Satan - Revision history

KJV: /* In the Bible */ removed Template:Bquote - redlined

2019-01-29T22:33:09Z

In the Bible: removed Template:Bquote - redlined

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	According to the article on 'Satan' in the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]], Satan's role as the accuser is found:		According to the article on 'Satan' in the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]], Satan's role as the accuser is found:
	~~{{bquote\|~~in the prologue to the Book of Job, where Satan appears, together with other celestial beings before the Deity, replying to the inquiry of God as to whence he had come, with the words: 'From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.' (Job 1:7) Both question and answer, as well as the dialogue which follows, characterize Satan as having the evil purpose of searching out men's sins and appearing as their accuser. He is, therefore, the celestial prosecutor, who sees only iniquity; for he persists in his evil opinion of Job even after the man of Uz has passed successfully through his first trial by surrendering to the will of God, whereupon Satan demands another test through physical suffering. (ib. ii. 3-5.)}}		:in the prologue to the Book of Job, where Satan appears, together with other celestial beings before the Deity, replying to the inquiry of God as to whence he had come, with the words: 'From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.' (Job 1:7) Both question and answer, as well as the dialogue which follows, characterize Satan as having the evil purpose of searching out men's sins and appearing as their accuser. He is, therefore, the celestial prosecutor, who sees only iniquity; for he persists in his evil opinion of Job even after the man of Uz has passed successfully through his first trial by surrendering to the will of God, whereupon Satan demands another test through physical suffering. (ib. ii. 3-5.)

	~~{{bquote\|~~Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest [[Joshua]], and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God.}}		:Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest [[Joshua]], and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God.

	~~{{bquote\|~~In both of these passages Satan acts only under permission; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke [[David]] to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of [[Israel]]. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)\|Zechariah]], were influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]], even though in the case of the prophet Jewish [[monism]] strongly opposed [[Iran]]ian [[dualism]]. (Stave, ''Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum,'' pp. 253 et seq.) An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the 'accuser, persecutor, and oppressor' (Schrader, ''K. A. T.'' 3d ed., p. 463) is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bble."<ref>cite web\|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S\|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia</ref>}}		:In both of these passages Satan acts only under permission; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke [[David]] to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of [[Israel]]. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)\|Zechariah]], were influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]], even though in the case of the prophet Jewish [[monism]] strongly opposed [[Iran]]ian [[dualism]]. (Stave, ''Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum,'' pp. 253 et seq.) An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the 'accuser, persecutor, and oppressor' (Schrader, ''K. A. T.'' 3d ed., p. 463) is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bble."<ref>cite web\|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S\|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia</ref>

	===In the [[Talmud]] and other [[Rabbinic Literature\|Rabbinic Sources]]===		===In the [[Talmud]] and other [[Rabbinic Literature\|Rabbinic Sources]]===

Beza 1598: /* See Also */

2016-03-12T04:42:00Z

Nick: /* In the Hebrew Apocrypha */

2011-10-16T21:05:33Z

In the Hebrew Apocrypha

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	In the [[Book of Wisdom]], the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world.<ref>"But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom II. 24</ref>		In the [[Book of Wisdom]], the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world.<ref>"But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom II. 24</ref>

	The 2nd Book of Enoch, also called the [[2 Enoch\|Slavonic Book of Enoch]], contains references to a Watcher [[Grigori]] called Satanael.<~~ref~~>[~~[2 Enoch~~]~~] 18:3~~</~~ref~~> It is a [[pseudepigraphic]] text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven<~~ref~~>~~"And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless" -~~ [~~[2 Enoch~~]~~] 29:4~~</~~ref~~> and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful".<~~ref~~>"The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" - [[~~2 Enoch]~~] ~~31:4~~</~~ref~~> A similar story is found in the book of [[1 Enoch]]; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called [[Samyaza\|Semjâzâ]].		The 2nd Book of Enoch, also called the [[2 Enoch\|Slavonic Book of Enoch]], contains references to a Watcher [[Grigori]] called Satanael.<sup>[]</sup> It is a [[pseudepigraphic]] text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven<rsup>[]</sup> and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful".<sup>[]</sup> A similar story is found in the book of [[1 Enoch]]; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called [[Samyaza\|Semjâzâ]].

