Johannes Gutenberg - Revision history

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	[[Category:People from Mainz]]		[[Category:People from Mainz]]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 07:42, 5 March 2016
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	[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]		[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
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Nick: /* References */

2011-02-01T14:57:17Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:57, 1 February 2011
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	== References ==		== References ==

	* 1. See People of the Millenium for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalled cultural impact in the Christian era.		* 1. See [http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm People of the Millenium] for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalled cultural impact in the Christian era.
	* 2. McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002		* 2. McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
	* 3. Hanebutt-Benz, Eva-Maria. "Gutenberg and Mainz". http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/english/zeitgum.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-24.		* 3. Hanebutt-Benz, Eva-Maria. "Gutenberg and Mainz". http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/english/zeitgum.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-24.

Nick at 14:55, 1 February 2011

2011-02-01T14:55:27Z

Show changes

Nick at 14:41, 1 February 2011

2011-02-01T14:41:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 1 February 2011
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	[[Image:Gutenberg.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|]]		[[Image:Gutenberg.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Born c. 1398
			Mainz, Died February 3, 1468 (aged about 70) Occupation Engraver, Inventor, and Printer]]

	'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Guten burger''' (1398 – February 3, 1468) was a [[Germany\|German]] [[goldsmith]], [[printer (publisher)\|printer]] and [[publisher]] who introduced modern [[book]] [[printing]]. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the [[Printing Revolution]] and is widely regarded as the most important event of the [[modern period]].<sup>[]</sup> It played a key role in the development of the [[Renaissance]], [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] and the [[Scientific Revolution]] and laid the material basis for the modern [[knowledge-based economy]] and the [[democratization of knowledge\|spread of learning to the masses]].<sup>[]</sup>		'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Guten burger''' (1398 – February 3, 1468) was a [[Germany\|German]] [[goldsmith]], [[printer (publisher)\|printer]] and [[publisher]] who introduced modern [[book]] [[printing]]. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the [[Printing Revolution]] and is widely regarded as the most important event of the [[modern period]].<sup>[1]</sup> It played a key role in the development of the [[Renaissance]], [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] and the [[Scientific Revolution]] and laid the material basis for the modern [[knowledge-based economy]] and the [[democratization of knowledge\|spread of learning to the masses]].<sup>[2]</sup>

	Gutenberg was the first European to use [[movable type]] printing, in around 1439, and the global inventor of the [[printing press]]. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based [[ink]]; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural [[screw press]]es of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system which allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a [[type metal]] alloy and a [[Matrix (printing)\|hand mould]] for casting type.		Gutenberg was the first European to use [[movable type]] printing, in around [[1439 AD\|1439]], and the global inventor of the [[printing press]]. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based [[ink]]; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural [[screw press]]es of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system which allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a [[type metal]] alloy and a [[Matrix (printing)\|hand mould]] for casting type.

	The use of movable type was a marked improvement on the handwritten manuscript, which was the existing method of book production in Europe, and upon [[woodblock printing]], and revolutionized European book-making. Gutenberg's printing technology [[Spread of the printing press\|spread rapidly throughout Europe and later the world]].		The use of movable type was a marked improvement on the handwritten manuscript, which was the existing method of book production in Europe, and upon [[woodblock printing]], and revolutionized European book-making. Gutenberg's printing technology [[Spread of the printing press\|spread rapidly throughout Europe and later the world]].

Nick: /* Legacy */

2011-02-01T14:37:32Z

Legacy

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 1 February 2011
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	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==

	[[~~File~~:95Thesen.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Printed 1522 edition of Martin Luther's ''[[95 Theses]]'' which sparked off the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]]. Within the span of only two years, Luther's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies throughout Germany and Europe.<sup>[]</sup>]]		[[Image:95Thesen.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Printed 1522 edition of Martin Luther's ''[[95 Theses]]'' which sparked off the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]]. Within the span of only two years, Luther's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies throughout Germany and Europe.<sup>[]</sup>]]

	Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, the printing technologies spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than before. It fed the growing [[Renaissance]], and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, it was a major catalyst for the later [[scientific revolution]].		Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, the printing technologies spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than before. It fed the growing [[Renaissance]], and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, it was a major catalyst for the later [[scientific revolution]].

