Kai (conjunction) - Revision history

Nick at 05:39, 27 December 2012

2012-12-27T05:39:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:39, 27 December 2012
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	It may occur with the [[grave accent\|varia]] above it: '''ϗ̀'''.		It may occur with the [[grave accent\|varia]] above it: '''ϗ̀'''.

			[[Image:Greek Kai.png\|thumb\|Two possible renderings of the ''kai'' abbreviation.]]
	[[Image:Greek Kai.png\|Two possible renderings of the ''kai'' abbreviation.]]		[[Image:Greek ligature kai.PNG\|thumb\|One form of ''kai'' in medieval minuscule handwriting]]
	[[Image:Greek ligature kai.PNG\|One form of ''kai'' in medieval minuscule handwriting]]

	==Authorship of ancient texts==		==Authorship of ancient texts==

Nick: /* Kai ligature */

2012-12-27T05:38:31Z

Kai ligature

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:38, 27 December 2012
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	[[Image:Greek Kai.png\|Two possible renderings of the ''kai'' abbreviation.]]		[[Image:Greek Kai.png\|Two possible renderings of the ''kai'' abbreviation.]]
	[[Image:Greek ligature kai.~~svg~~\|One form of ''kai'' in medieval minuscule handwriting]]		[[Image:Greek ligature kai.PNG\|One form of ''kai'' in medieval minuscule handwriting]]


	==Authorship of ancient texts==		==Authorship of ancient texts==

Nick at 05:35, 27 December 2012

2012-12-27T05:35:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:35, 27 December 2012
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	It may occur with the [[grave accent\|varia]] above it: '''ϗ̀'''.		It may occur with the [[grave accent\|varia]] above it: '''ϗ̀'''.

	~~<gallery>~~
	[Image:Greek Kai.png\|Two possible renderings of the ''kai'' abbreviation.]		[[Image:Greek Kai.png\|Two possible renderings of the ''kai'' abbreviation.]]
	[Image:Greek ligature kai.svg\|One form of ''kai'' in medieval minuscule handwriting]		[[Image:Greek ligature kai.svg\|One form of ''kai'' in medieval minuscule handwriting]]
	~~</gallery>~~

	==Authorship of ancient texts==		==Authorship of ancient texts==

Nick: /* Authorship of ancient texts */

2012-12-27T05:34:43Z

Authorship of ancient texts

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:34, 27 December 2012
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	The number of common words which express a general relation ("and", "in", "but", "I", "to be") is random with the same distribution at least among the same genre. By contrast, the occurrence of the [[definite article]] "the" cannot be modeled by simple probabilistic laws because the number of nouns with definite article depends on the subject matter.		The number of common words which express a general relation ("and", "in", "but", "I", "to be") is random with the same distribution at least among the same genre. By contrast, the occurrence of the [[definite article]] "the" cannot be modeled by simple probabilistic laws because the number of nouns with definite article depends on the subject matter.

	Table 1 has data about the epistles of [[Saint\|St.]] [[Paul of Tarsus\|Paul]]. Abbreviations: [[Epistle to the Romans\|Rom]] Romans; [[1 Corinthians\|Co1]] 1st Corinthians; [[2 Corinthians\|Co2]] 2nd Corinthians; [[Epistle to the Galatians\|Gal]] Galatians; [[Philippians\|Phi]] Philippians; [[Colossians\|Col]] Colossians; [[1 Thessalonians\|Th1]] 1st Thessalonians; [[1 Timothy\|Ti1]] 1st Timothy; [[2 Timothy\|Ti2]] 2nd Timothy; [[Epistle to the Hebrews\|Heb]] Hebrews. 2nd Thessalonians, Titus, and Philemon were excluded because they were too short to give reliable samples. From an analysis of these and other data [Mor65, p. 224] the first 4 epistles (Romans, [[1 Corinthians]], [[2 Corinthians]], and [[Epistle to the Galatians\|Galatians]]) form a consistent group, and all the other epistles lie more than 2 [[standard deviation]]s from the mean of this group (using [[Chi-squared distribution~~\|<math>\chi^2</math> statistics~~]]).		Table 1 has data about the epistles of [[Saint\|St.]] [[Paul of Tarsus\|Paul]]. Abbreviations: [[Epistle to the Romans\|Rom]] Romans; [[1 Corinthians\|Co1]] 1st Corinthians; [[2 Corinthians\|Co2]] 2nd Corinthians; [[Epistle to the Galatians\|Gal]] Galatians; [[Philippians\|Phi]] Philippians; [[Colossians\|Col]] Colossians; [[1 Thessalonians\|Th1]] 1st Thessalonians; [[1 Timothy\|Ti1]] 1st Timothy; [[2 Timothy\|Ti2]] 2nd Timothy; [[Epistle to the Hebrews\|Heb]] Hebrews. 2nd Thessalonians, Titus, and Philemon were excluded because they were too short to give reliable samples. From an analysis of these and other data [Mor65, p. 224] the first 4 epistles (Romans, [[1 Corinthians]], [[2 Corinthians]], and [[Epistle to the Galatians\|Galatians]]) form a consistent group, and all the other epistles lie more than 2 [[standard deviation]]s from the mean of this group (using [[Chi-squared distribution]] statistics).