	In the apocryphal literature, Satan rules over a host of angels.<~~ref~~>''[~~[Martyrdom of Isaiah]]'', 2:2; ''[[Vita Adæ et Evæ]~~]~~'', 16)~~</~~ref~~> [[Mastema]], who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature.<~~ref~~>[~~[Book of Jubilees~~]~~], xvii. 18~~</~~ref~~>		In the apocryphal literature, Satan rules over a host of angels.<sup>[]</sup> [[Mastema]], who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature.<sup>[]</sup>

	For the [[Chasidic Jew]]s of the eighteenth century, Ha-satan was ''Baal Davar''.<~~ref~~>~~The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, © 1967~~</~~ref~~>		For the [[Chasidic Jew]]s of the eighteenth century, Ha-satan was ''Baal Davar''.<sup>[]</sup>

	The [[Book of Enoch]] contains references to [[Satariel]], thought also to be [[Sataniel]] and [[Satanel\|Satan'el]] (etymology dating back to [[Babylonian]] origins). The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren [[Michael (archangel)\|Michael]], [[Raphael (angel)\|Raphael]], [[Uriel]] and [[Gabriel]], previous to his expulsion from Heaven.		The [[Book of Enoch]] contains references to [[Satariel]], thought also to be [[Sataniel]] and [[Satanel\|Satan'el]] (etymology dating back to [[Babylonian]] origins). The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren [[Michael (archangel)\|Michael]], [[Raphael (angel)\|Raphael]], [[Uriel]] and [[Gabriel]], previous to his expulsion from Heaven.

Nick: /* Etymology */

2011-10-16T21:04:57Z

Etymology

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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==

	The word 'Satan', and the [[Arabic]] ''شيطان'' "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root ''śṭn'', meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse."<~~ref~~>~~cite web\| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html\| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn\| accessdate=2006-05-31~~</~~ref~~> An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in [[Job 1:7]]. When [[God]] asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (''mi'ŝuṭ'') the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ''ŝuṭ'' signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".		The word 'Satan', and the [[Arabic]] ''شيطان'' "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root ''śṭn'', meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse."<sup>[]</sup> An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in [[Job 1:7]]. When [[God]] asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (''mi'ŝuṭ'') the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ''ŝuṭ'' signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".

	'Satan' is שָׂטָן ''Satan'' in [[Standard Hebrew]], ''Śāṭān'' in [[Tiberian Hebrew]], סטנא ''Sāṭānā''' in [[Aramaic language\|Aramaic]], Σατανάς ''Satanás'' in [[Koine Greek]], ''Satanas'' in [[Latin]], شيطان ''Šeytân'' in [[Persian language\|Persian]], شيطان ''Šayṭān'' in [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], ሳይጣን ''Sāyṭān'' in [[Ge'ez alphabet\|Ge'ez]], ''Şeytan'' in [[Turkish language\|Turkish]], and شيطان ''Shāitān'' in [[Urdu language\|Urdu]].		'Satan' is שָׂטָן ''Satan'' in [[Standard Hebrew]], ''Śāṭān'' in [[Tiberian Hebrew]], סטנא ''Sāṭānā''' in [[Aramaic language\|Aramaic]], Σατανάς ''Satanás'' in [[Koine Greek]], ''Satanas'' in [[Latin]], شيطان ''Šeytân'' in [[Persian language\|Persian]], شيطان ''Šayṭān'' in [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], ሳይጣን ''Sāyṭān'' in [[Ge'ez alphabet\|Ge'ez]], ''Şeytan'' in [[Turkish language\|Turkish]], and شيطان ''Shāitān'' in [[Urdu language\|Urdu]].

Nick at 23:30, 7 July 2009

2009-07-07T23:30:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:30, 7 July 2009
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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==

	The word 'Satan', and the [[Arabic]] ''شيطان'' "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root ''~~{{unicode\|~~śṭn}}'', meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse."<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html\| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn\| accessdate=2006-05-31}}</ref> An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in ~~{{bibleverse\|\|~~Job\|1:7~~\|HE}}~~. When [[God]] asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (''~~{{unicode\|~~mi'ŝuṭ}}'') the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ''~~{{unicode\|~~ŝuṭ}}'' signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".		The word 'Satan', and the [[Arabic]] ''شيطان'' "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root ''śṭn'', meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse."<ref>cite web\| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html\| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn\| accessdate=2006-05-31</ref> An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in [[Job 1:7]]. When [[God]] asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (''mi'ŝuṭ'') the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ''ŝuṭ'' signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".