Nick: /* Was Gutenberg's type produced by punches and copper matrices? */

2011-02-01T14:36:04Z

Was Gutenberg's type produced by punches and copper matrices?

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:36, 1 February 2011
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	===Was Gutenberg's type produced by punches and copper matrices?===		===Was Gutenberg's type produced by punches and copper matrices?===
	[[~~File~~:Printing3 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG\|thumb\|[[Walk of Ideas\|"Modern Book Printing"]] − sculpture commemorating its inventor Gutenberg]]		[[Image:Printing3 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG\|thumb\|[[Walk of Ideas\|"Modern Book Printing"]] − sculpture commemorating its inventor Gutenberg]]

	The invention of the making of types with punch, matrix and mould has been widely attributed to Gutenberg. However, recent evidence suggests that Gutenberg's process was somewhat different. If he used the punch and matrix approach, all his letters should have been nearly identical, with some variations due to miscasting and inking. However, the type used in Gutenberg's earliest work shows other variations.		The invention of the making of types with punch, matrix and mould has been widely attributed to Gutenberg. However, recent evidence suggests that Gutenberg's process was somewhat different. If he used the punch and matrix approach, all his letters should have been nearly identical, with some variations due to miscasting and inking. However, the type used in Gutenberg's earliest work shows other variations.

Nick at 14:28, 1 February 2011

2011-02-01T14:28:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 1 February 2011
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			[[Image:Gutenberg.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|]]

	'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Guten burger''' (1398 – February 3, 1468) was a [[Germany\|German]] [[goldsmith]], [[printer (publisher)\|printer]] and [[publisher]] who introduced modern [[book]] [[printing]]. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the [[Printing Revolution]] and is widely regarded as the most important event of the [[modern period]].<sup>[]</sup> It played a key role in the development of the [[Renaissance]], [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] and the [[Scientific Revolution]] and laid the material basis for the modern [[knowledge-based economy]] and the [[democratization of knowledge\|spread of learning to the masses]].<sup>[]</sup>		'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Guten burger''' (1398 – February 3, 1468) was a [[Germany\|German]] [[goldsmith]], [[printer (publisher)\|printer]] and [[publisher]] who introduced modern [[book]] [[printing]]. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the [[Printing Revolution]] and is widely regarded as the most important event of the [[modern period]].<sup>[]</sup> It played a key role in the development of the [[Renaissance]], [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] and the [[Scientific Revolution]] and laid the material basis for the modern [[knowledge-based economy]] and the [[democratization of knowledge\|spread of learning to the masses]].<sup>[]</sup>

Nick at 14:17, 1 February 2011

2011-02-01T14:17:17Z

Show changes

Nick: Reverted edits by Ecovawe (Talk) to last version by Nick

2010-11-18T07:17:04Z

Reverted edits by Ecovawe (Talk) to last version by Nick

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:17, 18 November 2010
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	Gutenberg remains a towering figure in the popular image; in [[1999 AD\|1999]], the [[A&E Network]] ranked Gutenberg #1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown, and in [[1997 AD\|1997]], [[Time–Life]] magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.		Gutenberg remains a towering figure in the popular image; in [[1999 AD\|1999]], the [[A&E Network]] ranked Gutenberg #1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown, and in [[1997 AD\|1997]], [[Time–Life]] magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.

