Tanakh - Revision history

Beza 1598 at 12:42, 8 March 2016

2016-03-08T12:42:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 8 March 2016
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	* [http://www.threetwoone.org/diagrams/HebrewBibleOutlinePresentation.gif A detailed chart of the major figures and events in the Tanakh]		* [http://www.threetwoone.org/diagrams/HebrewBibleOutlinePresentation.gif A detailed chart of the major figures and events in the Tanakh]
	*[http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=63255 Judaica Press Translation] (online translation of Tanakh and [[Rashi]]'s entire commentary)		*[http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=63255 Judaica Press Translation] (online translation of Tanakh and [[Rashi]]'s entire commentary)

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Nick at 11:24, 19 September 2011

2011-09-19T11:24:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 19 September 2011
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	The '''Tanakh''' (תַּנַ"ךְ) (taˈnax or [təˈnax]; also Tenakh or Tenak) is the [[Bible]] used in [[Judaism]]. The name "Tanakh" is a [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] [[Acronym and initialism\|acronym]] formed from the initial [[Hebrew alphabet\|Hebrew letters]] of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: The [[Torah]] ("Teaching," also known as the Five Books of Moses), [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings") - hence '''''T'''a'''N'''a'''K'''h''. The elements of the Tanakh are incorporated in various forms in [[Christian Bible]]s, in which, with some variations, it is called the "[[Old Testament]]."		The '''Tanakh''' (תַּנַ"ךְ) (taˈnax or [təˈnax]; also Tenakh or Tenak) is the [[Bible]] used in [[Judaism]]. The name "Tanakh" is a [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] [[Acronym and initialism\|acronym]] formed from the initial [[Hebrew alphabet\|Hebrew letters]] of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: The [[Torah]] ("Teaching," also known as the Five Books of Moses), [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings") - hence '''''T'''a'''N'''a'''K'''h''. The elements of the Tanakh are incorporated in various forms in [[Christian Bible]]s, in which, with some variations, it is called the "[[Old Testament]]."

	According to the [[Talmud]]<sup>[]</sup>, much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the "[[Men of the Great Assembly]]" by 450 BCE, and have since remained unchanged. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE ~~{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}~~.<sup>[]</sup>		According to the [[Talmud]]<sup>[]</sup>, much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the "[[Men of the Great Assembly]]" by 450 BCE, and have since remained unchanged. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE.<sup>[]</sup>

	The Hebrew text was originally an [[abjad]]: [[consonant]]s written with some applied vowel letters (''"[[Mater lectionis\|matres lectionis]]"''). During the early [[Middle Ages]] scholars known as the [[Masoretes]] created a single formalized system of [[niqqud\|vocalization]]. This was chiefly done by the Family [[Ben Asher]], in the Tiberius school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh. It also included some of [[Ben Naftali]] and Babylonian innovations.<sup>[]</sup> Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews believe the pronunciation and [[cantillation]] derive from [[Biblical Mount Sinai\|the revelation at Sinai]], since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses. The combination of a text (מקרא), pronunciation (ניקוד) and cantillation (טעמים) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning, as well as the nuances in sentence flow of the text.		The Hebrew text was originally an [[abjad]]: [[consonant]]s written with some applied vowel letters (''"[[Mater lectionis\|matres lectionis]]"''). During the early [[Middle Ages]] scholars known as the [[Masoretes]] created a single formalized system of [[niqqud\|vocalization]]. This was chiefly done by the Family [[Ben Asher]], in the Tiberius school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh. It also included some of [[Ben Naftali]] and Babylonian innovations.<sup>[]</sup> Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews believe the pronunciation and [[cantillation]] derive from [[Biblical Mount Sinai\|the revelation at Sinai]], since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses. The combination of a text (מקרא), pronunciation (ניקוד) and cantillation (טעמים) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning, as well as the nuances in sentence flow of the text.
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	See Also [[Development of the Jewish Bible canon]]		See Also [[Development of the Jewish Bible canon]]

	According to the [[Talmud]] (Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a), much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the [[Men of the Great Assembly\|Men of the Great Assembly ("Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah")]] a task completed in 450 BCE, and have remained unchanged since that date. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE ~~{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}~~. Both the Torah and the Prophets appear to have been codified by the time of the composition of the book of [[Sirach]], c. 180 BCE; but the Writings may not yet have become an identified unit by this date.		According to the [[Talmud]] (Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a), much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the [[Men of the Great Assembly\|Men of the Great Assembly ("Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah")]] a task completed in 450 BCE, and have remained unchanged since that date. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE. Both the Torah and the Prophets appear to have been codified by the time of the composition of the book of [[Sirach]], c. 180 BCE; but the Writings may not yet have become an identified unit by this date.

	Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to [[Rabbinic Judaism]] after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)\|destruction of the Second Temple]] in 70 CE. [[Heinrich Graetz]] proposed in 1871 that it was concluded at a [[Council of Jamnia]] (or [[Yavne]] in Hebrew), some time in the period 70–90 CE. However, Rabbinical writings seem to indicate that certain books were disputed as accepted canon (such as Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and Esther), it may not necessarily be the case. The implication of the [[Talmud]] indicates that the books themselves were already accepted canon, but may have been misunderstood on philosophical or ecclesiastical grounds. The Talmud eliminates this misunderstanding.		Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to [[Rabbinic Judaism]] after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)\|destruction of the Second Temple]] in 70 CE. [[Heinrich Graetz]] proposed in 1871 that it was concluded at a [[Council of Jamnia]] (or [[Yavne]] in Hebrew), some time in the period 70–90 CE. However, Rabbinical writings seem to indicate that certain books were disputed as accepted canon (such as Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and Esther), it may not necessarily be the case. The implication of the [[Talmud]] indicates that the books themselves were already accepted canon, but may have been misunderstood on philosophical or ecclesiastical grounds. The Talmud eliminates this misunderstanding.
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	==Translations==		==Translations==
	~~{{see\|~~Jewish English Bible translations\|Septuagint\|Targum\|Old Testament\|Bible translations}}		See Also ''[[Jewish English Bible translations]], [[Septuagint]], [[Targum]], [[Old Testament]], [[Bible translations]]''

