Gospel - Revision history

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	More generally, gospels compose a [[genre]] of [[Early Christian]] [[literature]].<ref>Peter Stuhlmacher, ed., ''Das Evangelium und die Evangelien'', [[Tübingen]] 1983, also in English: ''The Gospel and the Gospels''</ref> Gospels that did not become canonical likely also circulated in early Christianity. Some, such as the [[Gospel of Thomas]], lack the narrative framework typical of a gospel.<ref name ="Oxford:unspecified">Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, unspecified article</ref> These gospels probably appeared later than the canonical gospels, though in the case of Thomas, scholarship is divided on the exact date.		More generally, gospels compose a [[genre]] of [[Early Christian]] [[literature]].<ref>Peter Stuhlmacher, ed., ''Das Evangelium und die Evangelien'', [[Tübingen]] 1983, also in English: ''The Gospel and the Gospels''</ref> Gospels that did not become canonical likely also circulated in early Christianity. Some, such as the [[Gospel of Thomas]], lack the narrative framework typical of a gospel.<ref name ="Oxford:unspecified">Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, unspecified article</ref> These gospels probably appeared later than the canonical gospels, though in the case of Thomas, scholarship is divided on the exact date.

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	{{Christianity}}		{{Christianity}}
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	{{Gospel Jesus}}		{{Gospel Jesus}}
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	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==

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	Originally, the "gospel" was the glad tidings of redemption through the expiatory offering of Jesus Christ for one's sins, the central Christian message. Note: John 3:16. <ref name="ODCC self">"Gospel." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> Before the first gospel was written (Mark, ''c'' 65-70)<ref name ="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris\|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref>, [[Paul the Apostle]] used the term εὐαγγέλιον "gospel" when he reminded the people of the church at [[Corinth]] "of the gospel I preached to you" ([[First Epistle to the Corinthians\|1 Corinthians]] 15.1). Paul averred that they were being [[Salvation\|saved]] by the gospel, and he characterized it in the simplest terms, emphasizing [[Resurrection appearances of Jesus\|Christ's appearances after the Resurrection]] (15.3 – 8):		Originally, the "gospel" was the glad tidings of redemption through the expiatory offering of Jesus Christ for one's sins, the central Christian message. Note: John 3:16. <ref name="ODCC self">"Gospel." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> Before the first gospel was written (Mark, ''c'' 65-70)<ref name ="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris\|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref>, [[Paul the Apostle]] used the term εὐαγγέλιον "gospel" when he reminded the people of the church at [[Corinth]] "of the gospel I preached to you" ([[First Epistle to the Corinthians\|1 Corinthians]] 15.1). Paul averred that they were being [[Salvation\|saved]] by the gospel, and he characterized it in the simplest terms, emphasizing [[Resurrection appearances of Jesus\|Christ's appearances after the Resurrection]] (15.3 – 8):
-	~~{{quotation\|~~...that Christ died for our sins according to the [[Old Testament\|scriptures]]; And that he was buried; and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures; And that he was seen of [[Saint Peter\|Cephas]]; then of the [[Twelve Apostles\|Twelve]]: After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once: of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some have fallen asleep. After that he was seen of [[James the Just\|James]], then of all the apostles. Last of all, he was seen of me also, as one born out of due time.}}	+	:...that Christ died for our sins according to the [[Old Testament\|scriptures]]; And that he was buried; and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures; And that he was seen of [[Saint Peter\|Cephas]]; then of the [[Twelve Apostles\|Twelve]]: After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once: of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some have fallen asleep. After that he was seen of [[James the Just\|James]], then of all the apostles. Last of all, he was seen of me also, as one born out of due time.

	The earliest extant use of εὐαγγέλιον "gospel" to denote a particular genre of writing dates to the 2nd century. [[Justin Martyr]] (''c'' 155) in [http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-firstapology.html 1 Apology] 66 wrote: "...the apostles, in the memoirs composed by them, which are called Gospels".		The earliest extant use of εὐαγγέλιον "gospel" to denote a particular genre of writing dates to the 2nd century. [[Justin Martyr]] (''c'' 155) in [http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-firstapology.html 1 Apology] 66 wrote: "...the apostles, in the memoirs composed by them, which are called Gospels".

