Judaism - Revision history

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	See Also [[Jewish principles of faith]]''		See Also [[Jewish principles of faith]]''

	~~{{Quote box\|width=35%\|align=right\|quote=~~13 Principles of Faith:		13 Principles of Faith:
	# I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the Creator and Guide of everything that has been created; He alone has made, does make, and will make all things.		# I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the Creator and Guide of everything that has been created; He alone has made, does make, and will make all things.
	# I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is One, and that there is no unity in any manner like His, and that He alone is our God, who was, and is, and will be.		# I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is One, and that there is no unity in any manner like His, and that He alone is our God, who was, and is, and will be.
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	# I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, rewards those who keep His commandments and punishes those that transgress them.		# I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, rewards those who keep His commandments and punishes those that transgress them.
	# I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the [[Jewish messianism\|Messiah]]; and even though he may tarry, nonetheless, I wait every day for his coming.		# I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the [[Jewish messianism\|Messiah]]; and even though he may tarry, nonetheless, I wait every day for his coming.
	# I believe with perfect faith that there will be a revival of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator, Blessed be His name, and His mention shall be exalted for ever and ever.\|source=-[[Maimonides]]}}		# I believe with perfect faith that there will be a revival of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator, Blessed be His name, and His mention shall be exalted for ever and ever.\|source=-[[Maimonides]]

	Scholars throughout [[Jewish history]] have proposed numerous formulations of Judaism's core tenets, all of which have met with criticism.<sup>[]</sup> The most popular formulation is [[Maimonides]]' [[13 principles of faith\|thirteen principles of faith]], developed in the 12th century. According to Maimonides, any Jew to reject even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic.<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup> Jewish scholars have held points of view diverging in various ways from Maimonides' principles.<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup>		Scholars throughout [[Jewish history]] have proposed numerous formulations of Judaism's core tenets, all of which have met with criticism.<sup>[]</sup> The most popular formulation is [[Maimonides]]' [[13 principles of faith\|thirteen principles of faith]], developed in the 12th century. According to Maimonides, any Jew to reject even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic.<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup> Jewish scholars have held points of view diverging in various ways from Maimonides' principles.<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup>
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	===Rabbinic hermeneutics===		===Rabbinic hermeneutics===
	~~{{Quote box\|width=35%\|align=right\|quote=~~13 Principles of Hermeneutics:		13 Principles of Hermeneutics:

	# A law that operates under certain conditions will surely be operative in other situations where the same conditions are present in a more acute form		# A law that operates under certain conditions will surely be operative in other situations where the same conditions are present in a more acute form
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	# Obscurities in Biblical texts may be cleared up from the immediate context or from subsequently occurring passages		# Obscurities in Biblical texts may be cleared up from the immediate context or from subsequently occurring passages
	# Contradictions in Biblical passages may be removed through the mediation of other passages.		# Contradictions in Biblical passages may be removed through the mediation of other passages.
	~~\|source=-~~[[R. Ishmael]]~~<sup>[]</sup>\|}}~~		[[R. Ishmael]]
	Orthodox and many other Jews do not believe that the revealed [[Torah]] consists solely of its written contents, but of its interpretations as well. The study of [[Torah]] (in its widest sense, to include both poetry, narrative, and law, and both the [[Tanakh\|Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Talmud]]) is in Judaism itself a sacred act of central importance. For the sages of the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]], and for their successors today, the study of Torah was therefore not merely a means to learn the contents of God's revelation, but an end in itself. According to the Talmud,		Orthodox and many other Jews do not believe that the revealed [[Torah]] consists solely of its written contents, but of its interpretations as well. The study of [[Torah]] (in its widest sense, to include both poetry, narrative, and law, and both the [[Tanakh\|Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Talmud]]) is in Judaism itself a sacred act of central importance. For the sages of the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]], and for their successors today, the study of Torah was therefore not merely a means to learn the contents of God's revelation, but an end in itself. According to the Talmud,
	:These are the things for which a person enjoys the dividends in this world while the principal remains for the person to enjoy in the world to come; they are: honoring parents, loving deeds of kindness, and making peace between one person and another. But the study of the Torah is equal to them all. (Talmud Shabbat 127a).		:These are the things for which a person enjoys the dividends in this world while the principal remains for the person to enjoy in the world to come; they are: honoring parents, loving deeds of kindness, and making peace between one person and another. But the study of the Torah is equal to them all. (Talmud Shabbat 127a).
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	==External links==		==External links==

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	;General		;General
	* [http://www.jewfaq.org/ Judaism 101], an extensive FAQ written by a librarian.		* [http://www.jewfaq.org/ Judaism 101], an extensive FAQ written by a librarian.
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	;Wikimedia Torah study projects		;Wikimedia Torah study projects
	~~{{wikisourcelang\|\|Pentateuch}}~~
	Text study projects at [[:s:Wikisource\|Wikisource]]. In many instances, the Hebrew versions of these projects are more fully developed than the English.		Text study projects at [[:s:Wikisource\|Wikisource]]. In many instances, the Hebrew versions of these projects are more fully developed than the English.
	* [[Mikraot Gedolot]] (Rabbinic Bible) in [[מקראות גדולות\|Hebrew]] [[מ"ג איכה א א\|(sample)]] and [[:s:Mikraot Gedolot\|English]] [[:s:MG Numbers 1:1\|(sample)]].		* [[Mikraot Gedolot]] (Rabbinic Bible) in [[מקראות גדולות\|Hebrew]] [[מ"ג איכה א א\|(sample)]] and [[:s:Mikraot Gedolot\|English]] [[:s:MG Numbers 1:1\|(sample)]].