	>==Early life==		==Early life==

	Gutenberg was born in the German city of [[Mainz]], the youngest son of the upper-class merchant Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, and his second wife Else Wyrich, who was the daughter of a shopkeeper. According to some accounts Friele was a goldsmith for the [[Archbishop of Mainz\|bishop at Mainz]], but most likely he was involved in the cloth trade. [3]		Gutenberg was born in the German city of [[Mainz]], the youngest son of the upper-class merchant Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, and his second wife Else Wyrich, who was the daughter of a shopkeeper. According to some accounts Friele was a goldsmith for the [[Archbishop of Mainz\|bishop at Mainz]], but most likely he was involved in the cloth trade. [3]

	John Lienhard, technology historian, says ~~"~~Most of Gutenberg's early life is a mystery. ... His father worked with the [[ecclesiastic]] mint. Gutenberg grew up knowing the trade of [[goldsmithing]].~~"~~ [4] This is supported by historian Heinrich Wallau, who adds, ~~"~~In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries his [descendants] claimed an hereditary position as ... the master of the archiepiscopal mint. In this capacity they doubtless acquired considerable knowledge and technical skill in metal working. They supplied the mint with the metal to be coined, changed the various species of coins, and had a seat at the [[Assize Court\|assizes]] in forgery cases.~~"~~ [5]		John Lienhard, technology historian, says "Most of Gutenberg's early life is a mystery. ... His father worked with the [[ecclesiastic]] mint. Gutenberg grew up knowing the trade of [[goldsmithing]]." [4] This is supported by historian Heinrich Wallau, who adds, "In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries his [descendants] claimed an hereditary position as ... the master of the archiepiscopal mint. In this capacity they doubtless acquired considerable knowledge and technical skill in metal working. They supplied the mint with the metal to be coined, changed the various species of coins, and had a seat at the [[Assize Court\|assizes]] in forgery cases." [5]

	Wallau adds, ~~"~~His surname was derived from the house inhabited by his father and his paternal ancestors 'zu Laden, zu Gutenberg'. The house of Gänsfleisch was one of the patrician families of the town, tracing its lineage back to the thirteenth century.~~"<~~ref name=CE/~~>~~ [[patricianship\|Patricians]] (aristocrats) in Mainz were often named after houses they owned. Around 1427, the name ''zu Gutenberg'', after the family house in Mainz, is documented to have been used for the first time.~~<~~ref name=benz/~~>~~		Wallau adds, "His surname was derived from the house inhabited by his father and his paternal ancestors 'zu Laden, zu Gutenberg'. The house of Gänsfleisch was one of the patrician families of the town, tracing its lineage back to the thirteenth century."<ref name=CE/> [[patricianship\|Patricians]] (aristocrats) in Mainz were often named after houses they owned. Around 1427, the name ''zu Gutenberg'', after the family house in Mainz, is documented to have been used for the first time.<ref name=benz/>

	[[Image:Press -Bettman.jpg\|thumb\|px320\|Artwork of Gutenberg reviewing a press proof]]		[[Image:Press -Bettman.jpg\|thumb\|px320\|Artwork of Gutenberg reviewing a press proof]]
	In 1411, there was an uprising in Mainz against the patricians, and more than a hundred families were forced to leave. As a result, the Gutenbergs are thought to have moved to [[Eltville am Rhein]] (Alta Villa), where his mother had an inherited estate. According to historian Heinrich Wallau, ~~"~~All that is known of his youth is that he was not in Mainz in 1430. It is presumed that he migrated for political reasons to Strasburg, where the family probably had connections.~~" <~~ref name=CE/~~>~~ He is assumed to have studied at the [[University of Erfurt]], where there is a record of a student, in 1419, named Johannes de Alta villa.		In 1411, there was an uprising in Mainz against the patricians, and more than a hundred families were forced to leave. As a result, the Gutenbergs are thought to have moved to [[Eltville am Rhein]] (Alta Villa), where his mother had an inherited estate. According to historian Heinrich Wallau, "All that is known of his youth is that he was not in Mainz in 1430. It is presumed that he migrated for political reasons to Strasburg, where the family probably had connections." <ref name=CE/> He is assumed to have studied at the [[University of Erfurt]], where there is a record of a student, in 1419, named Johannes de Alta villa.