	*''Tanakh'', English translation, since known as the [[New Jewish Publication Society of America Version]] 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-9		*''Tanakh'', English translation, since known as the [[New Jewish Publication Society of America Version]] 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-9
	*''Tanach: The Stone Edition'', Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-5		*''Tanach: The Stone Edition'', Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-5

Nick: /* Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions */

2011-09-19T11:14:48Z

Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 19 September 2011
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	Nevertheless, because they proved useful for citations, they are often included in most Hebrew editions of the biblical books. For more information on the origin of these divisions, see [[chapters and verses of the Bible]]. Jews don't necessarily reference the specific verse in a chapter (older editions of the [[Talmud]] cite only chapter numbers), and some works cite the sectional divisions in the Torah.		Nevertheless, because they proved useful for citations, they are often included in most Hebrew editions of the biblical books. For more information on the origin of these divisions, see [[chapters and verses of the Bible]]. Jews don't necessarily reference the specific verse in a chapter (older editions of the [[Talmud]] cite only chapter numbers), and some works cite the sectional divisions in the Torah.

	The chapter and verse numbers were often indicated very prominently in older editions, to the extent that they overshadowed the traditional Jewish [[Masoretic Text\|masoretic]] divisions. However, in many Jewish editions of the Tanakh published over the past forty years, there has been a major trend towards minimizing the impact and prominence of the chapter and verse numbers on the printed page. Most editions accomplish this by removing them from the text itself and relegating them to the margins of the page. The main text in these editions is unbroken and uninterrupted at the beginning of chapters (which are noted only in the margin). The lack of chapter breaks within the text in these editions also serves to reinforce the visual impact created by the spaces and "paragraph" breaks on the page, which indicate the traditional Jewish [[parashah]] divisions. Some versions have even introduced a new chapter system ~~{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}~~.		The chapter and verse numbers were often indicated very prominently in older editions, to the extent that they overshadowed the traditional Jewish [[Masoretic Text\|masoretic]] divisions. However, in many Jewish editions of the Tanakh published over the past forty years, there has been a major trend towards minimizing the impact and prominence of the chapter and verse numbers on the printed page. Most editions accomplish this by removing them from the text itself and relegating them to the margins of the page. The main text in these editions is unbroken and uninterrupted at the beginning of chapters (which are noted only in the margin). The lack of chapter breaks within the text in these editions also serves to reinforce the visual impact created by the spaces and "paragraph" breaks on the page, which indicate the traditional Jewish [[parashah]] divisions. Some versions have even introduced a new chapter system.

	These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (as well as Ezra) as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts (though it is noted in the upper and side margins). In such editions, the second books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles follow the respective first books on the very same page, with no special break at all in the flow of the text. In the case of Kings, in which no [[parashah]] division appears at this point, the text of II Kings continues that of I Kings on the very same line of text.		These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (as well as Ezra) as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts (though it is noted in the upper and side margins). In such editions, the second books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles follow the respective first books on the very same page, with no special break at all in the flow of the text. In the case of Kings, in which no [[parashah]] division appears at this point, the text of II Kings continues that of I Kings on the very same line of text.

	Jewish (Hebrew) editions have a different pattern regarding [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] (I Chronicles) chapters 5 and 6. In I Chronicles (in Christian sources) chapter 5 ends at verse 41. Chronicles (Jewish editions of Chronicles) 5:27-41 is equivalent to First Chronicles 6: 1-15 in most English translations. In Jewish (Hebrew) editions 6:1 is equivalent to 6:16 and therefore the chapter ends at [[Chronicles 6:66]] instead of the First Chronicles 6:81 (English translations) and at 7:1 both Hebrew and English versions set off from the same starting point once more. This difference offsets other more contextual differences. The Jewish Tanakh is based on an accepted traditional understanding of the text <sup>[]</sup>. For example, Christians translate the word ''almah'' (עלמה)as "virgin," while the translation in the Tanakh is "young maiden".<sup>[]</sup> This Christian view is based on a different understanding of the [[Septuagint]] translation, ~~{{lang-el\|~~παρθενος}} which according to New Testament Scholars<sup>[]</sup>, can mean "a marriageable maiden" or "virgin."		Jewish (Hebrew) editions have a different pattern regarding [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] (I Chronicles) chapters 5 and 6. In I Chronicles (in Christian sources) chapter 5 ends at verse 41. Chronicles (Jewish editions of Chronicles) 5:27-41 is equivalent to First Chronicles 6: 1-15 in most English translations. In Jewish (Hebrew) editions 6:1 is equivalent to 6:16 and therefore the chapter ends at [[Chronicles 6:66]] instead of the First Chronicles 6:81 (English translations) and at 7:1 both Hebrew and English versions set off from the same starting point once more. This difference offsets other more contextual differences. The Jewish Tanakh is based on an accepted traditional understanding of the text <sup>[]</sup>. For example, Christians translate the word ''almah'' (עלמה)as "virgin," while the translation in the Tanakh is "young maiden".<sup>[]</sup> This Christian view is based on a different understanding of the [[Septuagint]] translation, παρθενος which according to New Testament Scholars<sup>[]</sup>, can mean "a marriageable maiden" or "virgin."