Beza 1598 at 07:59, 5 March 2016

2016-03-05T07:59:27Z

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	[[Category:Judaism\| ]]		[[Category:Judaism\| ]]
	[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]		[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]

			{{Donate}}

Beza 1598: /* See also */

2016-03-05T07:36:27Z

Nick: /* Orthodox */

2011-01-23T12:24:11Z

Orthodox

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	:3.Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations.		:3.Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations.
	:4.Jewish belief is based on national revelation."		:4.Jewish belief is based on national revelation."
	Conservative===		===Conservative===
	:Waxman, Jonathan (2006). "Messianic Jews Are Not Jews". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. :http://web.archive.org/web/20060628033541/http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html. Retrieved 2007-02-14. "Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side.…we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community."		:Waxman, Jonathan (2006). "Messianic Jews Are Not Jews". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. :http://web.archive.org/web/20060628033541/http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html. Retrieved 2007-02-14. "Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side.…we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community."

	===Reform===		===Reform===
	:"Missionary Impossible". Hebrew Union College. August 9, 1999. http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html. Retrieved 2007-02-14. "Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus," "Messianic Jews," and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries."		:"Missionary Impossible". Hebrew Union College. August 9, 1999. http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html. Retrieved 2007-02-14. "Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus," "Messianic Jews," and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries."

Nick: /* References */

2011-01-23T12:23:40Z

References

Show changes

Nick: /* Alternative Judaism */

2011-01-23T12:08:20Z

Alternative Judaism

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	===Alternative Judaism===		===Alternative Judaism===
	''		''
	See Also [[Alternative Judaism]]]''		See Also [[Alternative Judaism]]''

	[[Karaite Judaism]] defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the [[Second Temple]] period, such as the [[Sadducees]]. The Karaites ("Scripturalists") accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the [[Peshat]] ("simple" meaning); they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative. Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all, although most do. The [[Samaritan]]s, a very small community located entirely around [[Mount Gerizim]] in the [[Nablus]]/[[Shechem]] region of the [[West Bank]] and in [[Holon]], near [[Tel Aviv]] in Israel, regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)\|kingdom of Israel]]. Their religious practices are those of Judaism, but they regard only the written [[Torah]] as authoritative scripture (with a special regard also for the [[Book of Joshua]]).		[[Karaite Judaism]] defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the [[Second Temple]] period, such as the [[Sadducees]]. The Karaites ("Scripturalists") accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the [[Peshat]] ("simple" meaning); they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative. Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all, although most do. The [[Samaritan]]s, a very small community located entirely around [[Mount Gerizim]] in the [[Nablus]]/[[Shechem]] region of the [[West Bank]] and in [[Holon]], near [[Tel Aviv]] in Israel, regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)\|kingdom of Israel]]. Their religious practices are those of Judaism, but they regard only the written [[Torah]] as authoritative scripture (with a special regard also for the [[Book of Joshua]]).

Nick: /* Rabbinic Judaism */

2011-01-23T12:07:39Z

Rabbinic Judaism

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	* [[Reform Judaism]], called [[Liberal Judaism\|Liberal]] or [[Progressive Judaism]] in many countries, defines Judaism as a religion rather than as a race or culture, rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the [[Torah]] while observing moral laws, and emphasizes the ethical call of the [[Nevi'im\|Prophets]]. Reform Judaism has developed an egalitarian prayer service in the vernacular (along with [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] in many cases) and emphasizes personal connection to Jewish tradition.		* [[Reform Judaism]], called [[Liberal Judaism\|Liberal]] or [[Progressive Judaism]] in many countries, defines Judaism as a religion rather than as a race or culture, rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the [[Torah]] while observing moral laws, and emphasizes the ethical call of the [[Nevi'im\|Prophets]]. Reform Judaism has developed an egalitarian prayer service in the vernacular (along with [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] in many cases) and emphasizes personal connection to Jewish tradition.
	[[~~File~~:ReformJewishService.jpg\|\|230px\|thumb\|right\|A [[Reform Judaism\|Reform synagogue]] with mixed seating and equal participation of men and women]]		[[Image:ReformJewishService.jpg\|\|230px\|thumb\|right\|A [[Reform Judaism\|Reform synagogue]] with mixed seating and equal participation of men and women]]

	* [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], like Reform Judaism, does not hold that Jewish law, as such, requires observance, but unlike Reform, Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow.		* [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], like Reform Judaism, does not hold that Jewish law, as such, requires observance, but unlike Reform, Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow.

