Novum Testamentum Graece - Revision history

Beza 1598 at 08:53, 8 March 2016

Beza 1598 — Tue, 08 Mar 2016 08:53:13 GMT

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	[[Category:Textual criticism]]		[[Category:Textual criticism]]
	[[Category:Biblical criticism]]		[[Category:Biblical criticism]]
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Nick at 11:44, 5 November 2010

Nick — Fri, 05 Nov 2010 11:44:27 GMT

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	{{BibleRelated}}		{{BibleRelated}}
-	'''Novum Testamentum Graece''' is the [[Latin]] name of the [[Greek language\|Greek-language]] version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was the [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible]] by Cardinal [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]], printed in [[1514 AD\|1514]], but not published until [[1520 AD\|1520]]. The first published Greek New Testament was produced by [[Erasmus]] in [[1516 AD\|1516]].	+	'''Novum Testamentum Graece''' is the [[Latin]] name of the [[Greek language\|Greek-language]] version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was the [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible]] by Cardinal [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]], printed in [[1514 AD\|1514]], but not published until [[1520 AD\|1520]]. The first published [[Greek New Testament]] was produced by [[Desiderius Erasmus\|Erasmus]] in [[1516 AD\|1516]].

	Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the '''Nestle-Aland''' editions, named after the scholars who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research\|Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung]] (''Institute for New Testament Textual Research'') is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated [[NA27]]. [[NA27]] is used as the basis of most contemporary [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being the standard for academic work in New Testament studies.		Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the '''Nestle-Aland''' editions, named after the scholars who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research\|Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung]] (''Institute for New Testament Textual Research'') is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated [[NA27]]. [[NA27]] is used as the basis of most contemporary [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being the standard for academic work in New Testament studies.
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	The Greek text as presented is what biblical [[scholars]] refer to as the [[Textual criticism\|"critical text"]]. The critical text is an [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism\|eclectic]] text compiled by a committee that examines a large number of [[manuscript]]s in order to weigh which reading is thought closest to the original. They use a number of factors to help determine probable readings, such as the date of the witness (earlier is usually better), the geographical distribution of a reading, and accidental or intentional corruptions. In the book, a large number of textual variants, or differences between manuscripts, are noted in the [[critical apparatus]]—the extensive footnotes that distinguish the ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' from other Greek New Testaments.		The Greek text as presented is what biblical [[scholars]] refer to as the [[Textual criticism\|"critical text"]]. The critical text is an [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism\|eclectic]] text compiled by a committee that examines a large number of [[manuscript]]s in order to weigh which reading is thought closest to the original. They use a number of factors to help determine probable readings, such as the date of the witness (earlier is usually better), the geographical distribution of a reading, and accidental or intentional corruptions. In the book, a large number of textual variants, or differences between manuscripts, are noted in the [[critical apparatus]]—the extensive footnotes that distinguish the ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' from other Greek New Testaments.

-	Most scholars view [[List of New Testament uncials\|uncial]] text as the most accurate; however, a few authors (such as New Testament scholar [[Maurice A. Robinson]]<sup>[]</sup> and linguist Wilbur Pickering<sup>[]</sup>) claim that the [[List of New Testament minuscules\|minuscule]] texts ([[Byzantine text-type]]) more accurately reflect the "autographs" or original texts than an eclectic text like NA27 that relies heavily on manuscripts of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. This view has been criticized by [[Gordon Fee]]<sup>[]</sup> and [[Bruce Metzger]]<sup>[]</sup> among others. Since the majority of old manuscripts in existence are minuscules, they are often referred to as the [[Majority Text]]. It is worth noting, though, that the Majority Text as a whole is classified by the editors of the NA27 (of which Metzger is one) as a "consistently cited witness of the first order."<sup>[]</sup>	+	Most scholars view [[List of New Testament uncials\|uncial]] text as the most accurate; however, a few authors (such as [[New Testament]] scholar [[Maurice A. Robinson]]<sup>[]</sup> and linguist [[Wilbur Pickering]]<sup>[]</sup>) claim that the [[List of New Testament minuscules\|minuscule]] texts ([[Byzantine text-type]]) more accurately reflect the "autographs" or original texts than an eclectic text like [[NA27]] that relies heavily on manuscripts of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. This view has been criticized by [[Gordon Fee]]<sup>[]</sup> and [[Bruce Metzger]]<sup>[]</sup> among others. Since the majority of old manuscripts in existence are minuscules, they are often referred to as the [[Majority Text]]. It is worth noting, though, that the Majority Text as a whole is classified by the editors of the [[NA27]] (of which [[Bruce Metzger\|Metzger]] is one) as a "consistently cited witness of the first order."<sup>[]</sup>

