Mary I of England - Revision history

Beza 1598 at 13:40, 8 March 2016

2016-03-08T13:40:45Z

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	[[Category:Henry VIII's children]]		[[Category:Henry VIII's children]]
	[[Category:English people of Spanish descent]]		[[Category:English people of Spanish descent]]

			{{Donate}}

Nick: /* Non-fiction */

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Non-fiction

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 * Ridley, Jasper. ''Bloody Mary's Martyrs: The Story of England's Terror''. (July 2002) ISBN 0-7867-0986-3
 * Slavicek, Louise Chipley. ''Bloody Mary (History's Villains)''. (July 2005) ISBN 1-4103-0581-3
 * Waldman, Milton. ''The Lady Mary: a biography of Mary Tudor, 1516-1558''. (1972) ISBN 0-00-211486-0
 * Waller, Maureen, "Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England." St. Martin's Press, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-312-33801-5

Nick: /* External links */

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External links

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	~~{{commons\|Mary I of England}}~~
	* [http://www.badley.info/history/Mary-I-England.biog.html Mary I Chronology World History Database]		* [http://www.badley.info/history/Mary-I-England.biog.html Mary I Chronology World History Database]
	* [http://www.archsoc.com/games/Mary.html "Bloody Mary: Further Intrigue in the Tudor Court",] Stevens, Garry, 2004.		* [http://www.archsoc.com/games/Mary.html "Bloody Mary: Further Intrigue in the Tudor Court",] Stevens, Garry, 2004.

Nick: /* Notes */

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Notes

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	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	== References ==		== References ==

Nick: /* Death */

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Death

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	== Death ==		== Death ==

	During her reign, Mary suffered two phantom pregnancies. It has been speculated{{By whom\|date=March 2009}}that these could simply be a result of the pressure to produce an heir, though the physical symptoms (including [[lactation]] and the later loss of her eyesight) reported by Mary's attendants may be indicative of a [[hormone\|hormonal]] disorder such as a [[pituitary gland\|pituitary]] [[tumour]].~~{{Fact\|date=March 2009}}~~		During her reign, Mary suffered two phantom pregnancies. It has been speculated{{By whom\|date=March 2009}}that these could simply be a result of the pressure to produce an heir, though the physical symptoms (including [[lactation]] and the later loss of her eyesight) reported by Mary's attendants may be indicative of a [[hormone\|hormonal]] disorder such as a [[pituitary gland\|pituitary]] [[tumour]].

	Mary decreed in her will that her husband should be the regent during the minority of her child. No child, however, was born, and Mary died at age 42 at [[St. James's Palace]] on 17 November 1558. She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]]. Although her will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, Mary was interred in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 14 December in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on a marble plaque on their tomb<sup>[]</sup> (affixed there by [[James I of England\|James VI]] of [[Scotland]] when he succeeded Elizabeth to the throne of England as [[James I of England\|James I]]) translates to "Consorts in realm and in tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection". The Latin plays on the multiple meanings of ''consors'', which can mean either ''sibling'' or ''sharer in common''.		Mary decreed in her will that her husband should be the regent during the minority of her child. No child, however, was born, and Mary died at age 42 at [[St. James's Palace]] on 17 November 1558. She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]]. Although her will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, Mary was interred in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 14 December in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on a marble plaque on their tomb<sup>[]</sup> (affixed there by [[James I of England\|James VI]] of [[Scotland]] when he succeeded Elizabeth to the throne of England as [[James I of England\|James I]]) translates to "Consorts in realm and in tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection". The Latin plays on the multiple meanings of ''consors'', which can mean either ''sibling'' or ''sharer in common''.

Nick: /* Legacy */

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Legacy

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	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==
	[[Image:Mary1 by Eworth 3.jpg\|thumb\|Queen Mary, by [[Hans Eworth]]]]		[[Image:Mary1 by Eworth 3.jpg\|thumb\|Queen Mary, by [[Hans Eworth]]]]
	Mary enjoyed tremendous popular support and sympathy for her mistreatment during the earliest parts of her reign, especially by the Roman Catholic population.~~{{Fact\|date=March 2009}}~~ Her marriage to Philip, however, was unpopular among her subjects. The marriage treaty clearly specified that England was not to be drawn into any Spanish wars, but this guarantee proved meaningless. Philip spent most of his time governing his European territories, while his wife usually remained in England. After Mary's death, Philip became a suitor for Elizabeth's hand, but she refused him.		Mary enjoyed tremendous popular support and sympathy for her mistreatment during the earliest parts of her reign, especially by the Roman Catholic population. Her marriage to Philip, however, was unpopular among her subjects. The marriage treaty clearly specified that England was not to be drawn into any Spanish wars, but this guarantee proved meaningless. Philip spent most of his time governing his European territories, while his wife usually remained in England. After Mary's death, Philip became a suitor for Elizabeth's hand, but she refused him.

