Russia - Revision history

Beza 1598 at 09:25, 8 March 2016

2016-03-08T09:25:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:25, 8 March 2016
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	* [[Portal:Russia\|Russian Portal]]		* [[Portal:Russia\|Russian Portal]]

			{{Donate}}

Nick at 13:37, 29 September 2011

2011-09-29T13:37:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 29 September 2011
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	See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia Wikipedia Article on Russia]		See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia Wikipedia Article on Russia]

			==See Also==

			* [[Portal:Russia\|Russian Portal]]

Nick: Replacing page with 'See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia Wikipedia Article on Russia]'

2011-09-29T13:36:43Z

Replacing page with 'See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia Wikipedia Article on Russia]'

Show changes

Nick: /* Demographics */

2011-03-22T13:59:49Z

Demographics

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:59, 22 March 2011
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	==Demographics==		==Demographics==
	~~{{Main\|~~Demographics of Russia}}
			See Also [[Demographics of Russia]]

	<div style="font-size: 90%">		<div style="font-size: 90%">
	{\| class="wikitable" style="border:1px black; float:left; margin-left:1em;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border:1px black; float:left; margin-left:1em;"
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	\|}		\|}
	</div>		</div>
	[[~~File~~:Population of Russia.PNG\|thumb\|Population (in millions) 1950–1991 of [[Russian SFSR]] in [[USSR]], 1991 – 1 January 2010 of Russian Federation.]]		[[Image:Population of Russia.PNG\|thumb\|Population (in millions) 1950–1991 of [[Russian SFSR]] in [[USSR]], 1991 – 1 January 2010 of Russian Federation.]]
	Ethnic Russians comprise 79.8% of the country's population; however the Russian Federation is also home to several sizeable minorities. In total, 160 different other ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within its borders.<sup>[]</sup> Though Russia's population is comparatively large, [[List of countries by population density\|its density is low]] because of the country's enormous size. Population is densest in [[European Russia]], near the [[Ural Mountains]], and in southwest [[Siberia]]. 73% of the population lives in urban areas while 27% in rural ones.<sup>[]</sup> The total population is 141,927,297 people as of 1 January 2010.<sup>[]</sup/>		Ethnic Russians comprise 79.8% of the country's population; however the Russian Federation is also home to several sizeable minorities. In total, 160 different other ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within its borders.<sup>[]</sup> Though Russia's population is comparatively large, [[List of countries by population density\|its density is low]] because of the country's enormous size. Population is densest in [[European Russia]], near the [[Ural Mountains]], and in southwest [[Siberia]]. 73% of the population lives in urban areas while 27% in rural ones.<sup>[]</sup> The total population is 141,927,297 people as of 1 January 2010.<sup>[]</sup/>

Nick: /* Science and technology */

2011-03-22T13:59:16Z

Science and technology

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	In the 20th century a number of prominent [[Soviet aerospace engineers]], inspired by the fundamental works of [[Nikolai Zhukovsky]], [[Sergei Chaplygin]] and others, designed many hundreds of models of military and civilian aircraft and founded a number of ''KBs'' (''Construction Bureaus'') that now constitute the bulk of Russian [[United Aircraft Corporation]]. Famous Russian aircrafts include the civilian [[Tupolev\|Tu]]-series, [[Sukhoi\|Su]] and [[MiG\|MiG fighter aircraft]]s, [[Kamov\|Ka]] and [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant\|Mi]]-series helicopters; many Russian aircraft models are on the [[list of most produced aircraft]] in history.		In the 20th century a number of prominent [[Soviet aerospace engineers]], inspired by the fundamental works of [[Nikolai Zhukovsky]], [[Sergei Chaplygin]] and others, designed many hundreds of models of military and civilian aircraft and founded a number of ''KBs'' (''Construction Bureaus'') that now constitute the bulk of Russian [[United Aircraft Corporation]]. Famous Russian aircrafts include the civilian [[Tupolev\|Tu]]-series, [[Sukhoi\|Su]] and [[MiG\|MiG fighter aircraft]]s, [[Kamov\|Ka]] and [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant\|Mi]]-series helicopters; many Russian aircraft models are on the [[list of most produced aircraft]] in history.

