Sextus Julius Africanus - Revision history

Nick at 07:49, 28 December 2018

2018-12-28T07:49:59Z

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	[[Category:Christian philosophers]]		[[Category:Christian philosophers]]
	[[Category:Iulii]]		[[Category:Iulii]]

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Nick at 12:07, 21 January 2015

2015-01-21T12:07:04Z

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	Julius may have served under [[Septimius Severus]] against the Osrhoenians in 195. He went on an embassy to the emperor [[Severus Alexander]] to ask for the restoration of [[Emmaus Nicopolis\|Emmaus]], which had fallen into ruins. His mission succeeded, and Emmaus was henceforward known as [[Emmaus Nicopolis\|Nicopolis]].		Julius may have served under [[Septimius Severus]] against the Osrhoenians in 195. He went on an embassy to the emperor [[Severus Alexander]] to ask for the restoration of [[Emmaus Nicopolis\|Emmaus]], which had fallen into ruins. His mission succeeded, and Emmaus was henceforward known as [[Emmaus Nicopolis\|Nicopolis]].

	Julius traveled to Greece and Rome and went to Alexandria to study, attracted by the fame of its catechetical school, possibly about the year 215.~~{{sfn\|Gelzer\|1898\|p=11}}~~ He knew Greek (in which language he wrote), Latin, and Hebrew. He was at one time a soldier and had been a pagan; he wrote all his works as a Christian.		Julius traveled to Greece and Rome and went to Alexandria to study, attracted by the fame of its catechetical school, possibly about the year 215.He knew Greek (in which language he wrote), Latin, and Hebrew. He was at one time a soldier and had been a pagan; he wrote all his works as a Christian.

	Whether Julius Africanus was a layman or a cleric remains controversial. [[Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont\|Tillemont]] argued from Julius' addressing the priest [[Origen]] as "dear brother" that Julius must have been a priest himself<sup>[]</sup> but Gelzer points out that such an argument is inconclusive. Statements calling him a bishop only appear in the fourth century.		Whether Julius Africanus was a layman or a cleric remains controversial. [[Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont\|Tillemont]] argued from Julius' addressing the priest [[Origen]] as "dear brother" that Julius must have been a priest himself<sup>[]</sup> but Gelzer points out that such an argument is inconclusive. Statements calling him a bishop only appear in the fourth century.
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	He wrote a history of the world (''Chronographiai'', in five books) from Creation to the year AD 221, covering, according to his computation, 5723 years. He calculated the period between [[Dating Creation\|Creation]] and [[Jesus]] as 5500 years, placing the [[Incarnation]] on the first day of [[Anno Mundi\|AM]] 5501 (our modern March 25 1 BC), according to Venance Grumel, ''La Chronologie'' (1958). This method of reckoning led to several Creation eras being used in the [[Greek language\|Greek]] Eastern [[Mediterranean]], which all placed Creation within one decade of 5500 BC.		He wrote a history of the world (''Chronographiai'', in five books) from Creation to the year AD 221, covering, according to his computation, 5723 years. He calculated the period between [[Dating Creation\|Creation]] and [[Jesus]] as 5500 years, placing the [[Incarnation]] on the first day of [[Anno Mundi\|AM]] 5501 (our modern March 25 1 BC), according to Venance Grumel, ''La Chronologie'' (1958). This method of reckoning led to several Creation eras being used in the [[Greek language\|Greek]] Eastern [[Mediterranean]], which all placed Creation within one decade of 5500 BC.

	The history, which had an apologetic aim, is no longer extant, but copious extracts from it are to be found in the ''Chronicon'' of [[Eusebius of Caesarea\|Eusebius]], who used it extensively in compiling the early episcopal lists. There are also fragments in [[George Syncellus]], [[Cedrenus]] and the ''[[Chronicon Paschale]].'' Eusebius gives some extracts from his letter to one Aristides,<sup>[]</sup> reconciling the apparent discrepancy between Matthew and Luke in the genealogy of Christ by a reference to the Jewish law of [[Levirate marriage]], which compelled a man to marry the widow of his deceased brother, if the latter died without issue. His terse and pertinent letter to [[Origen]] impugning the authority of the part of the [[Book of Daniel]] that tells the story of [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)\|Susanna]], and Origen's wordy and uncritical answer, are both extant.~~{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}~~		The history, which had an apologetic aim, is no longer extant, but copious extracts from it are to be found in the ''Chronicon'' of [[Eusebius of Caesarea\|Eusebius]], who used it extensively in compiling the early episcopal lists. There are also fragments in [[George Syncellus]], [[Cedrenus]] and the ''[[Chronicon Paschale]].'' Eusebius gives some extracts from his letter to one Aristides,<sup>[]</sup> reconciling the apparent discrepancy between Matthew and Luke in the genealogy of Christ by a reference to the Jewish law of [[Levirate marriage]], which compelled a man to marry the widow of his deceased brother, if the latter died without issue. His terse and pertinent letter to [[Origen]] impugning the authority of the part of the [[Book of Daniel]] that tells the story of [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)\|Susanna]], and Origen's wordy and uncritical answer, are both extant.