	The persecution of Protestants earned Mary the appellation "Bloody Mary" from them, although many historians~~{{Who\|date=March 2009}}~~ believe she does not deserve all the blame, and despite the fact that her father Henry VIII and sister Elizabeth executed as many if not more people than she did. There is disagreement as to the number of people put to death during Mary's five-year reign. However, several notable clerics were executed; among them [[Thomas Cranmer]], the former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]; [[John Rogers (c.1500–1555)\|John Rogers]], a former colleague of William Tyndale; [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)\|Nicholas Ridley]], the former [[Bishop of London]]; and the reformist [[Hugh Latimer]]. Mary was prominently featured and vilified in the ''[[Foxe's Book of Martyrs\|Book of Martyrs]]'', published by [[John Foxe]] in 1562, 5 years after Mary's death. Subsequent editions of the book remained popular with Protestants through the 19th century.		The persecution of Protestants earned Mary the appellation "Bloody Mary" from them, although many historians believe she does not deserve all the blame, and despite the fact that her father Henry VIII and sister Elizabeth executed as many if not more people than she did. There is disagreement as to the number of people put to death during Mary's five-year reign. However, several notable clerics were executed; among them [[Thomas Cranmer]], the former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]; [[John Rogers (c.1500–1555)\|John Rogers]], a former colleague of William Tyndale; [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)\|Nicholas Ridley]], the former [[Bishop of London]]; and the reformist [[Hugh Latimer]]. Mary was prominently featured and vilified in the ''[[Foxe's Book of Martyrs\|Book of Martyrs]]'', published by [[John Foxe]] in 1562, 5 years after Mary's death. Subsequent editions of the book remained popular with Protestants through the 19th century.

	One popular tradition traces the [[nursery rhyme]] "[[Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary]]" to Mary's attempts to bring Roman Catholicism back to England, although it may well be about her cousin [[Mary, Queen of Scots]].{{Fact\|date=March 2009}}		One popular tradition traces the [[nursery rhyme]] "[[Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary]]" to Mary's attempts to bring Roman Catholicism back to England, although it may well be about her cousin [[Mary, Queen of Scots]].{{Fact\|date=March 2009}}

Nick: /* Death */

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Death

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	During her reign, Mary suffered two phantom pregnancies. It has been speculated{{By whom\|date=March 2009}}that these could simply be a result of the pressure to produce an heir, though the physical symptoms (including [[lactation]] and the later loss of her eyesight) reported by Mary's attendants may be indicative of a [[hormone\|hormonal]] disorder such as a [[pituitary gland\|pituitary]] [[tumour]].{{Fact\|date=March 2009}}		During her reign, Mary suffered two phantom pregnancies. It has been speculated{{By whom\|date=March 2009}}that these could simply be a result of the pressure to produce an heir, though the physical symptoms (including [[lactation]] and the later loss of her eyesight) reported by Mary's attendants may be indicative of a [[hormone\|hormonal]] disorder such as a [[pituitary gland\|pituitary]] [[tumour]].{{Fact\|date=March 2009}}

	Mary decreed in her will that her husband should be the regent during the minority of her child. No child, however, was born, and Mary died at age 42 at [[St. James's Palace]] on 17 November 1558. She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]]. Although her will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, Mary was interred in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 14 December in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on a marble plaque on their tomb<~~ref~~>~~''Regno consortes & urnâ, hîc obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis.''~~[~~http://tudorhistory.org/groups/tomb2.jpg~~]</~~ref~~> (affixed there by [[James I of England\|James VI]] of [[Scotland]] when he succeeded Elizabeth to the throne of England as [[James I of England\|James I]]) translates to "Consorts in realm and in tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection". The Latin plays on the multiple meanings of ''consors'', which can mean either ''sibling'' or ''sharer in common''.		Mary decreed in her will that her husband should be the regent during the minority of her child. No child, however, was born, and Mary died at age 42 at [[St. James's Palace]] on 17 November 1558. She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]]. Although her will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, Mary was interred in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 14 December in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on a marble plaque on their tomb<sup>[]</sup> (affixed there by [[James I of England\|James VI]] of [[Scotland]] when he succeeded Elizabeth to the throne of England as [[James I of England\|James I]]) translates to "Consorts in realm and in tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection". The Latin plays on the multiple meanings of ''consors'', which can mean either ''sibling'' or ''sharer in common''.