	'Satan' is ~~{{unicode\|~~שָׂטָן}} ''Satan'' in [[Standard Hebrew]], ''~~{{unicode\|~~Śāṭān}}'' in [[Tiberian Hebrew]], ~~{{unicode\|~~סטנא}} ''~~{{unicode\|~~Sāṭānā'}}'' in [[Aramaic language\|Aramaic]], Σατανάς ''Satanás'' in [[Koine Greek]], ''Satanas'' in [[Latin]], ~~{{unicode\|~~شيطان}} ''~~{{unicode\|~~Šeytân}}'' in [[Persian language\|Persian]], ~~{{unicode\|~~شيطان}} ''~~{{unicode\|~~Šayṭān}}'' in [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], ~~{{unicode\|~~ሳይጣን}} ''~~{{Unicode\|~~Sāyṭān}}'' in [[Ge'ez alphabet\|Ge'ez]], ''~~{{unicode\|~~Şeytan}}'' in [[Turkish language\|Turkish]], and ~~{{unicode\|~~شيطان}} ''~~{{unicode\|~~Shāitān}}'' in [[Urdu language\|Urdu]].		'Satan' is שָׂטָן ''Satan'' in [[Standard Hebrew]], ''Śāṭān'' in [[Tiberian Hebrew]], סטנא ''Sāṭānā''' in [[Aramaic language\|Aramaic]], Σατανάς ''Satanás'' in [[Koine Greek]], ''Satanas'' in [[Latin]], شيطان ''Šeytân'' in [[Persian language\|Persian]], شيطان ''Šayṭān'' in [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], ሳይጣን ''Sāyṭān'' in [[Ge'ez alphabet\|Ge'ez]], ''Şeytan'' in [[Turkish language\|Turkish]], and شيطان ''Shāitān'' in [[Urdu language\|Urdu]].

	==In Judaism==		==In Judaism==
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	{{bquote\|Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest [[Joshua]], and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God.}}		{{bquote\|Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest [[Joshua]], and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God.}}

	{{bquote\|In both of these passages Satan acts only under permission; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke [[David]] to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of [[Israel]]. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)\|Zechariah]], were influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]], even though in the case of the prophet Jewish [[monism]] strongly opposed [[Iran]]ian [[dualism]]. (Stave, ''Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum,'' pp. 253 et seq.) An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the 'accuser, persecutor, and oppressor' (Schrader, ''K. A. T.'' 3d ed., p. 463) is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bble."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S\|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia}}</ref>}}		{{bquote\|In both of these passages Satan acts only under permission; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke [[David]] to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of [[Israel]]. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)\|Zechariah]], were influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]], even though in the case of the prophet Jewish [[monism]] strongly opposed [[Iran]]ian [[dualism]]. (Stave, ''Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum,'' pp. 253 et seq.) An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the 'accuser, persecutor, and oppressor' (Schrader, ''K. A. T.'' 3d ed., p. 463) is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bble."<ref>cite web\|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S\|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia</ref>}}

	===In the [[Talmud]] and other [[Rabbinic Literature\|Rabbinic Sources]]===		===In the [[Talmud]] and other [[Rabbinic Literature\|Rabbinic Sources]]===
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	==In Christianity==		==In Christianity==
	~~{{main\|~~Christian teaching about the Devil}}		''See Also [[Christian teaching about the Devil]]''
	~~{{seealso\|~~War in Heaven}}		''See Also [[War in Heaven]]''