	Famous Russian battle tanks include [[T-34]], the best tank design of World War II,<sup>[]</sup and further tanks of T-series, including the most produced tank in history, [[T-54/55]].<sup>[]</sup> The [[AK-47]] and [[AK-74]] by [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]] constitute the most widely used type of [[assault rifle]] throughout the world—so much so that more AK-type rifles have been manufactured than all other assault rifles combined.<sup>[]</sup>		Famous Russian battle tanks include [[T-34]], the best tank design of World War II,<sup>[]</sup> and further tanks of T-series, including the most produced tank in history, [[T-54/55]].<sup>[]</sup> The [[AK-47]] and [[AK-74]] by [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]] constitute the most widely used type of [[assault rifle]] throughout the world—so much so that more AK-type rifles have been manufactured than all other assault rifles combined.<sup>[]</sup>

	With all these achievements, however, since the late Soviet era Russia was lagging behind [[the West]] in a number of technologies, mostly those related to [[energy conservation]] and [[consumer goods]] production. The crisis of 1990-s led to the drastic reduction of the state support for science and a [[brain drain]] migration from Russia.		With all these achievements, however, since the late Soviet era Russia was lagging behind [[the West]] in a number of technologies, mostly those related to [[energy conservation]] and [[consumer goods]] production. The crisis of 1990-s led to the drastic reduction of the state support for science and a [[brain drain]] migration from Russia.

Nick: /* Science and technology */

2011-03-22T13:58:44Z

Science and technology

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	===Science and technology===		===Science and technology===
	~~{{Main\|~~Science and technology in Russia\|Russian scientists\|Russian inventions\|Russian inventors}}		See Also [[Science and technology in Russia]] [[Russian scientists]] [[Russian inventions]] [[Russian inventors]]

	Science and technology in Russia blossomed since the [[Age of Enlightenment]], when [[Peter the Great]] founded the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]], and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] established the [[Moscow State University]], paving the way for a strong native tradition in learning and innovation. In the 19th and 20th centuries the country produced a large number of [[Russian scientists\|notable scientists]] and [[Russian inventors\|inventors]].		Science and technology in Russia blossomed since the [[Age of Enlightenment]], when [[Peter the Great]] founded the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]], and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] established the [[Moscow State University]], paving the way for a strong native tradition in learning and innovation. In the 19th and 20th centuries the country produced a large number of [[Russian scientists\|notable scientists]] and [[Russian inventors\|inventors]].

	[[~~File~~:Lomonosovportrait.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]]		[[Image:Lomonosovportrait.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]]
	The [[Russian physics school]] began with Lomonosov who proposed the law of conservation of matter preceding the [[energy conservation law]]. Russian discoveries and inventions in physics include the [[electric arc]], electrodynamical [[Lenz's law]], [[space groups]] of [[crystal]]s, [[photoelectric cell]], [[Cherenkov radiation]], [[electron paramagnetic resonance]], [[heterotransistor]]s and [[3D holography]]. [[Laser]]s and [[maser]]s were co-invented by [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]], while the idea of [[tokamak]] for controlled [[nuclear fusion]] was introduced by [[Igor Tamm]], [[Andrei Sakharov]] and [[Lev Artsimovich]], leading eventually the modern international [[ITER]] project, where Russia is a party.		The [[Russian physics school]] began with Lomonosov who proposed the law of conservation of matter preceding the [[energy conservation law]]. Russian discoveries and inventions in physics include the [[electric arc]], electrodynamical [[Lenz's law]], [[space groups]] of [[crystal]]s, [[photoelectric cell]], [[Cherenkov radiation]], [[electron paramagnetic resonance]], [[heterotransistor]]s and [[3D holography]]. [[Laser]]s and [[maser]]s were co-invented by [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]], while the idea of [[tokamak]] for controlled [[nuclear fusion]] was introduced by [[Igor Tamm]], [[Andrei Sakharov]] and [[Lev Artsimovich]], leading eventually the modern international [[ITER]] project, where Russia is a party.

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	Many Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]], like [[Igor Sikorsky]], who built the first [[airliner]]s and modern-type helicopters; [[Vladimir Zworykin]], often called the father of [[TV]]; chemist [[Ilya Prigogine]], noted for his work on [[dissipative structures]] and [[complex systems]]; [[Nobel Prize]]-winning economists [[Simon Kuznets]] and [[Wassily Leontief]]; physicist [[Georgiy Gamov]] (an author of the [[Big Bang]] theory) and social scientist [[Pitirim Sorokin]]. Many foreigners worked in Russia for a long time, like [[Leonard Euler]] and [[Alfred Nobel]].		Many Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]], like [[Igor Sikorsky]], who built the first [[airliner]]s and modern-type helicopters; [[Vladimir Zworykin]], often called the father of [[TV]]; chemist [[Ilya Prigogine]], noted for his work on [[dissipative structures]] and [[complex systems]]; [[Nobel Prize]]-winning economists [[Simon Kuznets]] and [[Wassily Leontief]]; physicist [[Georgiy Gamov]] (an author of the [[Big Bang]] theory) and social scientist [[Pitirim Sorokin]]. Many foreigners worked in Russia for a long time, like [[Leonard Euler]] and [[Alfred Nobel]].

