [[Protestant reformer]].		'''Joachim Westphal''' (born at [[Hamburg]] 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "[[Gnesio-Lutheran]]" theologian and [[Protestant reformer]].

Nick at 11:18, 5 March 2021

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	[[Category:16th-century German writers]]		[[Category:16th-century German writers]]
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Nick: New page: '''Joachim Westphal''' (born at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "Gnesio-Lutheran" theologian and Protestant reformer. From 1...

2021-03-05T11:14:28Z

New page: '''Joachim Westphal''' (born at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "Gnesio-Lutheran" theologian and Protestant reformer. From 1...

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'''Joachim Westphal''' (born at [[Hamburg]] 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "[[Gnesio-Lutheran]]" theologian and [[Protestant reformer]].

From 1571 to 1574 he served as [[List of bishops of Hamburg#Superintendents of Hamburg (1532–1593)|Superintendent of Hamburg]] (per pro already since 1562), presiding as spiritual leader over the Lutheran state church of the city-state.

He was educated in the school of the [[St. Nikolai, Hamburg|parish of St. Nicolai]] in his native city, then in [[Lüneburg]], and entered the [[University of Wittenberg]], where he became the pupil of [[Melanchthon]] and [[Martin Luther|Luther]]. In 1532, on the recommendation of Melanchthon, he was appointed teacher at the [[Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums|Johanneum]] in his native city. In 1534 he returned to the University of Wittenberg, and in the following year removed with the [[university of Jena|university to Jena]]. After his return to Wittenberg in 1537 he lectured on philology. In 1541 he became preacher of the [[St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg|church of St. Catharine]] in Hamburg; then acting [[superintendent (ecclesiastical)|superintendent]] in 1562, and was elected Superintendent of Hamburg in 1571.

He is best known for his participation in the theological controversies of his time. He took part in that on the [[descent into hell]], also in the discussion concerning the [[Leipzig Interim]] and in that over the [[Adiaphora]]. More important was that over the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]]. In 1552 he published ''Farrago confusanearum et inter se dissidentium opinionum de coena Domini, ex Sacramentariorum libris congesta'', a warning against those who deny the [[Real Presence|presence of Christ]] in the Lord's Supper. He points out to the adherents of Luther the alarming progress which the [[sacramentarians]] had made and tries to prove the falsity of their doctrine by its diversity. In 1553 he issued ''Recta fides de coena Domini'', an exegetical discussion of [[1 Corinthians 11|1 Cor. 11]] and the [[Words of Institution]]; in 1555 ''Collectanea sententiarum D. Aurelii Augustini de coena Domini'' and ''Fides Cyrilli episcopi Alexandriae de praesentia corporis et sanguinis Christi''.

[[John Calvin|Calvin]] answered in January 1555, with his ''Defensio sanae et orthodoxae doctrinae de sacramentis''. Thus there was opened a controversy which involved on the side of the [[Continental Reformed church|Reformed]] [[Johannes Lasco|Lasco]], [[Heinrich Bullinger|Bullinger]], [[Bernardino Ochino|Ochino]], [[Valerandus Polanus]], [[Theodore Beza|Beza]], and [[Theodore Bibliander|Bibliander]]; on the side of the Lutherans [[Johann Timann|Timann]], [[Paul von Eitzen]], [[Erhard Schnepf|Schnepff]], [[Erasmus Alberus|E. Alberus]], [[Nikolaus Gallus|Gallus]], [[Matthias Flacius|Flacius]], [[Matthäus Judex|Judex]], [[Johannes Brenz|Brenz]], and [[Jakob Andreae|Andreä]]. Westphal replied to Calvin in ''Adversus cuiusdam sacramentarii falsam criminationem iusta defensio, in qua et eucharistiae causa agitur'' (1555), to which Calvin answered in ''Secunda defensio piae et orthodoxae de sacramentis fidei'' (1556), which was an attempt to draw to his side the [[Philippists]] of Saxony and [[Northern Germany|Lower Germany]].

Other works of Westphal occasioned by this controversy are: ''Epistola Joachimi Westphali, qua breviter respondet ad convicia J. Calvini'' (1556); ''Confessio fidei de eucharistiae sacramento, in qua ministri ecclesiarum Saxoniae...astruunt corporis et sanguinis D. n. J. Christi praesentiam in coena sancta, et de libro Calvini ipsis dedicato respondent'' (Magdeburg, 1557); ''Justa defensio adversus insignia mendacia J. a Lasco, quae in epistola ad Poloniae regem contra Saxonicas ecclesias sparsit'' (1557); ''Apologetica scripta Johannis Westphali, quibus et sanam doctrinam de eucharistia defendit et foedissimas calumnias sacramentariorum diluit'' (1558); ''Confutatio aliquot enormium mendaciorum Johannis Calvini'' (1558); ''Apologia confessionis de Coena Domini'' (1558). This book contains a chapter "De adoratione Christi in Eucharistia", where he defends [[Elevation (Liturgy)|elevation]] and use of [[Altar bell|bell]] during [[consecration]].<sup>[1]</sup>

==References==
* 1. ''Venerabilis et adorabilis Eucharistia'' by [[Tom G A Hardt]], p. 249. Uppsala 1971, Studia doctrinae christianae upsaliensia.

==External links==
*[http://www.godrules.net/library/calvin/142calvin_b10.htm ''The Calumnies of Joachim Westphal''] by [[John Calvin]]
*[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8.iv.xv.xv.html The Eucharistic Controversies. Calvin and Westphal]. History of the Christian Church, Volume VIII ([[CCEL]])
*[http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=w&word=WESTPHAL.JOACHIM2 Joachim Westphal] in the Christian Cyclopedia

[[Category:1510s births]]
[[Category:1574 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hamburg]]
[[Category:German Lutheran clergy]]
[[Category:German Lutheran theologians]]
[[Category:Lutheran Eucharistic theology]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians]]
[[Category:16th-century German writers]]
[[Category:16th-century male writers]]

Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg) - Revision history

Nick at 11:24, 5 March 2021

Nick at 11:18, 5 March 2021

Nick: New page: '''Joachim Westphal''' (born at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "Gnesio-Lutheran" theologian and Protestant reformer. From 1...