Nick: /* Rabbinic literature */

2011-01-23T12:06:57Z

Rabbinic literature

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	==Jewish religious texts==		==Jewish religious texts==
	===Rabbinic literature===		===Rabbinic literature===
	~~{{Main\|~~Rabbinic literature}}
			''See Also [[Rabbinic literature]]''

	The following is a basic, structured list of the central works of Jewish practice and thought.		The following is a basic, structured list of the central works of Jewish practice and thought.
	* [[Tanakh]]<sup>[]</sup> ([[Hebrew Bible]]) and commentaries		* [[Tanakh]]<sup>[]</sup> ([[Hebrew Bible]]) and commentaries

Nick: /* The Enlightenment and New Religious Movements */

2011-01-23T12:05:06Z

The Enlightenment and New Religious Movements

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	===The Enlightenment and New Religious Movements===		===The Enlightenment and New Religious Movements===
	~~{{Main\|~~Haskalah\|Jewish religious movements}}
			''See Also [[Haskalah]] [[Jewish religious movements]]''

	In the late 18th century CE, Europe was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements known as the [[Age of Enlightenment\|Enlightenment]]. The Enlightenment led to reductions in the European laws that prohibited Jews to interact with the wider secular world, thus allowing Jews access to secular education and experience. A parallel Jewish movement, [[Haskalah]] or the "Jewish Enlightenment", began, especially in [[Central Europe]] and [[Western Europe]], in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms. It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason. With the promise of political emancipation many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe. Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend.		In the late 18th century CE, Europe was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements known as the [[Age of Enlightenment\|Enlightenment]]. The Enlightenment led to reductions in the European laws that prohibited Jews to interact with the wider secular world, thus allowing Jews access to secular education and experience. A parallel Jewish movement, [[Haskalah]] or the "Jewish Enlightenment", began, especially in [[Central Europe]] and [[Western Europe]], in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms. It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason. With the promise of political emancipation many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe. Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend.

Nick: /* Hasidism */

2011-01-23T12:04:39Z

Hasidism

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	===Hasidism===		===Hasidism===
	~~{{Main\|~~Hasidic Judaism}}
			''See Also [[Hasidic Judaism]]''

	Hasidic Judaism was founded by [[Yisroel ben Eliezer (The Baal Shem Tov)\|Yisroel ben Eliezer]] (1700–1760), also known as the ''Ba'al Shem Tov'' (or ''Besht''). It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people, when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too "academic", and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy. His disciples attracted many followers; they themselves established numerous Hasidic sects across Europe. Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Europe. Waves of Jewish immigration in the 1880s carried it to the United States.		Hasidic Judaism was founded by [[Yisroel ben Eliezer (The Baal Shem Tov)\|Yisroel ben Eliezer]] (1700–1760), also known as the ''Ba'al Shem Tov'' (or ''Besht''). It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people, when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too "academic", and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy. His disciples attracted many followers; they themselves established numerous Hasidic sects across Europe. Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Europe. Waves of Jewish immigration in the 1880s carried it to the United States.
	The movement itself claims to be nothing new, but a ''refreshment'' of original Judaism. Or as some have put it: '' "they merely re-emphasized that which the generations had lost"''.<~~ref~~>~~{{cite web\|url=http://www.nishmas.org/maggid/chapt7.htm \|title="The Maggid of Mezritch" Chapter 7 - Opposition Intensifies \|publisher=Nishmas.org \|date= \|accessdate=2010-08-22}}~~</~~ref~~> Nevertheless, early on there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. European Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed by the Hasidim as [[Misnagdim]], (lit. "opponents"). Some of the reasons for the rejection of Hasidic Judaism were the overwhelming exuberance of Hasidic worship, its untraditional ascriptions of infallibility and alleged miracle-working to their leaders, and the concern that it might become a messianic sect. Since then differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of [[Haredi Judaism]].		The movement itself claims to be nothing new, but a ''refreshment'' of original Judaism. Or as some have put it: '' "they merely re-emphasized that which the generations had lost"''.<sup>[]</sup> Nevertheless, early on there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. European Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed by the Hasidim as [[Misnagdim]], (lit. "opponents"). Some of the reasons for the rejection of Hasidic Judaism were the overwhelming exuberance of Hasidic worship, its untraditional ascriptions of infallibility and alleged miracle-working to their leaders, and the concern that it might become a messianic sect. Since then differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of [[Haredi Judaism]].

	===The Enlightenment and New Religious Movements===		===The Enlightenment and New Religious Movements===

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	* [[Sabbateanism]]		* [[Sabbateanism]]
	* [[Secular Jewish culture]]		* [[Secular Jewish culture]]

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	==References==		==References==