	In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with 'Satan' include:		In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with 'Satan' include:
	* The most common English synonym for 'Satan' is 'Devil', which descends from [[Middle English]] ''devel'', from [[Old English]] ''dēofol'', that in turn represents an early [[Germanic languages\|Germanic]] borrowing of Latin ''diabolus'' (also the source of 'diabolical'). This in turn was borrowed from Greek ''diabolos'' "slanderer," from ''diaballein'' "to slander": ''dia-'' "across, through" + ''ballein'' "to hurl."<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html\| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Devil\| accessdate=2006-05-31}}</ref> In the [[New Testament]], 'Satan' occurs more than thirty times in passages alongside ''Diabolos'' (Greek for "the devil"), referring to the same person or thing as Satan.<ref>~~{{bibleverse\|\|~~Revelation\|12:9}}</ref>		* The most common English synonym for 'Satan' is 'Devil', which descends from [[Middle English]] ''devel'', from [[Old English]] ''dēofol'', that in turn represents an early [[Germanic languages\|Germanic]] borrowing of Latin ''diabolus'' (also the source of 'diabolical'). This in turn was borrowed from Greek ''diabolos'' "slanderer," from ''diaballein'' "to slander": ''dia-'' "across, through" + ''ballein'' "to hurl."<ref>cite web\| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html\| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Devil\| accessdate=2006-05-31</ref> In the [[New Testament]], 'Satan' occurs more than thirty times in passages alongside ''Diabolos'' (Greek for "the devil"), referring to the same person or thing as Satan.<ref>[[Revelation 12:9]]</ref>
	* [[Lucifer]] is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen "son of the dawn" of Isaiah 14:12 with the "accuser" of other passages in the Old Testament.		* [[Lucifer]] is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen "son of the dawn" of [[Isaiah 14:12]] with the "accuser" of other passages in the [[Old Testament]].
	* [[Beelzebub]] is originally the name of a [[Philistine]] god (more specifically a certain type of [[Baal]], from ''Ba‘al Zebûb'', lit. "Lord of Flies") but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub," appears in [[The Divine Comedy]].		* [[Beelzebub]] is originally the name of a [[Philistine]] god (more specifically a certain type of [[Baal]], from ''Ba‘al Zebûb'', lit. "Lord of Flies") but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub," appears in [[The Divine Comedy]].
	* "The dragon" and "the old serpent" in the [[Book of Revelation]] 12:9, 20:2 have also been identified with Satan, as have "the prince of this world" in the [[~~Book of~~ John]] 12:31, 14:30; "the prince of the power of the air" also called Meririm, and "the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience" in the [[~~Book of~~ Ephesians]] 2:2; and "the god of this world" in [[2 Corinthians]] 4:4.<ref>{{bibleverse\|2\|Corinthians\|2:2}}</ref>		* "The dragon" and "the old serpent" in the [[Book of Revelation]] 12:9, 20:2 have also been identified with Satan, as have "the prince of this world" in the Book of [[John 12:31]], [[John 14:30\|14:30]]; "the prince of the power of the air" also called Meririm, and "the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience" in the Book of [[Ephesians 2:2]]; and "the god of this world" in [[2 Corinthians]] 4:4.<ref>{{bibleverse\|2\|Corinthians\|2:2</ref>
	* [[Leviathan]] is described as "that crooked serpent," which is also used to describe Satan in Revelation 12:9. 'Sar ha Olam,' a possible name for [[Metatron]], is described as Satan by [[Michael (archangel)\|Michael]], [[Jehoel]] and [[Paul of Tarsus\|St. Paul]].		* [[Leviathan]] is described as "that crooked serpent," which is also used to describe Satan in Revelation 12:9. 'Sar ha Olam,' a possible name for [[Metatron]], is described as Satan by [[Michael (archangel)\|Michael]], [[Jehoel]] and [[Paul of Tarsus\|St. Paul]].
	[[Image:DVinfernoLuciferKingOfHell m.jpg\|thumb\|left\|235px\|Satan as depicted in [[Cocytus\|the Ninth Circle of Hell]] in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy\|Inferno]]'', illustrated by [[Gustave Doré]].]]		[[Image:DVinfernoLuciferKingOfHell m.jpg\|thumb\|left\|235px\|Satan as depicted in [[Cocytus\|the Ninth Circle of Hell]] in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy\|Inferno]]'', illustrated by [[Gustave Doré]].]]
	In mainstream Christianity's understanding of the holy Hebrew scriptures, the [[Torah]], Satan is a synonym for the [[Devil]]. For most Christians, he is believed to be an [[angel]] who rebelled against [[God]]— and also the one who spoke through the [[serpent (symbolism)\|serpent]] and seduced Eve into disobeying God's command. His ultimate goal is to lead people away from the love of God — to lead them to fallacies which God opposes. Satan is also identified as the accuser of [[Book of Job\|Job]], the tempter in the [[Gospels]], the secret power of lawlessness in ~~{{bibleverse\|~~2\|Thessalonians\|2:7}}, and the dragon in the [[Book of Revelation]]. Before his insurrection, Satan was among the highest of all angels and the "[[Lucifer\|brightest in the sky]]." His pride is considered a reason why he would not bow to God as all other angels did, but sought to rule heaven himself. The popularly held beliefs that Satan was once a prideful angel who eventually rebels against God, however, are barely portrayed explicitly in the Bible and are mostly based on inference. Moreover, in mainstream Christianity he is called "the ruler of the demons" (Matt. 12:24), "the ruler of the world" and even "the god of this world." (2 Cor. 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan will be cast out of Heaven, down to the earth, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments and hold to the testimony of [[Jesus]]". Ultimately, Satan is thrown into the "lake of fire" (~~{{bibleref\|~~Revelation\|20:10}}), not as ruler, but as one among many, being tormented day and night for all eternity.		In mainstream Christianity's understanding of the holy Hebrew scriptures, the [[Torah]], Satan is a synonym for the [[Devil]]. For most Christians, he is believed to be an [[angel]] who rebelled against [[God]]— and also the one who spoke through the [[serpent (symbolism)\|serpent]] and seduced Eve into disobeying God's command. His ultimate goal is to lead people away from the love of God — to lead them to fallacies which God opposes. Satan is also identified as the accuser of [[Book of Job\|Job]], the tempter in the [[Gospels]], the secret power of lawlessness in [[2 Thessalonians 2:7]], and the dragon in the [[Book of Revelation]]. Before his insurrection, Satan was among the highest of all angels and the "[[Lucifer\|brightest in the sky]]." His pride is considered a reason why he would not bow to God as all other angels did, but sought to rule heaven himself. The popularly held beliefs that Satan was once a prideful angel who eventually rebels against God, however, are barely portrayed explicitly in the Bible and are mostly based on inference. Moreover, in mainstream Christianity he is called "the ruler of the demons" ([[Matt. 12:24]]), "the ruler of the world" and even "the god of this world." (2 Cor. 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan will be cast out of Heaven, down to the earth, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments and hold to the testimony of [[Jesus]]". Ultimately, Satan is thrown into the "lake of fire" ([[Revelation 20:10]]), not as ruler, but as one among many, being tormented day and night for all eternity.