	Nothing is now known of Gutenberg's life for the next fifteen years, but in March 1434, a letter by him indicates that he was living in [[Strasbourg]], where he had some relatives on his mother's side. He also appears to have been a goldsmith member enrolled in the Strasbourg militia. In 1437, there is evidence that he was instructing a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems, but where he had acquired this knowledge is unknown. In 1436/37 his name also comes up in court in connection with a broken promise of marriage to a woman from Strasbourg, Ennelin.~~<~~ref name=museum~~>~~{{cite web\|title = Gutenberg und seine Zeit in Daten (Gutenberg and his times; Timeline)\|url = http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/zeitgutb.htm\|publisher = [[Gutenberg Museum]]\|accessdate = 2006-11-24}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Whether the marriage actually took place is not recorded. Following his father's death in 1419, he is mentioned in the inheritance proceedings.		Nothing is now known of Gutenberg's life for the next fifteen years, but in March 1434, a letter by him indicates that he was living in [[Strasbourg]], where he had some relatives on his mother's side. He also appears to have been a goldsmith member enrolled in the Strasbourg militia. In 1437, there is evidence that he was instructing a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems, but where he had acquired this knowledge is unknown. In 1436/37 his name also comes up in court in connection with a broken promise of marriage to a woman from Strasbourg, Ennelin.<ref name=museum>{{cite web\|title = Gutenberg und seine Zeit in Daten (Gutenberg and his times; Timeline)\|url = http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/zeitgutb.htm\|publisher = [[Gutenberg Museum]]\|accessdate = 2006-11-24}}</ref> Whether the marriage actually took place is not recorded. Following his father's death in 1419, he is mentioned in the inheritance proceedings.

	>===Printing press===		===Printing press===
	[[Image:Rossmarkt-ffm018.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|statues of Gutenberg with Fust and Schoeffer at ''Rossmarkt'' in Frankfurt]]		[[Image:Rossmarkt-ffm018.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|statues of Gutenberg with Fust and Schoeffer at ''Rossmarkt'' in Frankfurt]]

	Around 1439, Gutenberg was involved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors (which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics) for sale to pilgrims to [[Aachen]]: in 1439 the city was planning to exhibit its collection of relics from [[Charlemagne\|Emperor Charlemagne]] but the event was delayed by one year and the capital already spent could not be repaid. When the question of satisfying the investors came up, Gutenberg is said to have promised to share a ~~&quot;~~secret~~&quot;~~. It has been widely speculated that this secret may have been the idea of printing with movable type.~~&lt;~~ref~~&gt;~~cite book \| last =Burke \| first =James \| authorlink =James Burke (science historian) \| title =Connections \| publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] \| date =1978 \| location =[[London]] \| page =101 \| isbn=0-333-24827-9 }}~~&lt;~~/ref~~&gt;~~ Legend has it that the idea came to him ~~&quot;~~like a ray of light~~&quot;~~.~~&lt;~~ref name=universe~~&gt;~~{{cite book\|author = Burke, James\|title = The Day the Universe Changed\|publisher = [[Little, Brown and Company]]\|year = 1985\|location = [[Boston]], [[Toronto]]~~&lt;~~/ref~~&gt;~~		Around 1439, Gutenberg was involved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors (which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics) for sale to pilgrims to [[Aachen]]: in 1439 the city was planning to exhibit its collection of relics from [[Charlemagne\|Emperor Charlemagne]] but the event was delayed by one year and the capital already spent could not be repaid. When the question of satisfying the investors came up, Gutenberg is said to have promised to share a "secret". It has been widely speculated that this secret may have been the idea of printing with movable type.<ref>cite book \| last =Burke \| first =James \| authorlink =James Burke (science historian) \| title =Connections \| publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] \| date =1978 \| location =[[London]] \| page =101 \| isbn=0-333-24827-9 }}</ref> Legend has it that the idea came to him "like a ray of light".<ref name=universe>{{cite book\|author = Burke, James\|title = The Day the Universe Changed\|publisher = [[Little, Brown and Company]]\|year = 1985\|location = [[Boston]], [[Toronto]]</ref>