	{\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"		{\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"

Nick: New page: '''''Kai''''' ('and') is a conjunction in Greek (''και'', IPA: cɛ; sometimes abbreviated ''k''), Coptic (''ⲕⲁⲓ'') and Esperanto...

2012-12-27T05:28:30Z

New page: '''''Kai''''' ('and') is a conjunction in Greek (''και'', IPA: cɛ; sometimes abbreviated ''k''), Coptic (''ⲕⲁⲓ'') and Esperanto...

New page

'''''Kai''''' ('and') is a [[grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] in [[Greek language|Greek]] (''και'', IPA: cɛ; sometimes abbreviated ''k''), Coptic (''ⲕⲁⲓ'') and [[Esperanto]] (''kaj'').

''Kai'' is the most frequent word in any Greek text and thus used by statisticians to assess authorship of ancient manuscripts (see below).

==''Kai'' ligature==

Because of its frequent occurrence, ''kai'' is sometimes abbreviated in Greek manuscripts, by a ligature (comparable to Latin [[&]], written as '''ϗ''' (uppercase variant '''Ϗ'''; [[Coptic script|Coptic]] variant '''ⳤ'''), formed from [[kappa]] (κ) with an extra lower stroke.
It may occur with the [[grave accent|varia]] above it: '''ϗ̀'''.

<gallery>
[Image:Greek Kai.png|Two possible renderings of the ''kai'' abbreviation.]
[Image:Greek ligature kai.svg|One form of ''kai'' in medieval minuscule handwriting]
</gallery>

==Authorship of ancient texts==

The number of common words which express a general relation ("and", "in", "but", "I", "to be") is random with the same distribution at least among the same genre. By contrast, the occurrence of the [[definite article]] "the" cannot be modeled by simple probabilistic laws because the number of nouns with definite article depends on the subject matter.

Table 1 has data about the epistles of [[Saint|St.]] [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]. Abbreviations: [[Epistle to the Romans|Rom]] Romans; [[1 Corinthians|Co1]] 1st Corinthians; [[2 Corinthians|Co2]] 2nd Corinthians; [[Epistle to the Galatians|Gal]] Galatians; [[Philippians|Phi]] Philippians; [[Colossians|Col]] Colossians; [[1 Thessalonians|Th1]] 1st Thessalonians; [[1 Timothy|Ti1]] 1st Timothy; [[2 Timothy|Ti2]] 2nd Timothy; [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Heb]] Hebrews. 2nd Thessalonians, Titus, and Philemon were excluded because they were too short to give reliable samples. From an analysis of these and other data [Mor65, p. 224] the first 4 epistles (Romans, [[1 Corinthians]], [[2 Corinthians]], and [[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]]) form a consistent group, and all the other epistles lie more than 2 [[standard deviation]]s from the mean of this group (using [[Chi-squared distribution|<math>\chi^2</math> statistics]]).

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Table 1: Number of sentences in Paul's Epistles with 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 occurrences of ''kai''
|- style="text-align:center"
! ||Rom||Co1||Co2||Gal||Phi||Col||Th1||Ti1||Ti2||Heb
|-
!style="text-align:center"|None
|386||424||192||128||42||23||34||49||45||155
|-
!style="text-align:center"|One
|141||152||86||48||29||32||23||38||28||94
|-
!style="text-align:center"|Two
|34||35||28||5||19||17||8||9||11||37
|-
!style="text-align:center"|3 or more
|17||16||13||6||12||9||16||10||4||24
|}

==References==
[Mor65] A. Q. Morton. The authorship of Greek prose (with discussion). '' Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 128:169-233, 1965''

''This article incorporates material from '''Econ 7800 class notes''' by Hans G. Ehbar, which is licensed under [[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]

==External links==
*[http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3122.pdf Proposal to encode the uppercase letter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kai (Conjunction)}}
[[Category:Greek language]]
[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Typography]]