ElaAngielka81: New page: Linguistics or Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language and speech. Practitioners of linguistics called linguists or language scholars. The term linguist is sometimes mistak...

2012-06-05T09:59:06Z

New page: Linguistics or Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language and speech. Practitioners of linguistics called linguists or language scholars. The term linguist is sometimes mistak...

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Linguistics or Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language and speech. Practitioners of linguistics called linguists or language scholars. The term linguist is sometimes mistakenly used a polyglott, ie one who speaks several languages, but a linguist does not necessarily speak several languages. There are two important distinctions in linguistics: Theoretical vs. Applied: Theoretical linguistics or general linguistics deals with principles for the description of different languages and universal aspects of language, applied linguistics or applied linguistics seeks the application of such theories to practical problems, such as education, speech technology or speech therapy. Autonomic vs. cultural (these terms are not well established, but there are no good alternatives): Autonomous linguistics studies languages and their characteristics in abstraction from many aspects of daily usage. This is about what Saussure called langue and Chomsky has called I [nternal]-language (in language).

Cultural linguistics is concerned with what Saussure called parole and Chomsky called E [xternal]-language (E-language), namely, language as a phenomenon that exists independently of the individual language user: We study thus its social function, or how language fits in a wider context of human behavior. Language Researchers who simply call themselves linguists or theoretical linguists, without further qualifications, driver usually autonomous, theoretical linguistics, and this is usually seen as the core of the field. But the linguistic research carried out in a number of different directions, not always in harmony with each other. The American writer and freelance journalist Russ Rymer put it this way: Linguistics is probably the most controversial field in academia. It is soaked in the blood of poets, theologians, philosophers, philologists, psychologists, biologists, and neurologists atropologer, as well as blood that can be obtained from the grammarians.

The main goal of the autonomous theoretical linguistics is to characterize the properties of human language ability, or their linguistic knowledge. You want to explain what an individual can be when the individual speaks a language, how this knowledge arose, and how this knowledge interacts with other cognitive systems. All people (if one disregards pathological cases) acquire their native language, the language used around them in their childhood environment, this is a spoken language or sign language. Moreover, they achieve such knowledge without systematic training or instruction. Animal Species it is natural to compare ourselves with, have this capability. There must therefore exist a species-specific genetic differences between humans and these animal species, and this difference must be the basis for people's ability to acquire language. This is actually controversial. It is much more controversial about this specific to this species, inherited property should be thought of as a specialized module of our cognitive equipment that only has to do with language, that is a language-specific module. However, we know that there are areas of the brain that are vital to our ability to have language, namely Broca area and Wernicke's area. Since children acquire languages when they grow up in different locales, it is of course no genetic basis for differences between one language and another.Linguistic structures must represent the relationship between meaning and sound (or other methods of externalization, as in sign language).

Linguists may specialize in different parts of such linguistic structures, and these parts can be arranged as follows, from sound to meaning:Phonetics, the study of speech sounds from a physiological and acoustic perspectivePhonology, the study of abstract structures and systems for the organization of speech soundsMorphology, the study of the internal structure of wordsSyntax, the study of how words can be combined in grammatical phrases and sentencesSemantics, the study of the meaning of words, idiomatic expressions, and how these can be combined to the complex meanings of sentencesPragmatics, the study of how utterances are used in expression contextDiscourse analysis, the study of sentences organized into textsIt is sometimes a controversial question which of these categories that are independent of the others, and if any of them should be merged. Most linguists would agree that there are gray areas between these categories.Other specialist areas combine these fields with other disciplines:Språktilegning, the study of how språktilegning worksHistorical linguistics or diachronic linguistics, the study of the evolution of languages over timePsycho-Linguistics, the study of cognitive processes and representations that are related to languageSociolinguistics, the study of social patterns of language variationClinical linguistics, application of linguistic theory to språkpatologier.

A large part of the research carried out within linguistics are the differences and similarities between the world's languages. It is very important to understand the properties of linguistic variation, if we are to understand human language ability more generally: if language ability is governed in detail by the human species' biological characteristics, should be the world's languages are relatively similar. If the species' biological characteristics have less relevance for language ability, should the world's languages can be very different from each other. There are different ways to interpret the similarities between languages. For example, Latin, as spoken by the Romans, evolved into today's Spanish, Italian, French, Romanian, etc. Many of the similarities between these languages can be explained with the fact that they have evolved from the original languages. The body between the two languages could in principle be either of the two languages stems from the original languages, or of a species-specific characteristic of the human language ability. In many cases you can exclude the development from the original languages as a possible explanation. Natural language has probably existed since modern man originated about fifty thousand years ago. Measurements of language change over time (for example, measurements of the differences between the languages of the ancient written sources and their modern daughter languages) shows that the language is changing quickly enough that it is completely impossible to reconstruct the languages that were spoken for long ago. It is therefore common to use the similarities between languages in different parts of the world as evidence of evolution from the original languages (language kinship).

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This supports the hypothesis that such linguistic similarities should be explained by species-specific human biological equipment, rather a language affinity.

[http://www.kursy-online.pl/polish-for-foreigners school of language studies Rybnik]

Reflect characteristics of UG general features of human cognition, and the characteristics of human cognition that are language-specific? Today we know too little about cognition to be able to ask this question in a timely manner.

[http://www.sprakskole.com/category/no/1-sprakkurs/norsk-for-utlendinger/ study in poland Zielona Góra]

[http://books.google.no/ Books norsk språkkurs]

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ElaAngielka81: New page: Linguistics or Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language and speech. Practitioners of linguistics called linguists or language scholars. The term linguist is sometimes mistak...