	In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the [[Devil in Christianity#Christadelphians\|Christadelphians]]) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm \|title=Do you Believe in a Devil? He is a saint. \|accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>		In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the [[Devil in Christianity#Christadelphians\|Christadelphians]]) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.<ref>cite web \|url=http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm \|title=Do you Believe in a Devil? He is a saint. \|accessdate=2007-05-29 </ref>

	==See Also==		==See Also==
	[[Article: Lucifer by Will Kinney]]		[[Article: Lucifer by Will Kinney]]

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In Christianity

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	In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the [[Devil in Christianity#Christadelphians\|Christadelphians]]) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm \|title=Do you Believe in a Devil? He is a saint. \|accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>		In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the [[Devil in Christianity#Christadelphians\|Christadelphians]]) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm \|title=Do you Believe in a Devil? He is a saint. \|accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>

			==See Also==
			[[Article:Lucifer by Will Kinney]]

Nick: Protected "Satan" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

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Protected "Satan" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

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Nick: New page: Satan (Standard Hebrew: השָׂטָן ha-Satan ("the accuser")) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic religions, being traditionally applied to an angel in Judeo-Christian belief, ...

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New page: Satan (Standard Hebrew: השָׂטָן ha-Satan ("the accuser")) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic religions, being traditionally applied to an angel in Judeo-Christian belief, ...

New page

Satan (Standard Hebrew: השָׂטָן ha-Satan ("the accuser")) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic religions, being traditionally applied to an angel in Judeo-Christian belief, and to a jinn in Islamic belief.

Originally, this figure was the one who challenged the religious faith of humans in the Hebrew Bible. Since then, the Abrahamic religions have variously regarded Satan as a rebellious fallen angel or demon that tempts humans to sin or commit evil deeds. Others regard the Biblical Satan as an allegory that represents a crisis of faith, individualism, free will, wisdom and enlightenment.

==Etymology==

The word 'Satan', and the [[Arabic]] ''شيطان'' "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root ''{{unicode|śṭn}}'', meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn| accessdate=2006-05-31}}</ref> An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in {{bibleverse||Job|1:7|HE}}. When [[God]] asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (''{{unicode|mi'ŝuṭ}}'') the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ''{{unicode|ŝuṭ}}'' signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".