	==Editions==		==Editions==

Nick at 11:14, 19 September 2011

2011-09-19T11:14:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 19 September 2011
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	The '''Tanakh''' (~~{{lang-he\|~~תַּנַ"ךְ}}) (~~{{IPA2\|~~taˈnax}} or ~~{{IPA\|~~[təˈnax]}}; also Tenakh or Tenak) is the [[Bible]] used in [[Judaism]]. The name "Tanakh" is a [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] [[Acronym and initialism\|acronym]] formed from the initial [[Hebrew alphabet\|Hebrew letters]] of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: The [[Torah]] ("Teaching," also known as the Five Books of Moses), [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings") - hence '''''T'''a'''N'''a'''K'''h''. The elements of the Tanakh are incorporated in various forms in [[Christian Bible]]s, in which, with some variations, it is called the "[[Old Testament]]."		The '''Tanakh''' (תַּנַ"ךְ) (taˈnax or [təˈnax]; also Tenakh or Tenak) is the [[Bible]] used in [[Judaism]]. The name "Tanakh" is a [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] [[Acronym and initialism\|acronym]] formed from the initial [[Hebrew alphabet\|Hebrew letters]] of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: The [[Torah]] ("Teaching," also known as the Five Books of Moses), [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings") - hence '''''T'''a'''N'''a'''K'''h''. The elements of the Tanakh are incorporated in various forms in [[Christian Bible]]s, in which, with some variations, it is called the "[[Old Testament]]."

	According to the [[Talmud]]<~~ref~~>~~Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a~~</~~ref~~>, much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the "[[Men of the Great Assembly]]" by 450 BCE, and have since remained unchanged. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE {{Fact\|date=November 2007}}.<~~ref~~>~~Both the Law (Torah) and the Prophets (Nebi'im) appear to have been codified by the time of the composition of the book of [~~[~~Sirach]~~]~~, c. 180 BCE; but the Writings (Kethubim) may not yet have become an identified unit by this date{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}.~~</~~ref~~>		According to the [[Talmud]]<sup>[]</sup>, much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the "[[Men of the Great Assembly]]" by 450 BCE, and have since remained unchanged. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE {{Fact\|date=November 2007}}.<sup>[]</sup>

	The Hebrew text was originally an [[abjad]]: [[consonant]]s written with some applied vowel letters (''"[[Mater lectionis\|matres lectionis]]"''). During the early [[Middle Ages]] scholars known as the [[Masoretes]] created a single formalized system of [[niqqud\|vocalization]]. This was chiefly done by the Family [[Ben Asher]], in the Tiberius school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh. It also included some of [[Ben Naftali]] and Babylonian innovations.<~~ref~~>~~The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, (ISBN 0802843638, p. 20)~~</~~ref~~> Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews believe the pronunciation and [[cantillation]] derive from [[Biblical Mount Sinai\|the revelation at Sinai]], since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses. The combination of a text (מקרא), pronunciation (ניקוד) and cantillation (טעמים) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning, as well as the nuances in sentence flow of the text.		The Hebrew text was originally an [[abjad]]: [[consonant]]s written with some applied vowel letters (''"[[Mater lectionis\|matres lectionis]]"''). During the early [[Middle Ages]] scholars known as the [[Masoretes]] created a single formalized system of [[niqqud\|vocalization]]. This was chiefly done by the Family [[Ben Asher]], in the Tiberius school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh. It also included some of [[Ben Naftali]] and Babylonian innovations.<sup>[]</sup> Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews believe the pronunciation and [[cantillation]] derive from [[Biblical Mount Sinai\|the revelation at Sinai]], since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses. The combination of a text (מקרא), pronunciation (ניקוד) and cantillation (טעמים) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning, as well as the nuances in sentence flow of the text.

	==Terminology==		==Terminology==
	The Tanakh is also called '''[[Mikra]]''' (מקרא, meaning "reading" or "that which is read"). The three-part division reflected in the acronym "Tanakh" is well attested to in documents from the [[Second Temple]] period and in [[Rabbinic literature]].<~~ref~~>~~http://www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/MG.html#MG Mikra'ot Gedolot~~</~~ref~~> During that period, however, "Tanakh" was not used as a word or term. Instead, the proper title was ''Mikra'', because the biblical texts were read publicly. "Mikra" is thus analogous to the Latin term ''Scriptus'', meaning "that which is written" (as in "[[Scripture]]" or "The Holy Scriptures"). ''Mikra'' continues to be used in Hebrew to this day alongside Tanakh to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern spoken [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] both are used interchangeably.<~~ref~~>~~BIBLICAL STUDIES Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation. Norton Irish Theological Quarterly.2007; 72: 305-306~~ </~~ref~~>		The Tanakh is also called '''[[Mikra]]''' (מקרא, meaning "reading" or "that which is read"). The three-part division reflected in the acronym "Tanakh" is well attested to in documents from the [[Second Temple]] period and in [[Rabbinic literature]].<sup>[]</sup> During that period, however, "Tanakh" was not used as a word or term. Instead, the proper title was ''Mikra'', because the biblical texts were read publicly. "Mikra" is thus analogous to the Latin term ''Scriptus'', meaning "that which is written" (as in "[[Scripture]]" or "The Holy Scriptures"). ''Mikra'' continues to be used in Hebrew to this day alongside Tanakh to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern spoken [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] both are used interchangeably.<sup>[]</sup>

	==Codification of the books of Tanakh==		==Codification of the books of Tanakh==
	~~{{main\|Development of the Jewish Bible canon}}~~