	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==

Nick: /* Reign */

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Reign

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	=== Spanish marriage ===		=== Spanish marriage ===
	[[Image:Felipe of Spain and MariaTudor.jpg\|thumb\|Philip and Mary]]		[[Image:Felipe of Spain and MariaTudor.jpg\|thumb\|Philip and Mary]]
	At age 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, thus preventing the Protestant Elizabeth (still her successor under the terms of Henry VIII's will) from succeeding to the throne. Mary rejected [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1553 creation)\|Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon]], as a prospect when her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, the [[Spain\|Spanish]] Prince Philip, later [[Philip II of Spain]]. It is said that upon viewing the [[Titian]] full-length portrait of Philip now in the [[Prado]],<~~ref~~>~~''Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas'', 1996, p. 398-99 (#411), Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, ISBN 8487317537~~</~~ref~~> which had been sent to her, Mary declared herself to be in love with him.		At age 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, thus preventing the Protestant Elizabeth (still her successor under the terms of Henry VIII's will) from succeeding to the throne. Mary rejected [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1553 creation)\|Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon]], as a prospect when her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, the [[Spain\|Spanish]] Prince Philip, later [[Philip II of Spain]]. It is said that upon viewing the [[Titian]] full-length portrait of Philip now in the [[Prado]],<sup>[]</sup> which had been sent to her, Mary declared herself to be in love with him.

	Their marriage at [[Winchester Cathedral]] on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political (he admired her dignity but felt "no carnal love for her"), and it was extremely unpopular with the English.{{Fact\|date=June 2008}} Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the [[British House of Commons\|House of Commons]] petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain. This fear may have arisen from the fact that Mary was – excluding the brief, unsuccessful and controversial reigns of Jane and [[Empress Matilda]] – England's first [[Queen regnant]].		Their marriage at [[Winchester Cathedral]] on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political (he admired her dignity but felt "no carnal love for her"), and it was extremely unpopular with the English.{{Fact\|date=June 2008}} Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the [[British House of Commons\|House of Commons]] petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain. This fear may have arisen from the fact that Mary was – excluding the brief, unsuccessful and controversial reigns of Jane and [[Empress Matilda]] – England's first [[Queen regnant]].
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	=== Pregnancy ===		=== Pregnancy ===

	Mary, thinking she was [[pregnant]], had thanksgiving services at the diocese of London in November 1554. This turned out to be the first of two [[Pseudocyesis\|phantom pregnancies]]. Various theories, such as cysts, have been put forward to explain her condition, but it was likely psychological in nature.{{Fact\|date=March 2009}} Philip persuaded his wife to permit Elizabeth's release from house arrest, probably so that he would be viewed favourably by her in case Mary died in [[childbirth]].~~{{Fact\|date=March 2009}}~~ Soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy, Philip headed off to [[Flanders]] to command his armies against France. Mary was heartbroken and soon fell into deep depression.		Mary, thinking she was [[pregnant]], had thanksgiving services at the diocese of London in November 1554. This turned out to be the first of two [[Pseudocyesis\|phantom pregnancies]]. Various theories, such as cysts, have been put forward to explain her condition, but it was likely psychological in nature.{{Fact\|date=March 2009}} Philip persuaded his wife to permit Elizabeth's release from house arrest, probably so that he would be viewed favourably by her in case Mary died in [[childbirth]]. Soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy, Philip headed off to [[Flanders]] to command his armies against France. Mary was heartbroken and soon fell into deep depression.

	=== Religion ===		=== Religion ===

Nick: /* Accession */

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Accession

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	{{House of Tudor\|mary1}}		{{House of Tudor\|mary1}}
	On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died of [[tuberculosis]]. Edward did not want the crown to go to Mary, who he feared would restore Catholicism and undo his reforms, as well as those of Henry VIII. For this reason, he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. However, his advisors told him that he could not disinherit only one of his sisters, but that he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, even though she embraced the Church of England. Guided by [[John Dudley, Earl of Warwick\|John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]] and perhaps others, Edward excluded both of his sisters from the line of succession in		On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died of [[tuberculosis]]. Edward did not want the crown to go to Mary, who he feared would restore Catholicism and undo his reforms, as well as those of Henry VIII. For this reason, he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. However, his advisors told him that he could not disinherit only one of his sisters, but that he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, even though she embraced the Church of England. Guided by [[John Dudley, Earl of Warwick\|John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]] and perhaps others, Edward excluded both of his sisters from the line of succession in
	his will.<~~ref name="RG"~~>~~{{cite web\|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page45.asp\|title=The Tudors: Mary I\|publisher=The Royal Household\|accessdate=31 October\|accessyear=2006}}~~</~~ref~~>		his will.<sup>[]</sup>