'Satan' is {{unicode|שָׂטָן}} ''Satan'' in [[Standard Hebrew]], ''{{unicode|Śāṭān}}'' in [[Tiberian Hebrew]], {{unicode|סטנא}} ''{{unicode|Sāṭānā'}}'' in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], Σατανάς ''Satanás'' in [[Koine Greek]], ''Satanas'' in [[Latin]], {{unicode|شيطان}} ''{{unicode|Šeytân}}'' in [[Persian language|Persian]], {{unicode|شيطان}} ''{{unicode|Šayṭān}}'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], {{unicode|ሳይጣን}} ''{{Unicode|Sāyṭān}}'' in [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]], ''{{unicode|Şeytan}}'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and {{unicode|شيطان}} ''{{unicode|Shāitān}}'' in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].

==In Judaism==
===In the Hebrew Apocrypha===
[[The Apocrypha]] are religious writings which are not generally accepted as scripture by [[Judaism]] and many modern-day Protestant sects of [[Christianity]]. These works usually bore the names of ancient Hebrew worthies in order to establish their validity among the true writers' contemporaries. To reconcile the late appearance of the texts with their claims to primitive antiquity, alleged authors are represented as "shutting up and sealing" (Dan. XII. 4:9) the works until the time of their fulfillment had arrived; as the texts were not meant for their own generations but for far-distant ages (also cited in [[Assumption of Moses]] I. 16:17).

In the [[Book of Wisdom]], the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world.<ref>"But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom II. 24</ref>

The 2nd Book of Enoch, also called the [[2 Enoch|Slavonic Book of Enoch]], contains references to a Watcher [[Grigori]] called Satanael.<ref>[[2 Enoch]] 18:3</ref> It is a [[pseudepigraphic]] text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven<ref>"And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless" - [[2 Enoch]] 29:4</ref> and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful".<ref>"The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" - [[2 Enoch]] 31:4</ref> A similar story is found in the book of [[1 Enoch]]; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called [[Samyaza|Semjâzâ]].

In the apocryphal literature, Satan rules over a host of angels.<ref>''[[Martyrdom of Isaiah]]'', 2:2; ''[[Vita Adæ et Evæ]]'', 16)</ref> [[Mastema]], who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature.<ref>[[Book of Jubilees]], xvii. 18</ref>

For the [[Chasidic Jew]]s of the eighteenth century, Ha-satan was ''Baal Davar''.<ref>The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, © 1967</ref>

The [[Book of Enoch]] contains references to [[Satariel]], thought also to be [[Sataniel]] and [[Satanel|Satan'el]] (etymology dating back to [[Babylonian]] origins). The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Raphael (angel)|Raphael]], [[Uriel]] and [[Gabriel]], previous to his expulsion from Heaven.

===In the Bible===
Where Satan does appear in the Bible, he plays the role of the Accuser.

According to the article on 'Satan' in the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]], Satan's role as the accuser is found:
{{bquote|in the prologue to the Book of Job, where Satan appears, together with other celestial beings before the Deity, replying to the inquiry of God as to whence he had come, with the words: 'From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.' (Job 1:7) Both question and answer, as well as the dialogue which follows, characterize Satan as having the evil purpose of searching out men's sins and appearing as their accuser. He is, therefore, the celestial prosecutor, who sees only iniquity; for he persists in his evil opinion of Job even after the man of Uz has passed successfully through his first trial by surrendering to the will of God, whereupon Satan demands another test through physical suffering. (ib. ii. 3-5.)}}

{{bquote|Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest [[Joshua]], and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God.}}

{{bquote|In both of these passages Satan acts only under permission; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke [[David]] to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of [[Israel]]. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]], were influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]], even though in the case of the prophet Jewish [[monism]] strongly opposed [[Iran]]ian [[dualism]]. (Stave, ''Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum,'' pp. 253 et seq.) An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the 'accuser, persecutor, and oppressor' (Schrader, ''K. A. T.'' 3d ed., p. 463) is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bble."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia}}</ref>}}

===In the [[Talmud]] and other [[Rabbinic Literature|Rabbinic Sources]]===
The Talmud mentions the Satan in many places. In all of these places, the Satan is merely an agent of God, and has no independent existence. Sometimes the Satan is conflated with various demons, such as [[Asmodai]]. At times there is even some sympathy for him. Commenting on the Book of Job, the rabbis express sympathy that his job was to "break the barrel but not spill any wine."