	According to the [[Talmud]] (Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a), much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the [[Men of the Great Assembly\|Men of the Great Assembly ("Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah")]] a task completed in 450 BCE, and have remained unchanged since that date. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE {{Fact\|date=November 2007}}. Both the Torah and the Prophets appear to have been codified by the time of the composition of the book of [[Sirach]], c. 180 BCE; but the Writings may not yet have become an identified unit by this date~~{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}~~.		See Also [[Development of the Jewish Bible canon]]

			According to the [[Talmud]] (Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a), much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the [[Men of the Great Assembly\|Men of the Great Assembly ("Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah")]] a task completed in 450 BCE, and have remained unchanged since that date. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE {{Fact\|date=November 2007}}. Both the Torah and the Prophets appear to have been codified by the time of the composition of the book of [[Sirach]], c. 180 BCE; but the Writings may not yet have become an identified unit by this date.

	Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to [[Rabbinic Judaism]] after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)\|destruction of the Second Temple]] in 70 CE. [[Heinrich Graetz]] proposed in 1871 that it was concluded at a [[Council of Jamnia]] (or [[Yavne]] in Hebrew), some time in the period 70–90 CE. However, Rabbinical writings seem to indicate that certain books were disputed as accepted canon (such as Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and Esther), it may not necessarily be the case. The implication of the [[Talmud]] indicates that the books themselves were already accepted canon, but may have been misunderstood on philosophical or ecclesiastical grounds. The Talmud eliminates this misunderstanding.		Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to [[Rabbinic Judaism]] after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)\|destruction of the Second Temple]] in 70 CE. [[Heinrich Graetz]] proposed in 1871 that it was concluded at a [[Council of Jamnia]] (or [[Yavne]] in Hebrew), some time in the period 70–90 CE. However, Rabbinical writings seem to indicate that certain books were disputed as accepted canon (such as Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and Esther), it may not necessarily be the case. The implication of the [[Talmud]] indicates that the books themselves were already accepted canon, but may have been misunderstood on philosophical or ecclesiastical grounds. The Talmud eliminates this misunderstanding.

	The twenty-four books are also mentioned in the [[Ecclesiastes Rabbah\|Midrash Koheleth]] 12:12.<~~ref~~>~~"Whoever brings together in his house more than twenty four books brings confusion." ([~~[~~Ecclesiastes Rabbah\|Midrash Qoheleth]~~] ~~12:12)~~</~~ref~~>		The twenty-four books are also mentioned in the [[Ecclesiastes Rabbah\|Midrash Koheleth]] 12:12.<sup>[]</sup>
	A slightly different accounting can be found in the book ''[[Against Apion]]'', by the 1st-century Jewish historian [[Josephus]], who describes 22 sacred books.<~~ref~~>~~(Josephus, ''[~~[~~Against Apion~~]~~]'', 8)~~</~~ref~~> Some scholars have suggested that he considered [[Book of Ruth\|Ruth]] part of [[Book of Judges\|Judges]], and [[Book of Lamentations\|Lamentations]] part of [[Book of Jeremiah\|Jeremiah]]; as the Christian translator [[Jerome]] recorded in the 4th century CE.<~~ref~~>~~Jerome,~~ [~~http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=218 ''Prologus Galeatus''~~] ~~(English translation)~~</~~ref~~> Other scholars suggest that at the time Josephus wrote, such books as [[Book of Esther\|Esther]] and [[Book of Ecclesiastes\|Ecclesiastes]] were not yet considered canonical.		A slightly different accounting can be found in the book ''[[Against Apion]]'', by the 1st-century Jewish historian [[Josephus]], who describes 22 sacred books.<sup>[]</sup> Some scholars have suggested that he considered [[Book of Ruth\|Ruth]] part of [[Book of Judges\|Judges]], and [[Book of Lamentations\|Lamentations]] part of [[Book of Jeremiah\|Jeremiah]]; as the Christian translator [[Jerome]] recorded in the 4th century CE.<sup>[]</sup> Other scholars suggest that at the time Josephus wrote, such books as [[Book of Esther\|Esther]] and [[Book of Ecclesiastes\|Ecclesiastes]] were not yet considered canonical.

	==Books of the Tanakh==		==Books of the Tanakh==
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	These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (as well as Ezra) as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts (though it is noted in the upper and side margins). In such editions, the second books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles follow the respective first books on the very same page, with no special break at all in the flow of the text. In the case of Kings, in which no [[parashah]] division appears at this point, the text of II Kings continues that of I Kings on the very same line of text.		These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (as well as Ezra) as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts (though it is noted in the upper and side margins). In such editions, the second books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles follow the respective first books on the very same page, with no special break at all in the flow of the text. In the case of Kings, in which no [[parashah]] division appears at this point, the text of II Kings continues that of I Kings on the very same line of text.