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	*[http://seekingilm.com/archives/117 Study regarding the Injeel (Gospel)]		*[http://seekingilm.com/archives/117 Study regarding the Injeel (Gospel)]
	*[http://www.markgoodacre.org/Q/ The Case against Q] collects resources for considering the Q hypothesis and evidence that Luke used Matthew		*[http://www.markgoodacre.org/Q/ The Case against Q] collects resources for considering the Q hypothesis and evidence that Luke used Matthew
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	[[Category:Doctrines and teachings of Jesus]]		[[Category:Doctrines and teachings of Jesus]]
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	[[Category:Canonical Gospels]]		[[Category:Canonical Gospels]]
	[[Category:Christian genre types]]		[[Category:Christian genre types]]
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		+	{{Donate}}

Nick: /* Gospel of Peter */

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Gospel of Peter

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	===Gospel of Peter===		===Gospel of Peter===

-	The gospel of Peter was likely written in the first half of the second century.~~<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St.." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref><ref>cite book~~	+	The gospel of Peter was likely written in the first half of the second century. It seems to be largely legendary, hostile toward Jews, and including Docetic elements. It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.
-	~~\| last = Ehrman~~	+
-	~~\| first = Bart~~	+
-	~~\| authorlink = Bart Ehrman~~	+
-	~~\| title = The Lost Christianities~~	+
-	~~\| publisher = Oxford University Press~~	+
-	~~\| location = New York~~	+
-	~~\| date = 2003~~	+
-	~~\| pages = xi~~	+
-	~~\| isbn = 9780195141832</ref>~~ It seems to be largely legendary, hostile toward Jews, and including Docetic elements.~~<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>~~ It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.~~<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>~~	+

	===Infancy Gospels===		===Infancy Gospels===

Nick: Protected "Gospel" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2010-04-03T14:22:30Z

Protected "Gospel" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

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Revision as of 14:22, 3 April 2010

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References

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	==References==		==References==
-	~~{{reflist}}~~

	==External links==		==External links==

58.165.178.229: /* Gospel of Peter */

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Gospel of Peter

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	===Gospel of Peter===		===Gospel of Peter===

-	The gospel of Peter was likely written in the first half of the second century.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St.." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref><ref>{{cite book	+	The gospel of Peter was likely written in the first half of the second century.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St.." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref><ref>cite book
	\| last = Ehrman		\| last = Ehrman
	\| first = Bart		\| first = Bart
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	\| date = 2003		\| date = 2003
	\| pages = xi		\| pages = xi
-	\| isbn = 9780195141832}}</ref> It seems to be largely legendary, hostile toward Jews, and including Docetic elements.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>	+	\| isbn = 9780195141832</ref> It seems to be largely legendary, hostile toward Jews, and including Docetic elements.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>

	===Infancy Gospels===		===Infancy Gospels===

Nick: /* Infancy Gospels */

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Infancy Gospels

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	===Infancy Gospels===		===Infancy Gospels===
-	~~{{main\|Infancy gospel}}~~	+
	A genre of "[[Infancy gospel]]s" (Greek: ''protoevangelion'') arose in the 2nd century, such as the ''[[Gospel of James]]'', which introduces the concept of the [[Perpetual Virginity]] of Mary, and the ''[[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]]'' (not to be confused with the absolutely different sayings ''Gospel of Thomas''), both of which related many miraculous incidents from the life of Mary and the childhood of Jesus that are not included in the canonical gospels, but which have passed into Christian lore.		A genre of "[[Infancy gospel]]s" (Greek: ''protoevangelion'') arose in the 2nd century, such as the ''[[Gospel of James]]'', which introduces the concept of the [[Perpetual Virginity]] of Mary, and the ''[[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]]'' (not to be confused with the absolutely different sayings ''Gospel of Thomas''), both of which related many miraculous incidents from the life of Mary and the childhood of Jesus that are not included in the canonical gospels, but which have passed into Christian lore.