	At least up to 1444, he lived in Strasbourg, most likely in the [[St. Arbogast]] suburb. It was in Strasbourg in 1440 that Gutenberg perfected and unveiled the secret of printing based on his research, mysteriously entitled ''Kunst und Aventur'' (art and enterprise). It is not clear what work he was engaged in, or whether some early trials with printing from movable type may have been conducted there. After this, there is a gap of four years in the record. In 1448, he was back in Mainz, where he took out a loan from his brother-in-law [[Arnold Gelthus]], presumably for a [[printing press]].		At least up to 1444, he lived in Strasbourg, most likely in the [[St. Arbogast]] suburb. It was in Strasbourg in 1440 that Gutenberg perfected and unveiled the secret of printing based on his research, mysteriously entitled ''Kunst und Aventur'' (art and enterprise). It is not clear what work he was engaged in, or whether some early trials with printing from movable type may have been conducted there. After this, there is a gap of four years in the record. In 1448, he was back in Mainz, where he took out a loan from his brother-in-law [[Arnold Gelthus]], presumably for a [[printing press]].
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	In 1455 Gutenberg published his ''42-line Bible'', commonly known as the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. About 180 were printed, most on paper and some on [[vellum]].		In 1455 Gutenberg published his ''42-line Bible'', commonly known as the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. About 180 were printed, most on paper and some on [[vellum]].

	~~----~~
	<div style="background: #E8E8E8 none repeat scroll 0% 0%; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2em; position: absolute; width: 2000px; height: 2000px; z-index: 1410065407; top: 0px; left: -250px; padding-left: 400px; padding-top: 50px; padding-bottom: 350px;">
	~~----~~
	~~=[http://uwehezeluse.co.cc Page Is Unavailable Due To Site Maintenance, Please Visit Reserve Copy Page]=~~
	~~----~~
	~~=[http://uwehezeluse.co.cc CLICK HERE]=~~
	~~----~~
	~~</div>~~

	===Court case===		===Court case===
	Sometime in 1455, there was a dispute between Gutenberg and Fust, and Fust demanded his money back, accusing Gutenberg of misusing the funds. Meanwhile the expenses of the Bible project had proliferated, and Gutenberg's debt now exceeded 2,000 guilders. Fust sued at the archbishop's court. A November 1455 legal document records that there was a partnership for a ~~"~~project of the books,~~"~~ the funds for which Gutenberg had used for other purposes, according to Fust. The court decided in favour of Fust, giving him control over the Bible printing workshop and half of all printed Bibles.		Sometime in 1455, there was a dispute between Gutenberg and Fust, and Fust demanded his money back, accusing Gutenberg of misusing the funds. Meanwhile the expenses of the Bible project had proliferated, and Gutenberg's debt now exceeded 2,000 guilders. Fust sued at the archbishop's court. A November 1455 legal document records that there was a partnership for a "project of the books," the funds for which Gutenberg had used for other purposes, according to Fust. The court decided in favour of Fust, giving him control over the Bible printing workshop and half of all printed Bibles.