	Jewish (Hebrew) editions have a different pattern regarding [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] (I Chronicles) chapters 5 and 6. In I Chronicles (in Christian sources) chapter 5 ends at verse 41. Chronicles (Jewish editions of Chronicles) 5:27-41 is equivalent to First Chronicles 6: 1-15 in most English translations. In Jewish (Hebrew) editions 6:1 is equivalent to 6:16 and therefore the chapter ends at Chronicles 6:66 instead of the First Chronicles 6:81 (English translations) and at 7:1 both Hebrew and English versions set off from the same starting point once more. This difference offsets other more contextual differences. The Jewish Tanakh is based on an accepted traditional understanding of the text <~~ref~~>~~see Introduction to the Stone Tanakh, by Artscroll/Mesorah~~</~~ref~~>. For example, Christians translate the word ''almah'' (עלמה)as "virgin," while the translation in the Tanakh is "young maiden".<~~ref~~>~~Compare the New King James and New International Versions with New Revised Standard Version and the footnotes therein on Isaiah 7:14~~</~~ref~~> This Christian view is based on a different understanding of the [[Septuagint]] translation, {{lang-el\|παρθενος}} which according to New Testament Scholars<~~ref~~>~~Thayer and Smith. "Greek Lexicon entry for Parthenos". "The KJV New Testament Greek Lexicon"~~</~~ref~~>, can mean "a marriageable maiden" or "virgin."		Jewish (Hebrew) editions have a different pattern regarding [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] (I Chronicles) chapters 5 and 6. In I Chronicles (in Christian sources) chapter 5 ends at verse 41. Chronicles (Jewish editions of Chronicles) 5:27-41 is equivalent to First Chronicles 6: 1-15 in most English translations. In Jewish (Hebrew) editions 6:1 is equivalent to 6:16 and therefore the chapter ends at [[Chronicles 6:66]] instead of the First Chronicles 6:81 (English translations) and at 7:1 both Hebrew and English versions set off from the same starting point once more. This difference offsets other more contextual differences. The Jewish Tanakh is based on an accepted traditional understanding of the text <sup>[]</sup>. For example, Christians translate the word ''almah'' (עלמה)as "virgin," while the translation in the Tanakh is "young maiden".<sup>[]</sup> This Christian view is based on a different understanding of the [[Septuagint]] translation, {{lang-el\|παρθενος}} which according to New Testament Scholars<sup>[]</sup>, can mean "a marriageable maiden" or "virgin."

	==Editions==		==Editions==
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	==References==		==References==
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{commonscat\|Tanakh}}~~
	~~{{wikisource\|Tanakh}}~~
	~~{{wikisourcelang\|he\|מקרא\|Tanakh (Hebrew source)}}~~
	*[http://www.itanakh.org/ iTanakh.org] An extensive list of links and resources pertaining to the study of the Tanakh		*[http://www.itanakh.org/ iTanakh.org] An extensive list of links and resources pertaining to the study of the Tanakh

Nick: Protected "Tanakh" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2008-12-26T09:39:01Z

Protected "Tanakh" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

← Older revision	Revision as of 09:39, 26 December 2008
(No difference)

Nick: New page: The '''Tanakh''' ({{lang-he|תַּנַ"ךְ}}) ({{IPA2|taˈnax}} or {{IPA|[təˈnax]}}; also Tenakh or Tenak) is the Bible used in Judaism. The name "Tanakh" is a [[Hebrew languag...

2008-12-26T09:38:23Z

New page: The '''Tanakh''' ({{lang-he|תַּנַ"ךְ}}) ({{IPA2|taˈnax}} or {{IPA|[təˈnax]}}; also Tenakh or Tenak) is the Bible used in Judaism. The name "Tanakh" is a [[Hebrew languag...

New page

The '''Tanakh''' ({{lang-he|תַּנַ"ךְ}}) ({{IPA2|taˈnax}} or {{IPA|[təˈnax]}}; also Tenakh or Tenak) is the [[Bible]] used in [[Judaism]]. The name "Tanakh" is a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] [[Acronym and initialism|acronym]] formed from the initial [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letters]] of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: The [[Torah]] ("Teaching," also known as the Five Books of Moses), [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings") - hence '''''T'''a'''N'''a'''K'''h''. The elements of the Tanakh are incorporated in various forms in [[Christian Bible]]s, in which, with some variations, it is called the "[[Old Testament]]."

According to the [[Talmud]]<ref>Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a</ref>, much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the "[[Men of the Great Assembly]]" by 450 BCE, and have since remained unchanged. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE {{Fact|date=November 2007}}.<ref>Both the Law (Torah) and the Prophets (Nebi'im) appear to have been codified by the time of the composition of the book of [[Sirach]], c. 180 BCE; but the Writings (Kethubim) may not yet have become an identified unit by this date{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.</ref>

The Hebrew text was originally an [[abjad]]: [[consonant]]s written with some applied vowel letters (''"[[Mater lectionis|matres lectionis]]"''). During the early [[Middle Ages]] scholars known as the [[Masoretes]] created a single formalized system of [[niqqud|vocalization]]. This was chiefly done by the Family [[Ben Asher]], in the Tiberius school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh. It also included some of [[Ben Naftali]] and Babylonian innovations.<ref>The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, (ISBN 0802843638, p. 20)</ref> Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews believe the pronunciation and [[cantillation]] derive from [[Biblical Mount Sinai|the revelation at Sinai]], since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses. The combination of a text (מקרא), pronunciation (ניקוד) and cantillation (טעמים) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning, as well as the nuances in sentence flow of the text.

==Terminology==
The Tanakh is also called '''[[Mikra]]''' (מקרא, meaning "reading" or "that which is read"). The three-part division reflected in the acronym "Tanakh" is well attested to in documents from the [[Second Temple]] period and in [[Rabbinic literature]].<ref>http://www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/MG.html#MG Mikra'ot Gedolot</ref> During that period, however, "Tanakh" was not used as a word or term. Instead, the proper title was ''Mikra'', because the biblical texts were read publicly. "Mikra" is thus analogous to the Latin term ''Scriptus'', meaning "that which is written" (as in "[[Scripture]]" or "The Holy Scriptures"). ''Mikra'' continues to be used in Hebrew to this day alongside Tanakh to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern spoken [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] both are used interchangeably.<ref>BIBLICAL STUDIES Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation. Norton Irish Theological Quarterly.2007; 72: 305-306 </ref>

==Codification of the books of Tanakh==
{{main|Development of the Jewish Bible canon}}