-	The ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' apparatus summarizes the evidence (from manuscripts and versions) for, and sometimes against, a selection of the most important variants for the study of the text of the New Testament. While eschewing completeness (in the range of variants and in the citation of witnesses), this edition does provide informed readers with a basis by which they can judge for themselves which readings more accurately reflect the originals. The Greek text of the 27th edition is the same as that of the 4th edition of the [[United Bible Societies]] Greek New Testament (abbreviated UBS4) although there are a few differences between them in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling.<sup>[]</sup> The critical apparatus is different in the two editions; the UBS4 edition is prepared for the use of translators, and includes fewer textual variants, but adds extra material helpful for translators.	+	The ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' apparatus summarizes the evidence (from manuscripts and versions) for, and sometimes against, a selection of the most important variants for the study of the text of the New Testament. While eschewing completeness (in the range of variants and in the citation of witnesses), this edition does provide informed readers with a basis by which they can judge for themselves which readings more accurately reflect the originals. The Greek text of the 27th edition is the same as that of the 4th edition of the [[United Bible Societies]] Greek New Testament (abbreviated UBS4) although there are a few differences between them in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling.<sup>[]</sup> The critical apparatus is different in the two editions; the [[UBS4]] edition is prepared for the use of translators, and includes fewer textual variants, but adds extra material helpful for translators.

	==Editions==		==Editions==
	===History===		===History===
-	The first edition published by [[Eberhard Nestle]] in 1898 combined the readings of the editions of Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort, and Weymouth, placing the majority reading of these in the text and the third reading in the apparatus. In 1901, he replaced Weymouth with Bernhard Weiss's text. In later edition, Nestle began noting the attestation of certain important manuscripts in his apparatus.	+	The first edition published by [[Eberhard Nestle]] in [[1898 AD\|1898]] combined the readings of the editions of Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort, and Weymouth, placing the majority reading of these in the text and the third reading in the apparatus. In 1901, he replaced Weymouth with Bernhard Weiss's text. In later edition, Nestle began noting the attestation of certain important manuscripts in his apparatus.

-	Eberhard's son [[Erwin Nestle]] took over after his father's death and issued the 13th edition in 1927. This edition introduced a separate critical apparatus and began to abandon the majority reading principle.	+	Eberhard's son [[Erwin Nestle]] took over after his father's death and issued the 13th edition in [[1927 AD\|1927]]. This edition introduced a separate critical apparatus and began to abandon the majority reading principle.

-	[[Kurt Aland]] became the associate editor of the 21st edition in 1952. At Erwin Nestle's request, he reviewed and expanded the critical apparatus, adding many more manuscripts. This eventually led to the 25th edition of 1963. The great manuscript discoveries of the 20th century had also made a revision of the text necessary and, with Nestle's permission, Aland set out to revise the text of ''Novum Testamentum Graece''. Aland submitted his work on NA to the editorial committee of the United Bible Societies ''Greek New Testament'' (of which he was also a member) and it became the basic text of their third edition (UBS3) in 1975, four years before it was published as the 26th edition of Nestle-Aland.	+	[[Kurt Aland]] became the associate editor of the 21st edition in [[1952 AD\|1952]]. At Erwin Nestle's request, he reviewed and expanded the critical apparatus, adding many more manuscripts. This eventually led to the 25th edition of [[1963 AD\|1963]]. The great manuscript discoveries of the 20th century had also made a revision of the text necessary and, with Nestle's permission, Aland set out to revise the text of ''Novum Testamentum Graece''. Aland submitted his work on NA to the editorial committee of the United Bible Societies ''Greek New Testament'' (of which he was also a member) and it became the basic text of their third edition (UBS3) in [[1975 AD\|1975]], four years before it was published as the 26th edition of Nestle-Aland.

	The current edition of Nestle-Aland reproduces the text of NA26 (the same text used in UBS3 and UBS4). The 27th edition presents a thoroughly revised critical apparatus and a rewritten introduction and appendices.		The current edition of Nestle-Aland reproduces the text of NA26 (the same text used in UBS3 and UBS4). The 27th edition presents a thoroughly revised critical apparatus and a rewritten introduction and appendices.