	The ascription to Africanus of an encyclopaedic work entitled ''[[Kestoi]]'' (Κέστος "embroidered"), treating of agriculture, natural history, military science, etc., has been disputed on account of its secular and often credulous character. [[August Neander]] suggested that it was written by Africanus before he had devoted himself to religious subjects. A fragment of the ''Kestoi'' was found in the [[Oxyrhynchus papyri]].<sup>[]</sup> According to the [[New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]], the Kestoi "appears to have been intended as a sort of encyclopedia of the material sciences with the cognate mathematical and technical branches, but to have contained a large proportion of merely curious, trifling, or miraculous matters, on which account the authorship of Julius has been questioned. Among the parts published are sections on agriculture, liturgiology, tactics, and medicine (including veterinary practise)."		The ascription to Africanus of an encyclopaedic work entitled ''[[Kestoi]]'' (Κέστος "embroidered"), treating of agriculture, natural history, military science, etc., has been disputed on account of its secular and often credulous character. [[August Neander]] suggested that it was written by Africanus before he had devoted himself to religious subjects. A fragment of the ''Kestoi'' was found in the [[Oxyrhynchus papyri]].<sup>[]</sup> According to the [[New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]], the Kestoi "appears to have been intended as a sort of encyclopedia of the material sciences with the cognate mathematical and technical branches, but to have contained a large proportion of merely curious, trifling, or miraculous matters, on which account the authorship of Julius has been questioned. Among the parts published are sections on agriculture, liturgiology, tactics, and medicine (including veterinary practise)."
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	;Prophecy of Daniel 8		;Prophecy of Daniel 8

	After referring to the standard interpretation of the 'ram' and the 'he-goat', as symbolizing Persia and Greece, Africanus suggested that the 2300 days might be taken form months, totaling about 185 years which he applied to the time from the Capture of Jerusalem to the 20 year of Artaxerxes. He seems to be the only one who developed this interpretation.~~{{sfn\|Froom\|1950\|p=280}}~~		After referring to the standard interpretation of the 'ram' and the 'he-goat', as symbolizing Persia and Greece, Africanus suggested that the 2300 days might be taken form months, totaling about 185 years which he applied to the time from the Capture of Jerusalem to the 20 year of Artaxerxes. He seems to be the only one who developed this interpretation.

	;The 70th week		;The 70th week

	Africanus begins the seventy weeks Daniel 9 with the twentieth year of Artaxerxes, in Olympiad 83, year 4, (444 B.C.) and ends the period in Olympiad 202, year 2, (31 A.D.) or 475 solar years inclusive, which would be equivalent to 490 uncorrected lunar years. ~~{{sfn\|Froom\|1950\|pp=279-281}}~~		Africanus begins the seventy weeks Daniel 9 with the twentieth year of Artaxerxes, in Olympiad 83, year 4, (444 B.C.) and ends the period in Olympiad 202, year 2, (31 A.D.) or 475 solar years inclusive, which would be equivalent to 490 uncorrected lunar years.


	==Notes==		==Notes==

Nick at 12:06, 21 January 2015

2015-01-21T12:06:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 21 January 2015
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	~~eF5Twk~~ , [~~url=http:~~/~~/fymmccqxvnlo~~.~~com/~~]~~fymmccqxvnlo~~[~~/url~~], [~~link~~=~~http:~~//~~lvedsoiabayd~~.~~com~~/]~~lvedsoiabayd~~[~~/link~~], ~~http~~:~~//jxrhulfwszic.com/~~		'''Sextus Julius Africanus''' (c. 160 – c. 240) was a [[Christian]] traveller and [[historian]] of the late 2nd and early 3rd century AD. He is important chiefly because of his influence on [[Eusebius]], on all the later writers of Church history among the Fathers, and on the whole Greek school of chroniclers.

			==Biography==
			[[Suidas]] claims Julius was an "[[Ancient Libya\|Libyan]] philosopher", while [[Gelzer]] considers him of Roman descent. Julius called himself a native of Jerusalem – which some scholars consider his birthplace<sup>[]</sup> – and lived at the neighbouring [[Emmaus Nicopolis\|Emmaus]]. His chronicle indicate his familiarity with the topography of historic Palestine.

			Little of Julius's life is known and all dates are uncertain. One tradition places him under the Emperor [[Gordianus III]] (238–244), others mentions him under [[Severus Alexander]] (222–235). He appears to have known [[Abgar VIII]], the Christian King of Edessa (176–213).