According to the [[Talmud]] (Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a), much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the [[Men of the Great Assembly|Men of the Great Assembly ("Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah")]] a task completed in 450 BCE, and have remained unchanged since that date. Modern scholars are less certain, but believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE {{Fact|date=November 2007}}. Both the Torah and the Prophets appear to have been codified by the time of the composition of the book of [[Sirach]], c. 180 BCE; but the Writings may not yet have become an identified unit by this date{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to [[Rabbinic Judaism]] after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|destruction of the Second Temple]] in 70 CE. [[Heinrich Graetz]] proposed in 1871 that it was concluded at a [[Council of Jamnia]] (or [[Yavne]] in Hebrew), some time in the period 70–90 CE. However, Rabbinical writings seem to indicate that certain books were disputed as accepted canon (such as Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and Esther), it may not necessarily be the case. The implication of the [[Talmud]] indicates that the books themselves were already accepted canon, but may have been misunderstood on philosophical or ecclesiastical grounds. The Talmud eliminates this misunderstanding.

The twenty-four books are also mentioned in the [[Ecclesiastes Rabbah|Midrash Koheleth]] 12:12.<ref>"Whoever brings together in his house more than twenty four books brings confusion." ([[Ecclesiastes Rabbah|Midrash Qoheleth]] 12:12)</ref>
A slightly different accounting can be found in the book ''[[Against Apion]]'', by the 1st-century Jewish historian [[Josephus]], who describes 22 sacred books.<ref>(Josephus, ''[[Against Apion]]'', 8)</ref> Some scholars have suggested that he considered [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]] part of [[Book of Judges|Judges]], and [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] part of [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]; as the Christian translator [[Jerome]] recorded in the 4th century CE.<ref>Jerome, [http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=218 ''Prologus Galeatus''] (English translation)</ref> Other scholars suggest that at the time Josephus wrote, such books as [[Book of Esther|Esther]] and [[Book of Ecclesiastes|Ecclesiastes]] were not yet considered canonical.

==Books of the Tanakh==
[[Image:Targum.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Page of 11th century Tanakh with Targum]]

The Tanakh is an [[Acronym and initialism|acronym]] of the initial [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letters]] of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: [[Torah]], [[Nevi'im]] and [[Ketuvim]]. According to Jewish tradition, the Tanakh consists of twenty-four books.

The Tanakh counts as one book what are sometimes counted as two in [[Old Testament|Christian Bibles]] (e.g. 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings and so forth), and counts ''Trei Asar'' (תרי עשר, the Twelve Prophets; though literally, "twelve") as a single book.

===Torah===
[[Torah]] (תורה, literally "teaching") consists of the first five books of the Bible, commonly referred to as the "Five Books of Moses." Printed versions of the Torah are often called ''Chamishei Chumshei Torah'' (חמישי חומשי תורה, literally the "five fifths of the Torah"), and informally "a [[Chumash (Judaism)|Chumash]]."

: 1. [[Genesis]] [בראשית / Breishit]
: 2. [[Exodus]] [שמות / Shmot]
: 3. [[Leviticus]] [ויקרא / Vayikra]
: 4. [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] [במדבר / Bamidbar]
: 5. [[Deuteronomy]] [דברים / D'varim]

The Hebrew names of the books of the Torah are based on the first prominent word in each book. The [[English language|English]] names are not translations of the Hebrew, but are rather Greek names created for the [[Septuagint]] which are, in turn, based on [[Rabbinic]] names describing the thematic content of each of the Books.

===Nevi'im===
''[[Nevi'im]]'' (נביאים, "Prophets") consists of eight books. This division includes the books which, as a whole, cover the chronological era from the entrance of the Israelites into the [[Land of Israel|Land]] until the [[Babylonian captivity]] of Judah (the "period of prophecy"). However, they exclude [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]], which covers the same period. The ''Nevi'im'' are often divided into the Earlier Prophets (נביאים ראשונים), which are generally historical in nature, and the Later Prophets (נביאים אחרונים), which contain more exhortational prophecies.

Although most versions of the [[Old Testament]] count the number of books as totalling 21, counting the books of [[Book of Samuel|Samuel]] and [[Books of Kings|Kings]] as two books each, and the "Twelve Prophets" (or the [[minor prophets]]) as 12 books, Jewish tradition does not:
: 6. [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] [יהושע / Y'hoshua]
: 7. [[Book of Judges|Judges]] [שופטים / Shophtim]
: 8. [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]] (I & II) [שמואל / Sh'muel]
: 9. [[Books of Kings|Kings]] (I & II) [מלכים / M'lakhim]
: 10. [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] [ישעיה / Y'shayahu]
: 11. [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] [ירמיה / Yir'mi'yahu]
: 12. [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] [יחזקאל / Y'khezqel]
: 13. The Twelve Prophets [תרי עשר]
:: a. [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]] [הושע / Hoshea]
:: b. [[Book of Joel|Joel]] [יואל / Yo'el]
:: c. [[Book of Amos|Amos]] [עמוס / Amos]
:: d. [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]] [עובדיה / Ovadyah]
:: e. [[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] [יונה / Yonah]
:: f. [[Book of Micah|Micah]] [מיכה / Mikhah]
:: g. [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]] [נחום / Nakhum]
:: h. [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]] [חבקוק /Havakuk]
:: i. [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]] [צפניה / Ts'phanyah]
:: j. [[Book of Haggai|Haggai]] [חגי / Khagai]
:: k. [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]] [זכריה / Z'kharyah]
:: l. [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]] [מלאכי / Mal'akhi]