	Edward VI and his advisors instead devised that he should be succeeded by Dudley's daughter-in-law [[Lady Jane Grey]], the granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France\|Mary, the French Queen]]. However, this exclusion contradicted the [[Third Succession Act\|Act of Succession]] of 1544. This act had restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession. Around the time of Edward VI's death, Mary had been summoned back to London from [[Framlingham Castle]] in [[Suffolk]], into which she had recently moved after having left her former residence at the [[Palace of Beaulieu]]. However, Mary initially hesitated; she suspected that this summons could be a pretext on which to capture her and, in so doing, facilitate Grey's accession to the throne.		Edward VI and his advisors instead devised that he should be succeeded by Dudley's daughter-in-law [[Lady Jane Grey]], the granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France\|Mary, the French Queen]]. However, this exclusion contradicted the [[Third Succession Act\|Act of Succession]] of 1544. This act had restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession. Around the time of Edward VI's death, Mary had been summoned back to London from [[Framlingham Castle]] in [[Suffolk]], into which she had recently moved after having left her former residence at the [[Palace of Beaulieu]]. However, Mary initially hesitated; she suspected that this summons could be a pretext on which to capture her and, in so doing, facilitate Grey's accession to the throne.
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	On 10 July 1553, Lady Jane Grey assumed the throne as [[Queen of England]] in what can best be described as a coup d'état orchestrated by Dudley and his supporters. However, Dudley's support collapsed almost immediately, which led to the false Queen being deposed a mere nine days later. Mary rode triumphantly into London on a wave of popular support to legally assume the crown. Grey and Dudley were immediately imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Dudley's scheme, and did not immediately order the girl's execution.		On 10 July 1553, Lady Jane Grey assumed the throne as [[Queen of England]] in what can best be described as a coup d'état orchestrated by Dudley and his supporters. However, Dudley's support collapsed almost immediately, which led to the false Queen being deposed a mere nine days later. Mary rode triumphantly into London on a wave of popular support to legally assume the crown. Grey and Dudley were immediately imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Dudley's scheme, and did not immediately order the girl's execution.

	One of Mary's first actions as Queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]] and [[Stephen Gardiner]] from imprisonment in the Tower of London.<~~ref~~>[~~http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/gardiner.htm England Under The Tudors: Bishop Stephen Gardiner, (c.1493-1555)<!-- Bot generated title -->~~]</~~ref~~> At this time, the Duke of Northumberland (Dudley) was the only conspirator executed for [[high treason]]. Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the [[Privy Council of England\|Privy Counsellors]] had been implicated in the plot to put Jane on the throne. She could only rely on Gardiner, whom she appointed both [[Bishop of Winchester]] and [[Lord Chancellor]]. On 1 October 1553, Gardiner formally crowned Mary.		One of Mary's first actions as Queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]] and [[Stephen Gardiner]] from imprisonment in the Tower of London.<sup>[]</sup> At this time, the Duke of Northumberland (Dudley) was the only conspirator executed for [[high treason]]. Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the [[Privy Council of England\|Privy Counsellors]] had been implicated in the plot to put Jane on the throne. She could only rely on Gardiner, whom she appointed both [[Bishop of Winchester]] and [[Lord Chancellor]]. On 1 October 1553, Gardiner formally crowned Mary.