	[[~~File~~:Soyuz TMA-2 launch.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|220px\|Soyuz TMA-2 launch.jpg\|[[Soyuz TMA-2]] is launched from [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]] carrying one of the first resident crews to the [[International Space Station]].]]		[[Image:Soyuz TMA-2 launch.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|220px\|Soyuz TMA-2 launch.jpg\|[[Soyuz TMA-2]] is launched from [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]] carrying one of the first resident crews to the [[International Space Station]].]]
	[[Russian inventions]] include the [[arc welding]] by [[Nikolay Benardos]], further developed by [[Nikolay Slavyanov]], [[Konstantin Khrenov]] and other Russian engineers. [[Gleb Kotelnikov]] invented the [[knapsack parachute]], while [[Evgeniy Chertovsky]] introduced the [[pressure suit]]. [[Alexander Lodygin]] and [[Pavel Yablochkov]] were pioneers of [[electric lighting]], and [[Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky]] introduced the first [[three-phase electric power]] systems, widely used today. [[Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev\|Sergei Lebedev]] invented the first commercially viable and mass-produced type of [[synthetic rubber]]. The first [[ternary computer]], ''[[Setun]]'', was developed by [[Nikolay Brusentsov]],		[[Russian inventions]] include the [[arc welding]] by [[Nikolay Benardos]], further developed by [[Nikolay Slavyanov]], [[Konstantin Khrenov]] and other Russian engineers. [[Gleb Kotelnikov]] invented the [[knapsack parachute]], while [[Evgeniy Chertovsky]] introduced the [[pressure suit]]. [[Alexander Lodygin]] and [[Pavel Yablochkov]] were pioneers of [[electric lighting]], and [[Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky]] introduced the first [[three-phase electric power]] systems, widely used today. [[Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev\|Sergei Lebedev]] invented the first commercially viable and mass-produced type of [[synthetic rubber]]. The first [[ternary computer]], ''[[Setun]]'', was developed by [[Nikolay Brusentsov]],

Nick: /* Visual arts */

2011-03-22T13:57:39Z

Visual arts

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	See Also [[Russian artists]]		See Also [[Russian artists]]

	[[~~File~~:Andrej Rublëv 001.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|upright\|The ''[[Trinity (Rublev)\|Trinity]]'' icon by [[Andrei Rublev]].]]		[[Image:Andrej Rublëv 001.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|upright\|The ''[[Trinity (Rublev)\|Trinity]]'' icon by [[Andrei Rublev]].]]
	Early Russian painting is represented in [[Russian icons\|icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s, the two genres inherited from [[Byzantium]]. As Moscow rose to power, [[Theophanes the Greek]], [[Dionisius]] and [[Andrei Rublev]] became vital names associated with a distinctly Russian art.		Early Russian painting is represented in [[Russian icons\|icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s, the two genres inherited from [[Byzantium]]. As Moscow rose to power, [[Theophanes the Greek]], [[Dionisius]] and [[Andrei Rublev]] became vital names associated with a distinctly Russian art.

Nick: /* Visual arts */

2011-03-22T13:57:25Z

Visual arts

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 22 March 2011
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	===Visual arts===		===Visual arts===
	~~{{Main\|~~Russian artists}}		See Also [[Russian artists]]

	[[File:Andrej Rublëv 001.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|upright\|The ''[[Trinity (Rublev)\|Trinity]]'' icon by [[Andrei Rublev]].]]		[[File:Andrej Rublëv 001.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|upright\|The ''[[Trinity (Rublev)\|Trinity]]'' icon by [[Andrei Rublev]].]]
	Early Russian painting is represented in [[Russian icons\|icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s, the two genres inherited from [[Byzantium]]. As Moscow rose to power, [[Theophanes the Greek]], [[Dionisius]] and [[Andrei Rublev]] became vital names associated with a distinctly Russian art.		Early Russian painting is represented in [[Russian icons\|icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s, the two genres inherited from [[Byzantium]]. As Moscow rose to power, [[Theophanes the Greek]], [[Dionisius]] and [[Andrei Rublev]] became vital names associated with a distinctly Russian art.