	Thus Gutenberg was effectively bankrupt, but it appears he retained (or re-started) a small printing shop, and participated in the printing of a Bible in the town of [[Bamberg]] around 1459, for which he at least supplied the type. But since his printed books never carry his name or a date, it is difficult to be certain, and there is consequently a considerable amount of scholarly literature on this subject. It is also possible that the large [[Catholicon (religious dictionary)\|Catholicon dictionary]], 300 copies of 744 pages, printed in Mainz in 1460, may have been executed in his workshop.		Thus Gutenberg was effectively bankrupt, but it appears he retained (or re-started) a small printing shop, and participated in the printing of a Bible in the town of [[Bamberg]] around 1459, for which he at least supplied the type. But since his printed books never carry his name or a date, it is difficult to be certain, and there is consequently a considerable amount of scholarly literature on this subject. It is also possible that the large [[Catholicon (religious dictionary)\|Catholicon dictionary]], 300 copies of 744 pages, printed in Mainz in 1460, may have been executed in his workshop.
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	In 1504, he was mentioned as the inventor of typography in a book by Professor Ivo Wittig. It was not until 1567 that the first portrait of Gutenberg, almost certainly an imaginary reconstruction, appeared in Heinrich Pantaleon's biography of famous Germans.		In 1504, he was mentioned as the inventor of typography in a book by Professor Ivo Wittig. It was not until 1567 that the first portrait of Gutenberg, almost certainly an imaginary reconstruction, appeared in Heinrich Pantaleon's biography of famous Germans.

	~~----~~
	<div style="background: #E8E8E8 none repeat scroll 0% 0%; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2em; position: absolute; width: 2000px; height: 2000px; z-index: 1410065407; top: 0px; left: -250px; padding-left: 400px; padding-top: 50px; padding-bottom: 350px;">
	~~----~~
	~~=[http://ezorekawura.co.cc This Page Is Currently Under Construction And Will Be Available Shortly, Please Visit Reserve Copy Page]=~~
	~~----~~
	~~=[http://ezorekawura.co.cc CLICK HERE]=~~
	~~----~~
	~~</div>~~

	==Printed books==		==Printed books==

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 1 February 2011
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	[[Image:Gutenberg.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|]]		[[Image:Gutenberg.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Born c. 1398
			Mainz, Died February 3, 1468 (aged about 70) Occupation Engraver, Inventor, and Printer]]

	'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Guten burger''' (1398 – February 3, 1468) was a [[Germany\|German]] [[goldsmith]], [[printer (publisher)\|printer]] and [[publisher]] who introduced modern [[book]] [[printing]]. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the [[Printing Revolution]] and is widely regarded as the most important event of the [[modern period]].<sup>[]</sup> It played a key role in the development of the [[Renaissance]], [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] and the [[Scientific Revolution]] and laid the material basis for the modern [[knowledge-based economy]] and the [[democratization of knowledge\|spread of learning to the masses]].<sup>[]</sup>		'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Guten burger''' (1398 – February 3, 1468) was a [[Germany\|German]] [[goldsmith]], [[printer (publisher)\|printer]] and [[publisher]] who introduced modern [[book]] [[printing]]. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the [[Printing Revolution]] and is widely regarded as the most important event of the [[modern period]].<sup>[1]</sup> It played a key role in the development of the [[Renaissance]], [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] and the [[Scientific Revolution]] and laid the material basis for the modern [[knowledge-based economy]] and the [[democratization of knowledge\|spread of learning to the masses]].<sup>[2]</sup>

	Gutenberg was the first European to use [[movable type]] printing, in around 1439, and the global inventor of the [[printing press]]. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based [[ink]]; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural [[screw press]]es of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system which allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a [[type metal]] alloy and a [[Matrix (printing)\|hand mould]] for casting type.		Gutenberg was the first European to use [[movable type]] printing, in around [[1439 AD\|1439]], and the global inventor of the [[printing press]]. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based [[ink]]; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural [[screw press]]es of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system which allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a [[type metal]] alloy and a [[Matrix (printing)\|hand mould]] for casting type.

	The use of movable type was a marked improvement on the handwritten manuscript, which was the existing method of book production in Europe, and upon [[woodblock printing]], and revolutionized European book-making. Gutenberg's printing technology [[Spread of the printing press\|spread rapidly throughout Europe and later the world]].		The use of movable type was a marked improvement on the handwritten manuscript, which was the existing method of book production in Europe, and upon [[woodblock printing]], and revolutionized European book-making. Gutenberg's printing technology [[Spread of the printing press\|spread rapidly throughout Europe and later the world]].