===Ketuvim===
''[[Ketuvim]]'' (כתובים, "Writings") or "scriptures", are sometimes also known by the [[Greek language|Greek]] title "Hagiographa" and consists of eleven books. These encompass all the remaining books, and include the [[Five Megillot|Five Scrolls]]. They are sometimes also divided into such categories as ''Sifrei Emet'' (ספרי אמת, literally "Books of Truth") of [[Psalms]], [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] and [[Book of Job|Job]] (the Hebrew names of these three books form the Hebrew word for "truth" as an [[acrostic]], and all three books have unique [[cantillation marks]]), the "wisdom books" of [[Book of Job|Job]], [[Ecclesiastes]], and [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]], the "poetry books" of [[Psalms]], [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] and [[Song of Solomon]], and the "historical books" of [[Ezra-Nehemiah]] and [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]]. In the Jewish version, Ketuvim consists of eleven books, counting [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] as one book and I and II Chronicles as a single book.

:: The "Sifrei Emet," "Books of Truth":
: 14. [[Psalms]] [תהלים / Tehilim]
: 15. [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] [משלי / Mishlei]
: 16. [[Book of Job|Job]] [איוב / Iyov]
:: The "Five Megilot" or "Five Scrolls":
: 17. [[Song of Songs]] [שיר השירים / Shir Hashirim]
: 18. [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]] [רות / Rut]
: 19. [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] [איכה / Eikhah]
: 20. [[Ecclesiastes]] [קהלת / Kohelet]
: 21. [[Book of Esther|Esther]] [אסתר / Esther]
:: The rest of the "Writings":
: 22. [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] [דניאל / Dani'el]
: 23. [[Ezra]]-[[Nehemiah]] [עזרא ונחמיה / Ezra v'Nekhemia]
: 24. [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] (I & II) [דברי הימים / Divrei Hayamim]

==Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions==

The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions of the Tanakh so that verses may be located and cited. The division of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles into parts I and II is also indicated on each page of those books in order to prevent confusion about whether a chapter number is from part I or II, since the chapter numbering for these books follows their partition in the Christian textual tradition.

The adoption of the Christian chapter divisions by Jews began in the late Middle Ages in [[Spain]], partially in the context of forced clerical debates which took place against a background of harsh persecution and of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] (the debates required a common system for citing biblical texts). From the standpoint of the Jewish textual tradition, the chapter divisions are not only a foreign feature with no basis in the [[Masoretic Text|mesorah]], but are also open to severe criticism of three kinds:

* The chapter divisions often reflect Christian [[exegesis]] of the Bible.
* Even when they do not imply Christian exegesis, the chapters often divide the biblical text at numerous points that may be deemed inappropriate for literary or other reasons.
* They ignore the accepted closed and open space division which are based on the mesorah

Nevertheless, because they proved useful for citations, they are often included in most Hebrew editions of the biblical books. For more information on the origin of these divisions, see [[chapters and verses of the Bible]]. Jews don't necessarily reference the specific verse in a chapter (older editions of the [[Talmud]] cite only chapter numbers), and some works cite the sectional divisions in the Torah.

The chapter and verse numbers were often indicated very prominently in older editions, to the extent that they overshadowed the traditional Jewish [[Masoretic Text|masoretic]] divisions. However, in many Jewish editions of the Tanakh published over the past forty years, there has been a major trend towards minimizing the impact and prominence of the chapter and verse numbers on the printed page. Most editions accomplish this by removing them from the text itself and relegating them to the margins of the page. The main text in these editions is unbroken and uninterrupted at the beginning of chapters (which are noted only in the margin). The lack of chapter breaks within the text in these editions also serves to reinforce the visual impact created by the spaces and "paragraph" breaks on the page, which indicate the traditional Jewish [[parashah]] divisions. Some versions have even introduced a new chapter system {{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (as well as Ezra) as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts (though it is noted in the upper and side margins). In such editions, the second books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles follow the respective first books on the very same page, with no special break at all in the flow of the text. In the case of Kings, in which no [[parashah]] division appears at this point, the text of II Kings continues that of I Kings on the very same line of text.

Jewish (Hebrew) editions have a different pattern regarding [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] (I Chronicles) chapters 5 and 6. In I Chronicles (in Christian sources) chapter 5 ends at verse 41. Chronicles (Jewish editions of Chronicles) 5:27-41 is equivalent to First Chronicles 6: 1-15 in most English translations. In Jewish (Hebrew) editions 6:1 is equivalent to 6:16 and therefore the chapter ends at Chronicles 6:66 instead of the First Chronicles 6:81 (English translations) and at 7:1 both Hebrew and English versions set off from the same starting point once more. This difference offsets other more contextual differences. The Jewish Tanakh is based on an accepted traditional understanding of the text <ref>see Introduction to the Stone Tanakh, by Artscroll/Mesorah</ref>. For example, Christians translate the word ''almah'' (עלמה)as "virgin," while the translation in the Tanakh is "young maiden".<ref>Compare the New King James and New International Versions with New Revised Standard Version and the footnotes therein on Isaiah 7:14</ref> This Christian view is based on a different understanding of the [[Septuagint]] translation, {{lang-el|παρθενος}} which according to New Testament Scholars<ref>Thayer and Smith. "Greek Lexicon entry for Parthenos". "The KJV New Testament Greek Lexicon"</ref>, can mean "a marriageable maiden" or "virgin."