Nick: /* Non-canonical gospels */

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Non-canonical gospels

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	== Non-canonical gospels ==		== Non-canonical gospels ==
-	~~{{main\|New Testament apocrypha}}~~	+
	In addition to the four canonical gospels, early Christians wrote other gospels that were not accepted into the canon. Generally these were not accepted due to doubt over the authorship, the time frame between the original writing and the events described, or content that was at odds with [[orthodoxy]].{{Fact\|date=December 2008}} For example, if a gospel claimed to be written by James, yet was authored in the second century, clearly authorship was not authentic.{{Fact\|date=December 2008}} This differs from the four canonical gospels which historians agree were authored before 100. For this reason, most of these non-canonical texts were only ever accepted by small portions of the early Christian community.{{Fact\|date=December 2008}} Some of the content of these non-canonical gospels (as much as it deviates from accepted theological norms) is considered [[Christian heresy\|heretical]] by the leadership of mainstream churches, including the [[Roman Catholic Church\|Vatican]].{{Fact\|date=December 2008}}		In addition to the four canonical gospels, early Christians wrote other gospels that were not accepted into the canon. Generally these were not accepted due to doubt over the authorship, the time frame between the original writing and the events described, or content that was at odds with [[orthodoxy]].{{Fact\|date=December 2008}} For example, if a gospel claimed to be written by James, yet was authored in the second century, clearly authorship was not authentic.{{Fact\|date=December 2008}} This differs from the four canonical gospels which historians agree were authored before 100. For this reason, most of these non-canonical texts were only ever accepted by small portions of the early Christian community.{{Fact\|date=December 2008}} Some of the content of these non-canonical gospels (as much as it deviates from accepted theological norms) is considered [[Christian heresy\|heretical]] by the leadership of mainstream churches, including the [[Roman Catholic Church\|Vatican]].{{Fact\|date=December 2008}}

	===The sayings gospel Q===		===The sayings gospel Q===
-	~~{{main\|Q document}}~~	+
	The hypothetical gospel Q comprised mostly sayings of Jesus with little narrative. It is presumably the source for many of Jesus' sayings in Matthew and Luke, and accordingly must have preceded these gospels. Its first edition was written ''c'' 50-60.<ref name = "5GStages">[[Robert W. Funk\|Funk, Robert W.]], Roy W. Hoover, and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The five gospels.'' HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Stages in the Development of Early Christian Tradition" p. 128</ref> [[Mark Goodacre]] and other scholars have questioned this hypothetical document.		The hypothetical gospel Q comprised mostly sayings of Jesus with little narrative. It is presumably the source for many of Jesus' sayings in Matthew and Luke, and accordingly must have preceded these gospels. Its first edition was written ''c'' 50-60.<ref name = "5GStages">[[Robert W. Funk\|Funk, Robert W.]], Roy W. Hoover, and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The five gospels.'' HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Stages in the Development of Early Christian Tradition" p. 128</ref> [[Mark Goodacre]] and other scholars have questioned this hypothetical document.