Nick: /* National holidays and symbols */

2011-03-22T13:57:04Z

National holidays and symbols

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	Popular non-public holidays include [[Old New Year]] (New Year according to Julian Calendar on 14 January), [[Tatiana Day]] (students holiday on 25 January), [[Maslenitsa]] (an old pagan spring holidaya week before the [[Great Lent]]), [[Cosmonautics Day]] (a day of [[Yury Gagarin]]'s first ever human trip into space on 12 April), [[Ivan Kupala Day]] (another pagan Slavic holiday on 7 July) and [[Peter and Fevronia Day]] (taking place on 8 July and being the Russian analogue of [[Valentine's Day]], which focuses, however, on the family love and fidelity).		Popular non-public holidays include [[Old New Year]] (New Year according to Julian Calendar on 14 January), [[Tatiana Day]] (students holiday on 25 January), [[Maslenitsa]] (an old pagan spring holidaya week before the [[Great Lent]]), [[Cosmonautics Day]] (a day of [[Yury Gagarin]]'s first ever human trip into space on 12 April), [[Ivan Kupala Day]] (another pagan Slavic holiday on 7 July) and [[Peter and Fevronia Day]] (taking place on 8 July and being the Russian analogue of [[Valentine's Day]], which focuses, however, on the family love and fidelity).

	[[~~File~~:Alyye parusa.jpg\|thumb\|240px\|[[Scarlet Sails (tradition)\|Scarlet Sails]] celebration on the [[Neva]] river in [[Saint Petersburg]].]]		[[Image:Alyye parusa.jpg\|thumb\|240px\|[[Scarlet Sails (tradition)\|Scarlet Sails]] celebration on the [[Neva]] river in [[Saint Petersburg]].]]
	State symbols of Russia include the [[Byzantine]] [[double-headed eagle]], combined with [[St. George of Moscow]] in the [[Russian coat of arms]]. [[Russian flag]] dates from the late [[Tsardom of Russia]] period and became widely used since [[Russian Empire]] times. [[Russian anthem]] shares its music with the [[Soviet Anthem]], though not the lyrics. The imperial [[motto]] ''God is with us'' and the Soviet motto ''Proletarians of all countries, unite!'' are now obsolete and no new motto has replaced them. The [[hammer and sickle]] and the full [[Soviet coat of arms]] are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. The Soviet [[Red Star]]s are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The [[Red Banner]] continues to be honored, especially the [[Banner of Victory]] of 1945.		State symbols of Russia include the [[Byzantine]] [[double-headed eagle]], combined with [[St. George of Moscow]] in the [[Russian coat of arms]]. [[Russian flag]] dates from the late [[Tsardom of Russia]] period and became widely used since [[Russian Empire]] times. [[Russian anthem]] shares its music with the [[Soviet Anthem]], though not the lyrics. The imperial [[motto]] ''God is with us'' and the Soviet motto ''Proletarians of all countries, unite!'' are now obsolete and no new motto has replaced them. The [[hammer and sickle]] and the full [[Soviet coat of arms]] are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. The Soviet [[Red Star]]s are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The [[Red Banner]] continues to be honored, especially the [[Banner of Victory]] of 1945.

Nick: /* Tourism */

2011-01-24T04:16:52Z

Tourism

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	===Tourism===		===Tourism===
	~~{{Main\|~~Tourism in Russia}}
	[[~~File~~:PeterhofGrandCascade.JPG\|thumb\|left\|220px\|Grand Cascade in [[Peterhof Palace\|Peterhof]], a popular tourist destination in [[Saint Petersburg]]]]		See Also [[Tourism in Russia]]

			[[Image:PeterhofGrandCascade.JPG\|thumb\|left\|220px\|Grand Cascade in [[Peterhof Palace\|Peterhof]], a popular tourist destination in [[Saint Petersburg]]]]
	Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first inner tourism and then international tourism as well. Rich cultural heritage and great natural variety place Russia among the [[most visited countries]] in the world. Major tourist routes in Russia include a travel around the [[Golden Ring]] of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like [[Volga]], and long journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].		Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first inner tourism and then international tourism as well. Rich cultural heritage and great natural variety place Russia among the [[most visited countries]] in the world. Major tourist routes in Russia include a travel around the [[Golden Ring]] of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like [[Volga]], and long journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].