Manuscript - Revision history

KJV: Template:Donate

2019-04-25T11:49:17Z

Template:Donate

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	*[http://lichfield.as.uky.edu Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral] - Digital facsimile of the 8th-century St Chad Gospels and Cathedral's 15th-century Wycliffe New Testament, 2010. Includes the ability to overlay images captured with 13 different bands of light, historical images (starting in 1887), and multispectral visualizations. Also includes sixteen interactive 3D renderings. College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky		*[http://lichfield.as.uky.edu Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral] - Digital facsimile of the 8th-century St Chad Gospels and Cathedral's 15th-century Wycliffe New Testament, 2010. Includes the ability to overlay images captured with 13 different bands of light, historical images (starting in 1887), and multispectral visualizations. Also includes sixteen interactive 3D renderings. College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky
	*[http://lichfield.as.uky.edu/historical-images Historical Image Overlays] - See how an early medieval manuscript is aging		*[http://lichfield.as.uky.edu/historical-images Historical Image Overlays] - See how an early medieval manuscript is aging

			{{Donate}}

	[[Category:Manuscripts\| ]]		[[Category:Manuscripts\| ]]

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	*[http://lichfield.as.uky.edu/historical-images Historical Image Overlays] - See how an early medieval manuscript is aging		*[http://lichfield.as.uky.edu/historical-images Historical Image Overlays] - See how an early medieval manuscript is aging


	~~{{Authority control}}~~
	[[Category:Manuscripts\| ]]		[[Category:Manuscripts\| ]]
	[[Category:Book terminology]]		[[Category:Book terminology]]

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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{colbegin\|colwidth=30em}}~~
	*[[Armenian Illuminated manuscript]]		*[[Armenian Illuminated manuscript]]
	*[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]		*[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]
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	*[[Voynich manuscript]]		*[[Voynich manuscript]]
	*[[Woodblock printing]]		*[[Woodblock printing]]
	~~{{colend}}~~

	==References==		==References==

Nick: /* Etymology */

2016-02-07T07:31:45Z

Etymology

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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	The word ''~~Manuscript~~'' derives from [[Latin]] ''[[manu]]'' (hand) and ''[[scriptum]]'' ([[written]]).		The word ''manuscript'' derives from [[Latin]] ''[[manu]]'' (hand) and ''[[scriptum]]'' ([[written]]).

	==Cultural background==		==Cultural background==

Nick: /* Etymology */

2016-02-07T07:31:16Z

Etymology

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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	''~~[[manuscript]]~~'' ~~comes~~ from [[Latin]] ''[[manu]]'' (hand) and ''[[scriptum]]'' ([[written]]).		The word ''Manuscript'' derives from [[Latin]] ''[[manu]]'' (hand) and ''[[scriptum]]'' ([[written]]).

	==Cultural background==		==Cultural background==

Nick at 10:58, 6 February 2016

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	A '''manuscript''' (abbreviated '''MS''' or '''MSS''' for plural) is any document written by hand or [[typewritten]], as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some automated way. More recently it is understood to be an author's written, typed, or word-processed copy of a work, as distinguished from the print of the same. Before the arrival of [[printing]], all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, explanatory figures or illustrations. Manuscripts may be in book form, [[scroll (parchment)\|scroll]]s or in [[codex]] format. [[Illuminated manuscript]]s are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page illustrations.		A '''manuscript''' (abbreviated '''MS''' or '''MSS''' for plural) is any document written by hand or [[typewritten]], as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some automated way. More recently it is understood to be an author's written, typed, or word-processed copy of a work, as distinguished from the print of the same. Before the arrival of [[printing]], all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, explanatory figures or illustrations. Manuscripts may be in book form, [[scroll (parchment)\|scroll]]s or in [[codex]] format. [[Illuminated manuscript]]s are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page illustrations.

			==Etymology==
			''[[manuscript]]'' comes from [[Latin]] ''[[manu]]'' (hand) and ''[[scriptum]]'' ([[written]]).

	==Cultural background==		==Cultural background==

Nick: /* Scripts */

2016-02-06T10:04:57Z

Scripts

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	[[Merovingian script]], or "Luxeuil minuscule", is named after an abbey in Western France, the [[Abbey of Luxeuil\|Luxeuil Abbey]], founded by the Irish missionary St [[Columba]] ca. 590. [[Caroline minuscule]] is a [[Calligraphy\|calligraphic script]] developed as a writing standard in [[Europe]] so that the [[Latin alphabet]] could be easily recognized by the literate class from different regions. It was used in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] between approximately 800 and 1200. Codices, classical and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]. The script developed into blackletter and became obsolete, though its revival in the Italian renaissance forms the basis of more recent scripts. In ''Introduction to Manuscript Studies'', Clemens and Graham associate the beginning of this text coming from the Abby of Saint-Martin at [[Tours]].		[[Merovingian script]], or "Luxeuil minuscule", is named after an abbey in Western France, the [[Abbey of Luxeuil\|Luxeuil Abbey]], founded by the Irish missionary St [[Columba]] ca. 590. [[Caroline minuscule]] is a [[Calligraphy\|calligraphic script]] developed as a writing standard in [[Europe]] so that the [[Latin alphabet]] could be easily recognized by the literate class from different regions. It was used in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] between approximately 800 and 1200. Codices, classical and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]. The script developed into blackletter and became obsolete, though its revival in the Italian renaissance forms the basis of more recent scripts. In ''Introduction to Manuscript Studies'', Clemens and Graham associate the beginning of this text coming from the Abby of Saint-Martin at [[Tours]].