==Editions==
[[Image:Tanach.jpg|right|thumb|A modern, printed Tanakh.]]
*The first ever printed Hebrew [[Chumash (Judaism)|Chumash]] simply had Biblical text with [[Rashi]] on the page, and since then many editions have appeared.
*The first Masoretic [[Mikraot Gedolot]] was printed in 1524-1525 in [[Venice]], edited by [[Daniel Bomberg]].
*The Soncino edition was printed in 1527 in [[Venice]].
*Many editions of Mikraot Gedolot have been made since then.
*[[Rudolf Kittel]]'s ''[[Biblia Hebraica]]'' appeared in 1906 and was reprinted in 1913.
*The [[Leningrad Codex]] was edited under [[Paul E. Kahle]] as the ''[[Biblia Hebraica]]'' (BHK), published in Stuttgart, in 1937. The codex was also used for ''[[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]'' (BHS) in 1977, and will be used for [[Biblia Hebraica Quinta]] (BHQ).<br>The Leningrad Codex lists a different order for the books of the Ketuvim.
</br>The Leningrad Codex also served as the basis for two important Jewish editions of the Hebrew Bible ([[Tanakh]]):
**Aharon Dotan's edition, which was reprinted with a concise commentary and distributed to soldiers in mass quantities as the official [[Tanakh]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] throughout the 1990s. This has recently been updated as the Codex Leningradensis.
*Mesorah Publications ''מקראות גדלות'', (Jerusalem, 1996)
*The [[New Jewish Publication Society of America Version|''JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh'']] (Philadelphia, 1999)
*The [[Aleppo Codex]] was edited by [[Mordechai Breuer]] in 1977-1982, the first edition to include a reconstruction of the letters, vowels, and cantillation marks in the missing parts of the Aleppo Codex, in 1996-8 re-edited with inclusion of new information on the [[parashah]] divisions.
*''Jerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem'', 2000. Edited according to the method of [[Mordechai Breuer]] under the supervision of Yosef Ofer, with additional proofreading and refinements since the Horev edition.
*Jerusalem Simanim Institute, Feldheim Publishers, 2004 (published in one-volume and three-volume editions).
*[[Hebrew University Bible Project]] (so far on Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel) includes four apparatuses, as well as the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex.
*[[Mikraot Gedolot Haketer]], [[Bar-Ilan University]] (1992-present). A multi-volume critical edition of the [[Mikraot Gedolot]], ten volumes published to date including Genesis (2 vols.), Exodus (one of a two vols so far), Joshua & Judges (1 vol.), Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Psalms (2 vols.). Includes the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex and a new commentary on them. Differs from the Breuer reconstruction and presentation for some masoretic details.

==Translations==
{{see|Jewish English Bible translations|Septuagint|Targum|Old Testament|Bible translations}}
*''Tanakh'', English translation, since known as the [[New Jewish Publication Society of America Version]] 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-9
*''Tanach: The Stone Edition'', Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-5

==See also==
* [[Jewish English Bible translations]]
* [[Bible]]
* [[Biblical canon]]
* [[Mikraot Gedolot]]
* [[Rabbinic literature]]
* [[Rashi]]
* [[Septuagint]]
* [[Samaritan Pentateuch]]
* [[Tanakh at Qumran]]
* [[Books of the Bible]] for a side-by-side comparison of [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Biblical canon|canons]].
* [[613 mitzvot]], the formal list of all 613 commandments that Jewish sages traditionally identify in the [[Torah]]
* [[Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture]]
* [[Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible]]
* [[List of burial places of biblical figures]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Tanakh}}
{{wikisource|Tanakh}}
{{wikisourcelang|he|מקרא|Tanakh (Hebrew source)}}
*[http://www.itanakh.org/ iTanakh.org] An extensive list of links and resources pertaining to the study of the Tanakh

===Online texts===
* Download the complete Tanakh in Hebrew with translation and transliteration [http://www.levsoftware.com/bible.htm Lev Software]
* [[Mikraot Gedolot]] (Rabbinic Bible) at '''[[:s:|Wikisource]]''' in [[:s:Mikraot Gedolot|English]] [[:wikisource:MG Genesis 1:1|(sample)]] and [[:s:he:מקראות גדולות|Hebrew]] [[:s:he:מ"ג נחמיה ח ח|(sample)]]
* [http://www.tanakhml.org TanakhML] ([[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] and [[King James Version]])
* [http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml Unicode/XML Westminster Leningrad Codex] - A transcription of the electronic source maintained by the Westminster Hebrew Institute. ([[Leningrad Codex]])
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/ Mechon Mamre] - The Hebrew text of the Tanakh based on the [[Aleppo codex]] and other Tiberian manuscripts close to it, edited according to the system of Rabbi [[Mordechai Breuer]]. Hebrew text comes in four convenient versions (including one with [[cantillation]] marks) and may be downloaded. The [[JPS]] 1917 English translation is included as well (including a parallel translation).
The link to the parallel Hebrew and English version is http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm
* This is a site where you can copy and paste Hebrew words from the above site and get short definitions. It’s a modern Hebrew dictionary, but many of the biblical words are still translatable. http://milon.morfix.co.il/Default.aspx
* [http://www.lashon.net/CL/Tanach/Tanach.cgi Tanach on Demand] - Custom [[PDF]] versions of any section of the Bible in Hebrew.

===Reading guides===
* [http://skadish1.googlepages.com/guide A Guide to Reading Nevi'im and Ketuvim] - Detailed Hebrew outlines of the biblical books based on the natural flow of the text (rather than the [[Bible#Chapters and Verses|chapter divisions]]). The outlines include a daily study-cycle, and the explanatory material is in English.
* [http://www.threetwoone.org/diagrams/HebrewBibleOutlinePresentation.gif A detailed chart of the major figures and events in the Tanakh]
*[http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=63255 Judaica Press Translation] (online translation of Tanakh and [[Rashi]]'s entire commentary)