-	A more complete set of variants is listed in the multiple volume Novum Testamentum Graecum - [[Editio Critica Maior]]. A small number of textual changes in the most current edition will be incorporated in the 28th edition of the Nestle-Aland<sup>[]</sup>. According to Hendrickson Publishers, the North American distributors of the book, "The current estimate is that the NA28 will not be published until at least the fall of 2009, at the earliest."<sup>[]</sup>	+	A more complete set of variants is listed in the multiple volume Novum Testamentum Graecum - [[Editio Critica Maior]]. A small number of textual changes in the most current edition will be incorporated in the 28th edition of the Nestle-Aland<sup>[]</sup>. According to Hendrickson Publishers, the North American distributors of the book, "The current estimate is that the [[NA28]] will not be published until at least the fall of [[2009 AD\|2009]], at the earliest."<sup>[]</sup>

	===Current editions===		===Current editions===

Nick at 11:40, 5 November 2010

Nick — Fri, 05 Nov 2010 11:40:52 GMT

Nick: /* References */

Nick — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 17:04:27 GMT

References

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 15 September 2009
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	==References==		==References==
-		+	* 1. Robinson, Maurice A. and William G. Pierpont (2005). The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform. Southborough: Chilton.
		+	* 2. Pickering, Wilbur (1977). The Identity of the New Testament Text. Nashville: Nelson.
		+	* 3. Fee, Gordon (1979). "A Critique of W. N. Pickering's The Identity of the New Testament Text" Westminster Theological Journal, 41. 397-423.
		+	* 4. Metzger, Bruce (1992). The Text of the New Testament. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 290-293.
		+	* 5. Novum Testamentum Graece (1993) Barbara and Kurt Aland, eds. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 12*.
		+	* 6. Elliott, J. K. (1996). "A Comparison of Two Recent Greek New Testaments", The Expository Times, Volume 107, Number 4, pages 105-106.
		+	* 7. University of Bremen list of textual updates for Nestle-Aland 28
		+	* 8. Email correspondence, March 2008.
		+	* 9. K. Aland and B. Aland, "The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions & to the Theory & Practice of Modern Textual Criticism", 1995, op. cit., p. 29-30.
		+	* 10. The Comprehensive New Testament (preface, and graph on back cover).

	==External links==		==External links==

Nick at 17:02, 15 September 2009

Nick — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 17:02:19 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 15 September 2009
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	{{BibleRelated}}		{{BibleRelated}}
-	'''Novum Testamentum Graece''' is the [[Latin]] name of the [[Greek language\|Greek-language]] version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was the [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible]] by Cardinal [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]], printed in 1514, but not published until 1520. The first published Greek New Testament was produced by [[Erasmus]] in 1516.	+	'''Novum Testamentum Graece''' is the [[Latin]] name of the [[Greek language\|Greek-language]] version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was the [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible]] by Cardinal [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]], printed in [[1514 AD\|1514]], but not published until [[1520 AD\|1520]]. The first published Greek New Testament was produced by [[Erasmus]] in [[1516 AD\|1516]].

	Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the '''Nestle-Aland''' editions, named after the scholars who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research\|Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung]] (''Institute for New Testament Textual Research'') is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most contemporary [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being the standard for academic work in New Testament studies.		Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the '''Nestle-Aland''' editions, named after the scholars who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research\|Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung]] (''Institute for New Testament Textual Research'') is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most contemporary [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being the standard for academic work in New Testament studies.

Nick at 17:01, 15 September 2009

Nick — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 17:01:11 GMT

Show changes

Nick at 07:55, 19 May 2009

Nick — Tue, 19 May 2009 07:55:30 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 07:55, 19 May 2009
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-	Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of the Greek language version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was produced by [[Erasmus]]. Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, named after the men who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most corrupt [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being a psuedo-standard for "academic" work in [[New Testament]] studies.	+	Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of the Greek language version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was produced by [[Desiderius Erasmus\|Erasmus]]. Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, named after the men who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most corrupt [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being a psuedo-standard for "academic" work in [[New Testament]] studies.