In [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] literature and its derivative, [[Hasidic_Judaism|Hasidic]] literature, the Satan is seen as an agent of God whose job is to tempt one into [[sin]], and then turn around and accuse the sinner on high. An additional understanding of Satan is from a parable to a prostitute who is hired by the King (God) to tempt his son (a Jew). The prostitute has to do the best she can to tempt the son; but deep down she hopes the son will pass the test. Similarly, Kabbalistic/Hasidic thought sees the Satan in the same situation. His job is to tempt us as best he can; turn around and accuse us; but deep down his wish is that we would resist his blandishments.

==In Christianity==
{{main|Christian teaching about the Devil}}
{{seealso|War in Heaven}}

In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with 'Satan' include:
* The most common English synonym for 'Satan' is 'Devil', which descends from [[Middle English]] ''devel'', from [[Old English]] ''dēofol'', that in turn represents an early [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] borrowing of Latin ''diabolus'' (also the source of 'diabolical'). This in turn was borrowed from Greek ''diabolos'' "slanderer," from ''diaballein'' "to slander": ''dia-'' "across, through" + ''ballein'' "to hurl."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Devil| accessdate=2006-05-31}}</ref> In the [[New Testament]], 'Satan' occurs more than thirty times in passages alongside ''Diabolos'' (Greek for "the devil"), referring to the same person or thing as Satan.<ref>{{bibleverse||Revelation|12:9}}</ref>
* [[Lucifer]] is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen "son of the dawn" of Isaiah 14:12 with the "accuser" of other passages in the Old Testament.
* [[Beelzebub]] is originally the name of a [[Philistine]] god (more specifically a certain type of [[Baal]], from ''Ba‘al Zebûb'', lit. "Lord of Flies") but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub," appears in [[The Divine Comedy]].
* "The dragon" and "the old serpent" in the [[Book of Revelation]] 12:9, 20:2 have also been identified with Satan, as have "the prince of this world" in the [[Book of John]] 12:31, 14:30; "the prince of the power of the air" also called Meririm, and "the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience" in the [[Book of Ephesians]] 2:2; and "the god of this world" in [[2 Corinthians]] 4:4.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Corinthians|2:2}}</ref>
* [[Leviathan]] is described as "that crooked serpent," which is also used to describe Satan in Revelation 12:9. 'Sar ha Olam,' a possible name for [[Metatron]], is described as Satan by [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Jehoel]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]].
[[Image:DVinfernoLuciferKingOfHell m.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Satan as depicted in [[Cocytus|the Ninth Circle of Hell]] in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy|Inferno]]'', illustrated by [[Gustave Doré]].]]
In mainstream Christianity's understanding of the holy Hebrew scriptures, the [[Torah]], Satan is a synonym for the [[Devil]]. For most Christians, he is believed to be an [[angel]] who rebelled against [[God]]— and also the one who spoke through the [[serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] and seduced Eve into disobeying God's command. His ultimate goal is to lead people away from the love of God — to lead them to fallacies which God opposes. Satan is also identified as the accuser of [[Book of Job|Job]], the tempter in the [[Gospels]], the secret power of lawlessness in {{bibleverse|2|Thessalonians|2:7}}, and the dragon in the [[Book of Revelation]]. Before his insurrection, Satan was among the highest of all angels and the "[[Lucifer|brightest in the sky]]." His pride is considered a reason why he would not bow to God as all other angels did, but sought to rule heaven himself. The popularly held beliefs that Satan was once a prideful angel who eventually rebels against God, however, are barely portrayed explicitly in the Bible and are mostly based on inference. Moreover, in mainstream Christianity he is called "the ruler of the demons" (Matt. 12:24), "the ruler of the world" and even "the god of this world." (2 Cor. 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan will be cast out of Heaven, down to the earth, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments and hold to the testimony of [[Jesus]]". Ultimately, Satan is thrown into the "lake of fire" ({{bibleref|Revelation|20:10}}), not as ruler, but as one among many, being tormented day and night for all eternity.

In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the [[Devil in Christianity#Christadelphians|Christadelphians]]) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm |title=Do you Believe in a Devil? He is a saint. |accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>

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	==See Also==		==See Also==
	[[Article: Lucifer by Will Kinney]]		[[Article: Lucifer by Will Kinney]]

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	==See Also==		==See Also==
	[[Article:Lucifer by Will Kinney]]		[[Article: Lucifer by Will Kinney]]