	Caroline Minuscule arrived in England in the second half of the 10th century. Its adoption there, replacing Insular script, was encouraged by the importation of continental European manuscripts by Saints Dunstan, Aethelwold, and Oswald. This script spread quite rapidly, being employed in many English centres for copying Latin texts. English scribes adapted the Carolingian script, giving it proportion and legibility.~~[9]~~ This new revision of the Caroline Minuscule was called English Protogothic Bookhand.		Caroline Minuscule arrived in England in the second half of the 10th century. Its adoption there, replacing Insular script, was encouraged by the importation of continental European manuscripts by Saints Dunstan, Aethelwold, and Oswald. This script spread quite rapidly, being employed in many English centres for copying Latin texts. English scribes adapted the Carolingian script, giving it proportion and legibility. This new revision of the Caroline Minuscule was called English Protogothic Bookhand.
	Another script that is derived from the Caroline Minuscule was the German Protogothic Bookhand. It originated in southern Germany during the second half of the 12th century.		Another script that is derived from the Caroline Minuscule was the German Protogothic Bookhand. It originated in southern Germany during the second half of the 12th century.
	All the individual letters are Caroline; but just as with English Protogothic Bookhand it evolved. This can be seen most notably in the arm of the letter h. It has a hairline that tapers out by curving to the left. When first read the German Protogothic h looks like the German Protogothic b. Many more scripts sprang out of the German Protogothic Bookhand. After those came Bastard Anglicana, which is best described as:		All the individual letters are Caroline; but just as with English Protogothic Bookhand it evolved. This can be seen most notably in the arm of the letter h. It has a hairline that tapers out by curving to the left. When first read the German Protogothic h looks like the German Protogothic b. Many more scripts sprang out of the German Protogothic Bookhand. After those came Bastard Anglicana, which is best described as:

Nick: /* Liturgical books and calendars */

2016-02-06T09:44:43Z

Liturgical books and calendars

Show changes

Nick at 09:41, 6 February 2016

2016-02-06T09:41:45Z

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	[[Image:Lectionary 183 K068971.JPG\|thumb\|right\|180px\|[[Lectionary 183]]]]		[[Image:Lectionary 183 K068971.JPG\|thumb\|right\|180px\|[[Lectionary 183]]]]
	[[Image:Illuminated letter U between 1210 and 1230 ..JPG\|thumb\|right\|Inside the letter is a picture of a master in cathedra expounding on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. Initial "V" rendered as "U" of "Vita brevis, ars vero longa", or "Life is short, but the art is long". "Isagoge", fol. 15b. HMD Collection, MS E 78.]]		[[Image:Illuminated letter U between 1210 and 1230 ..JPG\|thumb\|right\|Inside the letter is a picture of a master in cathedra expounding on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. Initial "V" rendered as "U" of "Vita brevis, ars vero longa", or "Life is short, but the art is long". "Isagoge", fol. 15b. HMD Collection, MS E 78.]]
	[[Image:De urinarum differencia negocium between 1210 and 1230 ..JPG\|thumb\|right\|Image of two facing pages of the illuminated manuscript of "Isagoge", fols. 42b and 43a. On the top of the left hand page is an illuminated letter "D" - initial of "De urinarum differencia negocium" (The matter of the differences of urines). Inside the letter is a picture of a master on bench pointing at a raised flask while lecturing on the "Book on urines" of Theophilus. The right hand page is only shown in part. On its very bottom is an illuminated letter "U" - initial of "Urina ergo est colamentum sanguinis" (Urine is the filtrate of the blood). Inside the letter is a picture of a master holding up a flask while explaining the diagnostic significance of urine to a student or a patient. HMD Collection, MS E 78.]]