Nick at 07:55, 19 May 2009

Nick — Tue, 19 May 2009 07:55:06 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 07:55, 19 May 2009
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-	Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of the Greek language version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was produced by [[Erasmus]]. Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, named after the men who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most corrupt N[[ew Testament]] translations, as well as being a psuedo-standard for "academic" work in [[New Testament]] studies.	+	Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of the Greek language version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was produced by [[Erasmus]]. Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, named after the men who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most corrupt [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being a psuedo-standard for "academic" work in [[New Testament]] studies.

Nick at 07:54, 19 May 2009

Nick — Tue, 19 May 2009 07:54:46 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 07:54, 19 May 2009
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-	Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of the Greek language version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was produced by Erasmus. Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, named after the men who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most corrupt ~~New~~ Testament translations, as well as being a psuedo-standard for "academic" work in New Testament studies.	+	Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of the Greek language version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was produced by [[Erasmus]]. Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, named after the men who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most corrupt N[[ew Testament]] translations, as well as being a psuedo-standard for "academic" work in [[New Testament]] studies.

Nick at 02:26, 14 November 2008

Nick — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 02:26:41 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 02:26, 14 November 2008
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-	Novum Testamentum Graece	+	Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of the Greek language version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was produced by Erasmus. Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, named after the men who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most corrupt New Testament translations, as well as being a psuedo-standard for "academic" work in New Testament studies.

←Older revision		Revision as of 11:40, 5 November 2010
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	'''Novum Testamentum Graece''' is the [[Latin]] name of the [[Greek language\|Greek-language]] version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was the [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible]] by Cardinal [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]], printed in [[1514 AD\|1514]], but not published until [[1520 AD\|1520]]. The first published Greek New Testament was produced by [[Erasmus]] in [[1516 AD\|1516]].		'''Novum Testamentum Graece''' is the [[Latin]] name of the [[Greek language\|Greek-language]] version of the [[New Testament]]. The first printed edition was the [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible]] by Cardinal [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]], printed in [[1514 AD\|1514]], but not published until [[1520 AD\|1520]]. The first published Greek New Testament was produced by [[Erasmus]] in [[1516 AD\|1516]].

-	Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the '''Nestle-Aland''' editions, named after the scholars who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research\|Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung]] (''Institute for New Testament Textual Research'') is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated NA27. NA27 is used as the basis of most contemporary [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being the standard for academic work in New Testament studies.	+	Today the designation Novum Testamentum Graece normally refers to the '''Nestle-Aland''' editions, named after the scholars who led the critical editing work. The text, edited by the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research\|Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung]] (''Institute for New Testament Textual Research'') is currently in its 27th edition, abbreviated [[NA27]]. [[NA27]] is used as the basis of most contemporary [[New Testament]] translations, as well as being the standard for academic work in New Testament studies.

	==Methodology==		==Methodology==
	The Greek text as presented is what biblical [[scholars]] refer to as the [[Textual criticism\|"critical text"]]. The critical text is an [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism\|eclectic]] text compiled by a committee that examines a large number of [[manuscript]]s in order to weigh which reading is thought closest to the original. They use a number of factors to help determine probable readings, such as the date of the witness (earlier is usually better), the geographical distribution of a reading, and accidental or intentional corruptions. In the book, a large number of textual variants, or differences between manuscripts, are noted in the [[critical apparatus]]—the extensive footnotes that distinguish the ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' from other Greek New Testaments.		The Greek text as presented is what biblical [[scholars]] refer to as the [[Textual criticism\|"critical text"]]. The critical text is an [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism\|eclectic]] text compiled by a committee that examines a large number of [[manuscript]]s in order to weigh which reading is thought closest to the original. They use a number of factors to help determine probable readings, such as the date of the witness (earlier is usually better), the geographical distribution of a reading, and accidental or intentional corruptions. In the book, a large number of textual variants, or differences between manuscripts, are noted in the [[critical apparatus]]—the extensive footnotes that distinguish the ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' from other Greek New Testaments.