	== Reign ==		== Reign ==

Nick: /* Childhood and early years */

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Childhood and early years

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	== Childhood and early years ==		== Childhood and early years ==
	Mary was the only child of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]] and his first wife [[Catherine of Aragon]] to survive infancy. Her mother had many miscarriages and a [[stillbirth\|stillborn]] sister and three short-lived brothers, including [[Henry, Duke of Cornwall]], had preceded her. Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]]. She was born at the [[Palace of Placentia]] in [[Greenwich, London\|Greenwich]], [[London]]. She was [[baptism\|baptised]] with [[Thomas Wolsey\|Thomas Cardinal Wolsey]] standing as her godfather. Mary was a sickly child who had poor eyesight, [[sinus]] conditions and bad [[headache]]s. [[John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford]] was her Chamberlain, and his wife, Lady Anne, daughter of [[George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent]], was one of Mary's attendants.<~~ref~~>~~{{cite book \|title=The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s \|last=Hoyle \|first=R.W. \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|year=2001 \|publisher=~~[~~[Oxford University Press~~]] \|location= \|isbn=0199259062 \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wBPcpP6Y4esC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=hussey+sleaford+catholic&source=web&ots=Z0Nr7nuAeM&sig=gexibV1StVNyx0RTsTwZJFGBxuk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA407,M1 \|pages=407}}</~~ref~~>		Mary was the only child of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]] and his first wife [[Catherine of Aragon]] to survive infancy. Her mother had many miscarriages and a [[stillbirth\|stillborn]] sister and three short-lived brothers, including [[Henry, Duke of Cornwall]], had preceded her. Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]]. She was born at the [[Palace of Placentia]] in [[Greenwich, London\|Greenwich]], [[London]]. She was [[baptism\|baptised]] with [[Thomas Wolsey\|Thomas Cardinal Wolsey]] standing as her godfather. Mary was a sickly child who had poor eyesight, [[sinus]] conditions and bad [[headache]]s. [[John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford]] was her Chamberlain, and his wife, Lady Anne, daughter of [[George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent]], was one of Mary's attendants.<sup>[]</sup>

	Despite her health problems, Mary was a precocious child. A great part of the credit for her early education likely came from her mother, who consulted the [[Spanish people\|Spanish]] scholar [[Juan Luis Vives]] upon the subject and was Mary's first instructor in [[Latin]]. Mary also studied [[Greek language\|Greek]], [[science]], and [[music]]. In July 1521, when scarcely five and a half years old, she entertained some visitors with a performance on the [[Harpsichord#Virginals\|virginal]] (a smaller harpsichord). Henry VIII doted on his daughter and would boast in company, "This girl never cries", and would sometimes show delight in her developing music skills.<~~ref~~>~~Farquhar, Michael (2001). ''A Treasure of Royal Scandals'', p.101. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0739420259.~~</~~ref~~>. When Mary was nine years old, Henry gave her her own court at [[Ludlow Castle]] and many of the [[Royal Prerogative]]s normally only given to a [[Prince of Wales]], even calling her the Princess of Wales. In 1526, Mary was sent to [[Wales]] to preside over the [[Council of Wales and the Marches]]. Despite this obvious affection, Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons.		Despite her health problems, Mary was a precocious child. A great part of the credit for her early education likely came from her mother, who consulted the [[Spanish people\|Spanish]] scholar [[Juan Luis Vives]] upon the subject and was Mary's first instructor in [[Latin]]. Mary also studied [[Greek language\|Greek]], [[science]], and [[music]]. In July 1521, when scarcely five and a half years old, she entertained some visitors with a performance on the [[Harpsichord#Virginals\|virginal]] (a smaller harpsichord). Henry VIII doted on his daughter and would boast in company, "This girl never cries", and would sometimes show delight in her developing music skills.<sup>[]</sup> When Mary was nine years old, Henry gave her her own court at [[Ludlow Castle]] and many of the [[Royal Prerogative]]s normally only given to a [[Prince of Wales]], even calling her the Princess of Wales. In 1526, Mary was sent to [[Wales]] to preside over the [[Council of Wales and the Marches]]. Despite this obvious affection, Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons.

	Throughout her childhood Henry negotiated potential marriages for Mary. When she was only two years old she was promised to the [[Francis, Dauphin of France (1518-1536)\|Dauphin Francis]], son of [[Francis I of France\|Francis I, King of France]], but after three years, the contract was repudiated. In 1522, she was instead contracted to marry her first cousin, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]], then 22, by the [[Treaty of Windsor 1522\|Treaty of Windsor]]. Within a few years, however, the engagement was broken off. It was then suggested that Mary wed the Dauphin's father Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary should marry either Francis I or his second son [[Henry II of France\|Henry, Duke of Orléans]]. However, Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII's chief adviser, managed to secure an alliance without the marriage.		Throughout her childhood Henry negotiated potential marriages for Mary. When she was only two years old she was promised to the [[Francis, Dauphin of France (1518-1536)\|Dauphin Francis]], son of [[Francis I of France\|Francis I, King of France]], but after three years, the contract was repudiated. In 1522, she was instead contracted to marry her first cousin, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]], then 22, by the [[Treaty of Windsor 1522\|Treaty of Windsor]]. Within a few years, however, the engagement was broken off. It was then suggested that Mary wed the Dauphin's father Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary should marry either Francis I or his second son [[Henry II of France\|Henry, Duke of Orléans]]. However, Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII's chief adviser, managed to secure an alliance without the marriage.