			Julius may have served under [[Septimius Severus]] against the Osrhoenians in 195. He went on an embassy to the emperor [[Severus Alexander]] to ask for the restoration of [[Emmaus Nicopolis\|Emmaus]], which had fallen into ruins. His mission succeeded, and Emmaus was henceforward known as [[Emmaus Nicopolis\|Nicopolis]].

			Julius traveled to Greece and Rome and went to Alexandria to study, attracted by the fame of its catechetical school, possibly about the year 215.{{sfn\|Gelzer\|1898\|p=11}} He knew Greek (in which language he wrote), Latin, and Hebrew. He was at one time a soldier and had been a pagan; he wrote all his works as a Christian.

			Whether Julius Africanus was a layman or a cleric remains controversial. [[Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont\|Tillemont]] argued from Julius' addressing the priest [[Origen]] as "dear brother" that Julius must have been a priest himself<sup>[]</sup> but Gelzer points out that such an argument is inconclusive. Statements calling him a bishop only appear in the fourth century.

			==Writings==
			He wrote a history of the world (''Chronographiai'', in five books) from Creation to the year AD 221, covering, according to his computation, 5723 years. He calculated the period between [[Dating Creation\|Creation]] and [[Jesus]] as 5500 years, placing the [[Incarnation]] on the first day of [[Anno Mundi\|AM]] 5501 (our modern March 25 1 BC), according to Venance Grumel, ''La Chronologie'' (1958). This method of reckoning led to several Creation eras being used in the [[Greek language\|Greek]] Eastern [[Mediterranean]], which all placed Creation within one decade of 5500 BC.

			The history, which had an apologetic aim, is no longer extant, but copious extracts from it are to be found in the ''Chronicon'' of [[Eusebius of Caesarea\|Eusebius]], who used it extensively in compiling the early episcopal lists. There are also fragments in [[George Syncellus]], [[Cedrenus]] and the ''[[Chronicon Paschale]].'' Eusebius gives some extracts from his letter to one Aristides,<sup>[]</sup> reconciling the apparent discrepancy between Matthew and Luke in the genealogy of Christ by a reference to the Jewish law of [[Levirate marriage]], which compelled a man to marry the widow of his deceased brother, if the latter died without issue. His terse and pertinent letter to [[Origen]] impugning the authority of the part of the [[Book of Daniel]] that tells the story of [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)\|Susanna]], and Origen's wordy and uncritical answer, are both extant.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}

			The ascription to Africanus of an encyclopaedic work entitled ''[[Kestoi]]'' (Κέστος "embroidered"), treating of agriculture, natural history, military science, etc., has been disputed on account of its secular and often credulous character. [[August Neander]] suggested that it was written by Africanus before he had devoted himself to religious subjects. A fragment of the ''Kestoi'' was found in the [[Oxyrhynchus papyri]].<sup>[]</sup> According to the [[New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]], the Kestoi "appears to have been intended as a sort of encyclopedia of the material sciences with the cognate mathematical and technical branches, but to have contained a large proportion of merely curious, trifling, or miraculous matters, on which account the authorship of Julius has been questioned. Among the parts published are sections on agriculture, liturgiology, tactics, and medicine (including veterinary practise)."

			==Prophetic exegesis==
			Only fragments of his religious writings have been preserved. One fragment deals with [[Eschatology]].

			;Prophecy of Daniel 8

			After referring to the standard interpretation of the 'ram' and the 'he-goat', as symbolizing Persia and Greece, Africanus suggested that the 2300 days might be taken form months, totaling about 185 years which he applied to the time from the Capture of Jerusalem to the 20 year of Artaxerxes. He seems to be the only one who developed this interpretation.{{sfn\|Froom\|1950\|p=280}}

			;The 70th week

			Africanus begins the seventy weeks Daniel 9 with the twentieth year of Artaxerxes, in Olympiad 83, year 4, (444 B.C.) and ends the period in Olympiad 202, year 2, (31 A.D.) or 475 solar years inclusive, which would be equivalent to 490 uncorrected lunar years. {{sfn\|Froom\|1950\|pp=279-281}}

			==Notes==


			==References==

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Julius Africanus, Sextus}}
			[[Category:2nd-century births]]
			[[Category:2nd-century Romans]]
			[[Category:3rd-century Romans]]
			[[Category:2nd-century Christians]]
			[[Category:3rd-century Christians]]
			[[Category:3rd-century writers]]
			[[Category:3rd-century historians]]
			[[Category:Romans from Africa]]
			[[Category:Roman Libya]]
			[[Category:Roman-era Greek historians]]
			[[Category:3rd-century deaths]]
			[[Category:Libyan philosophers]]
			[[Category:Apocalypticists]]
			[[Category:2nd-century philosophers]]
			[[Category:Christian writers]]
			[[Category:Christian philosophers]]
			[[Category:Iulii]]

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