-	Most scholars view [[List of New Testament uncials\|uncial]] text as the most accurate; however, a few authors (such as New Testament scholar [[Maurice A. Robinson]]<~~ref~~>~~Robinson, Maurice A. and William G. Pierpont (2005). ''The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform''. Southborough: Chilton.~~</~~ref~~> and linguist Wilbur Pickering<~~ref~~> ~~Pickering, Wilbur (1977). ''The Identity of the New Testament Text''. Nashville: Nelson.~~</~~ref~~>) claim that the [[List of New Testament minuscules\|minuscule]] texts ([[Byzantine text-type]]) more accurately reflect the "autographs" or original texts than an eclectic text like NA27 that relies heavily on manuscripts of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. This view has been criticized by [[Gordon Fee]]<~~ref~~>~~Fee, Gordon (1979). "A Critique of W. N. Pickering's The Identity of the New Testament Text" ''[~~[~~Westminster Theological Journal~~]~~]'', 41. 397-423.~~</~~ref~~> and [[Bruce Metzger]]<~~ref~~> ~~Metzger, Bruce (1992). ''The Text of the New Testament''. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 290-293.~~</~~ref~~> among others. Since the majority of old manuscripts in existence are minuscules, they are often referred to as the [[Majority Text]]. It is worth noting, though, that the Majority Text as a whole is classified by the editors of the NA27 (of which Metzger is one) as a "consistently cited witness of the first order."<~~ref~~>~~''Novum Testamentum Graece'' (1993) Barbara and Kurt Aland, eds. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 12*.~~</~~ref~~>	+	Most scholars view [[List of New Testament uncials\|uncial]] text as the most accurate; however, a few authors (such as New Testament scholar [[Maurice A. Robinson]]<sup>[]</sup> and linguist Wilbur Pickering<sup>[]</sup>) claim that the [[List of New Testament minuscules\|minuscule]] texts ([[Byzantine text-type]]) more accurately reflect the "autographs" or original texts than an eclectic text like NA27 that relies heavily on manuscripts of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. This view has been criticized by [[Gordon Fee]]<sup>[]</sup> and [[Bruce Metzger]]<sup>[]</sup> among others. Since the majority of old manuscripts in existence are minuscules, they are often referred to as the [[Majority Text]]. It is worth noting, though, that the Majority Text as a whole is classified by the editors of the NA27 (of which Metzger is one) as a "consistently cited witness of the first order."<sup>[]</sup>

-	The ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' apparatus summarizes the evidence (from manuscripts and versions) for, and sometimes against, a selection of the most important variants for the study of the text of the New Testament. While eschewing completeness (in the range of variants and in the citation of witnesses), this edition does provide informed readers with a basis by which they can judge for themselves which readings more accurately reflect the originals. The Greek text of the 27th edition is the same as that of the 4th edition of the [[United Bible Societies]] Greek New Testament (abbreviated UBS4) although there are a few differences between them in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling.<~~ref~~>~~Elliott, J. K. (1996). "A Comparison of Two Recent Greek New Testaments", The Expository Times, Volume 107, Number 4, pages 105-106.~~</~~ref~~> The critical apparatus is different in the two editions; the UBS4 edition is prepared for the use of translators, and includes fewer textual variants, but adds extra material helpful for translators.	+	The ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' apparatus summarizes the evidence (from manuscripts and versions) for, and sometimes against, a selection of the most important variants for the study of the text of the New Testament. While eschewing completeness (in the range of variants and in the citation of witnesses), this edition does provide informed readers with a basis by which they can judge for themselves which readings more accurately reflect the originals. The Greek text of the 27th edition is the same as that of the 4th edition of the [[United Bible Societies]] Greek New Testament (abbreviated UBS4) although there are a few differences between them in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling.<sup>[]</sup> The critical apparatus is different in the two editions; the UBS4 edition is prepared for the use of translators, and includes fewer textual variants, but adds extra material helpful for translators.

	==Editions==		==Editions==
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	The current edition of Nestle-Aland reproduces the text of NA26 (the same text used in UBS3 and UBS4). The 27th edition presents a thoroughly revised critical apparatus and a rewritten introduction and appendices.		The current edition of Nestle-Aland reproduces the text of NA26 (the same text used in UBS3 and UBS4). The 27th edition presents a thoroughly revised critical apparatus and a rewritten introduction and appendices.