	Ironically, the manuscripts that were being most carefully preserved in the libraries of [[Classical antiquity\|antiquity]] are virtually all lost. Papyrus has a life of at most a century or two in relatively moist Italian or Greek conditions; only those works copied onto parchment, usually after the general conversion to Christianity, have survived, and by no means all of those.		Ironically, the manuscripts that were being most carefully preserved in the libraries of [[Classical antiquity\|antiquity]] are virtually all lost. Papyrus has a life of at most a century or two in relatively moist Italian or Greek conditions; only those works copied onto parchment, usually after the general conversion to Christianity, have survived, and by no means all of those.
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	===Liturgical books and calendars===		===Liturgical books and calendars===
			[[Image:De urinarum differencia negocium between 1210 and 1230 ..JPG\|thumb\|right\|Image of two facing pages of the illuminated manuscript of "Isagoge", fols. 42b and 43a. On the top of the left hand page is an illuminated letter "D" - initial of "De urinarum differencia negocium" (The matter of the differences of urines). Inside the letter is a picture of a master on bench pointing at a raised flask while lecturing on the "Book on urines" of Theophilus. The right hand page is only shown in part. On its very bottom is an illuminated letter "U" - initial of "Urina ergo est colamentum sanguinis" (Urine is the filtrate of the blood). Inside the letter is a picture of a master holding up a flask while explaining the diagnostic significance of urine to a student or a patient. HMD Collection, MS E 78.]]
	Along with Bibles, large numbers of manuscripts made in the Middle Ages were revieved in Church. Due to the complex church system of rituals and worship these books were the most elegantly written and finely decorated of all medieval manuscripts. Liturgical books usually came in two varieties. Those used during mass and those for divine office.		Along with Bibles, large numbers of manuscripts made in the Middle Ages were revieved in Church. Due to the complex church system of rituals and worship these books were the most elegantly written and finely decorated of all medieval manuscripts. Liturgical books usually came in two varieties. Those used during mass and those for divine office.

Nick at 09:40, 6 February 2016

2016-02-06T09:40:45Z

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	In other contexts, however, the use of the term "manuscript" no longer necessarily means something that is hand-written. By analogy a ''typescript'' has been produced on a typewriter.		In other contexts, however, the use of the term "manuscript" no longer necessarily means something that is hand-written. By analogy a ''typescript'' has been produced on a typewriter.
	[[Image:European Output of Manuscripts 500–1500.jpg\|thumb\|left\|After plummeting in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[High Middle Ages\|high]] and [[Late Middle Ages\|late medieval period]] witnessed a sharp increase of manuscript production.]]

	In book, magazine, and music publishing, a manuscript is an original copy of a work written by an author or composer, which generally follows standardized typographic and formatting rules. (The staff paper commonly used for handwritten music is, for this reason, often called "manuscript paper"). In film and theatre, a manuscript, or ''script'' for short, is an author's or dramatist's text, used by a theatre company or film crew during the production of the work's performance or filming. More specifically, a motion picture manuscript is called a screenplay; a television manuscript, a teleplay; a manuscript for the theatre, a stage play; and a manuscript for audio-only performance is often called a radio play, even when the recorded performance is disseminated via non-radio means.		In book, magazine, and music publishing, a manuscript is an original copy of a work written by an author or composer, which generally follows standardized typographic and formatting rules. (The staff paper commonly used for handwritten music is, for this reason, often called "manuscript paper"). In film and theatre, a manuscript, or ''script'' for short, is an author's or dramatist's text, used by a theatre company or film crew during the production of the work's performance or filming. More specifically, a motion picture manuscript is called a screenplay; a television manuscript, a teleplay; a manuscript for the theatre, a stage play; and a manuscript for audio-only performance is often called a radio play, even when the recorded performance is disseminated via non-radio means.
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	==European manuscript history==		==European manuscript history==
	''See Also [[Illuminated manuscript]]		''See Also [[Illuminated manuscript]]
			[[Image:European Output of Manuscripts 500–1500.jpg\|thumb\|left\|After plummeting in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[High Middle Ages\|high]] and [[Late Middle Ages\|late medieval period]] witnessed a sharp increase of manuscript production.]]

	Most surviving pre-modern manuscripts use the codex format (as in a modern book), which had replaced the scroll by [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Parchment]] or [[vellum]], as the best type of parchment is known, had also replaced [[papyrus]], which was not nearly so long lived and has survived to the present only in the extremely dry conditions of [[Egypt]], although it was widely used across the Roman world. Parchment is made of animal skin, normally calf, sheep, and/or goat, but also other animals. With all skins, the quality of the finished product is based on how much preparation and skill was put into turning the skin into parchment. Parchment made from calf or sheep was the most common in Northern Europe, while civilizations in Southern Europe preferred goatskin. Often, if the parchment is white or cream in color and veins from the animal can still be seen, it is calfskin. If it is yellow, greasy or in some cases shiny, then it was made from sheepskin.		Most surviving pre-modern manuscripts use the codex format (as in a modern book), which had replaced the scroll by [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Parchment]] or [[vellum]], as the best type of parchment is known, had also replaced [[papyrus]], which was not nearly so long lived and has survived to the present only in the extremely dry conditions of [[Egypt]], although it was widely used across the Roman world. Parchment is made of animal skin, normally calf, sheep, and/or goat, but also other animals. With all skins, the quality of the finished product is based on how much preparation and skill was put into turning the skin into parchment. Parchment made from calf or sheep was the most common in Northern Europe, while civilizations in Southern Europe preferred goatskin. Often, if the parchment is white or cream in color and veins from the animal can still be seen, it is calfskin. If it is yellow, greasy or in some cases shiny, then it was made from sheepskin.