	===Gospel of Thomas===		===Gospel of Thomas===
-	~~{{main\|Gospel of Thomas}}~~	+
	Like Q, the gospel attributed to Thomas is mostly wisdom without narrating Jesus' life. A few scholars argue that its first edition was written ''c'' 50-60, but that the surviving edition was written in the first half of the second century.<ref name = "5GStages"/> This would mean that its first edition was contemporary with the earliest letters of [[Paul the Apostle]]. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church says that the original may date from ''c.'' 150.<ref name=ODCC:GofT>"Thomas, Gospel of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> It may represent a tradition independent from the canonical gospels, but that developed over a long time and was influenced by Matthew and Luke.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/> While it can be understood in Gnostic terms, it lacks the characteristic features of Gnostic doctrine.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/> The Jesus Seminar identified two of its unique parables, the parable of the empty jug and the parable of the assassin.<ref name = "5GThomas">[[Robert W. Funk\|Funk, Robert W.]], Roy W. Hoover, and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The five gospels.'' HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "The Gospel of Thomas," p 471-532.</ref> It had been lost but was discovered, in a Coptic version dating from ''c.'' 350, at [[Nag Hammadi]] in 1945-6, and three papyri, dated to ''c.'' 200, which contain fragments of a Greek text similar to but not identical with that in the Coptic language, have also been found.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/>		Like Q, the gospel attributed to Thomas is mostly wisdom without narrating Jesus' life. A few scholars argue that its first edition was written ''c'' 50-60, but that the surviving edition was written in the first half of the second century.<ref name = "5GStages"/> This would mean that its first edition was contemporary with the earliest letters of [[Paul the Apostle]]. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church says that the original may date from ''c.'' 150.<ref name=ODCC:GofT>"Thomas, Gospel of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> It may represent a tradition independent from the canonical gospels, but that developed over a long time and was influenced by Matthew and Luke.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/> While it can be understood in Gnostic terms, it lacks the characteristic features of Gnostic doctrine.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/> The Jesus Seminar identified two of its unique parables, the parable of the empty jug and the parable of the assassin.<ref name = "5GThomas">[[Robert W. Funk\|Funk, Robert W.]], Roy W. Hoover, and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The five gospels.'' HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "The Gospel of Thomas," p 471-532.</ref> It had been lost but was discovered, in a Coptic version dating from ''c.'' 350, at [[Nag Hammadi]] in 1945-6, and three papyri, dated to ''c.'' 200, which contain fragments of a Greek text similar to but not identical with that in the Coptic language, have also been found.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/>

	===Gospel of Peter===		===Gospel of Peter===
-	~~{{main\|Gospel of Peter}}~~	+
	The gospel of Peter was likely written in the first half of the second century.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St.." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref><ref>{{cite book		The gospel of Peter was likely written in the first half of the second century.<ref>"Peter, Gospel of St.." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref><ref>{{cite book
	\| last = Ehrman		\| last = Ehrman
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	===Harmonies===		===Harmonies===
-	~~{{main\|Gospel harmony}}~~	+
	Another genre is that of [[Gospel harmony\|Gospel harmonies]], in which the four canonical gospels were selectively recast as a single narrative to present a consistent text. Very few fragments of harmonies have survived. The ''[[Diatessaron]]'' was such a harmonization, compiled by [[Tatian]] around 175. It was popular for at least two centuries in [[Syria]], but eventually it fell into disuse.		Another genre is that of [[Gospel harmony\|Gospel harmonies]], in which the four canonical gospels were selectively recast as a single narrative to present a consistent text. Very few fragments of harmonies have survived. The ''[[Diatessaron]]'' was such a harmonization, compiled by [[Tatian]] around 175. It was popular for at least two centuries in [[Syria]], but eventually it fell into disuse.

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	===Gospel of Judas===		===Gospel of Judas===
-	~~{{main\|Gospel of Judas}}~~	+
	The ''[[Gospel of Judas]]'' is another controversial and ancient text that purports to tell the story of the gospel from the perspective of Judas, the disciple who is usually said to have betrayed Jesus in most versions of the Bible. It paints an unusual picture of the relationship between Jesus and Judas. The text was recovered from a cave in Egypt by a thief and thereafter sold on the black market until it was finally discovered by a collector who, with the help of academics from Yale and Princeton, was able to verify its authenticity. The document itself does not claim to have been authored by Judas (it is, rather, a Gospel ''about'' Judas), and dates no earlier than the second century.		The ''[[Gospel of Judas]]'' is another controversial and ancient text that purports to tell the story of the gospel from the perspective of Judas, the disciple who is usually said to have betrayed Jesus in most versions of the Bible. It paints an unusual picture of the relationship between Jesus and Judas. The text was recovered from a cave in Egypt by a thief and thereafter sold on the black market until it was finally discovered by a collector who, with the help of academics from Yale and Princeton, was able to verify its authenticity. The document itself does not claim to have been authored by Judas (it is, rather, a Gospel ''about'' Judas), and dates no earlier than the second century.

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	==See also==		==See also==
-	~~{{Christianityportal}}~~
	*[[List of Gospels]]		*[[List of Gospels]]
	*[[Toledoth Yeshu]] - an anti-gospel		*[[Toledoth Yeshu]] - an anti-gospel