-	A more complete set of variants is listed in the multiple volume Novum Testamentum Graecum - [[Editio Critica Maior]]. A small number of textual changes in the most current edition will be incorporated in the 28th edition of the Nestle-Aland<~~ref~~>[~~http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/ECM/ECM-index.html University of Bremen list of textual updates for Nestle-Aland 28~~]</~~ref~~>. According to Hendrickson Publishers, the North American distributors of the book, "The current estimate is that the NA28 will not be published until at least the fall of 2009, at the earliest."<~~ref name="Hendrickson"~~>~~Email correspondence, March 2008.~~</~~ref~~>	+	A more complete set of variants is listed in the multiple volume Novum Testamentum Graecum - [[Editio Critica Maior]]. A small number of textual changes in the most current edition will be incorporated in the 28th edition of the Nestle-Aland<sup>[]</sup>. According to Hendrickson Publishers, the North American distributors of the book, "The current estimate is that the NA28 will not be published until at least the fall of 2009, at the earliest."<sup>[]</sup>

	===Current editions===		===Current editions===
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	==Accuracy of the New Testament==		==Accuracy of the New Testament==
-	In "''The Text Of The New Testament''", [[Kurt Aland]] and Barbara Aland compare the total number of variant-free verses, and the number of variants per page (excluding [[Orthography\|orthographic]] errors), among the seven major editions of the Greek NT ([[Constantin_von_Tischendorf#Works\|Tischendorf]], [[The New Testament in the Original Greek\|Westcott-Hort]], [[Hermann, Freiherr von Soden\|von Soden]], Vogels, Merk, Bover and Nestle-Aland) concluding 62.9%, or 4999/7947, agreement.<~~ref name=Aland~~>~~K. Aland and B. Aland, "''The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions & to the Theory & Practice of Modern Textual Criticism''", 1995, op. cit., p. 29-30.~~</~~ref~~> They concluded, "Thus in nearly two-thirds of the New Testament text, the seven editions of the Greek New Testament which we have reviewed are in complete accord, with no differences other than in orthographical details (e.g., the spelling of names, etc.). Verses in which any one of the seven editions differs by a single word are not counted. This result is quite amazing, demonstrating a far greater agreement among the Greek texts of the New Testament during the past century than [[Textual criticism\|textual scholars]] would have suspected […]. In the [[Gospels]], [[Acts of the Apostles\|Acts]], and [[Book of Revelation\|Revelation]] the agreement is less, while in the [[Epistles\|letters]] it is much greater"<~~ref name=Aland~~ />	+	In "''The Text Of The New Testament''", [[Kurt Aland]] and Barbara Aland compare the total number of variant-free verses, and the number of variants per page (excluding [[Orthography\|orthographic]] errors), among the seven major editions of the Greek NT ([[Constantin_von_Tischendorf#Works\|Tischendorf]], [[The New Testament in the Original Greek\|Westcott-Hort]], [[Hermann, Freiherr von Soden\|von Soden]], Vogels, Merk, Bover and Nestle-Aland) concluding 62.9%, or 4999/7947, agreement.<sup>[]</sup> They concluded, "Thus in nearly two-thirds of the New Testament text, the seven editions of the Greek New Testament which we have reviewed are in complete accord, with no differences other than in orthographical details (e.g., the spelling of names, etc.). Verses in which any one of the seven editions differs by a single word are not counted. This result is quite amazing, demonstrating a far greater agreement among the Greek texts of the New Testament during the past century than [[Textual criticism\|textual scholars]] would have suspected […]. In the [[Gospels]], [[Acts of the Apostles\|Acts]], and [[Book of Revelation\|Revelation]] the agreement is less, while in the [[Epistles\|letters]] it is much greater"<sup>[]</sup>

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	Earlier translations of the Bible, including the [[Authorized King James Version]], tended to rely on Byzantine type texts, such as the [[Textus Receptus]]. A number of translations began to use critical Greek editions, beginning with the translation of the [[Revised Version]] in England in 1881-1885 (using Westcott and Hort's Greek Text). English translations produced during the twentieth century increasingly reflected the work of textual criticism, although even new translations are often influenced by earlier translation efforts.		Earlier translations of the Bible, including the [[Authorized King James Version]], tended to rely on Byzantine type texts, such as the [[Textus Receptus]]. A number of translations began to use critical Greek editions, beginning with the translation of the [[Revised Version]] in England in 1881-1885 (using Westcott and Hort's Greek Text). English translations produced during the twentieth century increasingly reflected the work of textual criticism, although even new translations are often influenced by earlier translation efforts.

-	A comparison of the textual and stylistic choices of twenty translations against 15,000 variant readings shows the following rank of agreement with the Nestle-Aland 27th edition:<~~ref~~>~~The Comprehensive New Testament (preface, and graph on back cover).~~</~~ref~~>	+	A comparison of the textual and stylistic choices of twenty translations against 15,000 variant readings shows the following rank of agreement with the Nestle-Aland 27th edition:<sup>[]</sup>

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