Jerome - Revision history

Nick: /* Notes */

2021-02-12T22:35:23Z

Notes

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	==Notes==		==Notes==
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	==External links==		==External links==

Nick at 04:10, 6 February 2021

2021-02-06T04:10:02Z

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	'''Jerome''' (/dʒəˈroʊm/; [[Latin]]: ''Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus''; [[Greek]]: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 342-347 – September 30, 420) also known as '''Jerome of Stridon'''; was a [[Christian]] leader and [[Christian apologetics\|apologist]] best known for translating the Latin [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''.		'''Jerome''' (/dʒəˈroʊm/; [[Latin]]: ''Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus''; [[Greek]]: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. [[342 AD\|342]]-[[347 AD\|347]] – September 30, [[420 AD\|420]]) also known as '''Jerome of Stridon'''; was a [[Christian]] leader and [[Christian apologetics\|apologist]] best known for translating the Latin [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''.

	In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically, as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw, and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship. [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]]. He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.		In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically, as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw, and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship. [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]]. He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.

Nick at 04:08, 6 February 2021

2021-02-06T04:08:27Z

Nick at 04:05, 6 February 2021

2021-02-06T04:05:41Z

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	'''~~Saint~~ Jerome''' (c. 347 – September 30, 420) ~~(Formerly Saint Heirom)~~; was a [[Christian]] ~~priest~~ and [[Christian apologetics\|~~Christian~~ apologist]] best known for translating the [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''~~. He is presumed by some to have been an [[Illyria]]n, but this may just be conjecture~~.		'''Jerome''' (/dʒəˈroʊm/; [[Latin]]: ''Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus''; [[Greek]]: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 342-347 – September 30, 420) also known as '''Jerome of Stridon'''; was a [[Christian]] leader and [[Christian apologetics\|apologist]] best known for translating the Latin [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''.

	In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20078331.html Saint Jerome and some library lions]</ref> as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,<ref>The lion episode, in ''Vita Divi Hieronymi'' ([[Migne]] ''Pat. Lat.'' XXII, c. 209ff.) was translated by Helen Waddell ''Beasts and Saints'' (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) ([http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0930.htm on-line retelling]).</ref> and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: St. Jerome], gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].<ref name="NMSU"/> He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.		In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20078331.html Saint Jerome and some library lions]</ref> as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,<ref>The lion episode, in ''Vita Divi Hieronymi'' ([[Migne]] ''Pat. Lat.'' XXII, c. 209ff.) was translated by Helen Waddell ''Beasts and Saints'' (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) ([http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0930.htm on-line retelling]).</ref> and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: St. Jerome], gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].<ref name="NMSU"/> He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.

Beza 1598 at 11:07, 8 March 2016

2016-03-08T11:07:57Z

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	*''This article uses material from Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion.''		*''This article uses material from Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion.''
	* birth/death dates from {{cite book \|last=Cameron \|first=A \|title=The Later Roman Empire \|year=1993 \|publisher=Fontana Press \|location=London \|isbn=0-00-686172-5 \|pages=203 }}		* birth/death dates from {{cite book \|last=Cameron \|first=A \|title=The Later Roman Empire \|year=1993 \|publisher=Fontana Press \|location=London \|isbn=0-00-686172-5 \|pages=203 }}

			{{Donate}}

Nick at 07:53, 22 March 2009

2009-03-22T07:53:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:53, 22 March 2009
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	~~{{Otheruses}}~~		'''Saint Jerome''' (c. 347 – September 30, 420) (Formerly Saint Heirom); was a [[Christian]] priest and [[Christian apologetics\|Christian apologist]] best known for translating the [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''. He is presumed by some to have been an [[Illyria]]n, but this may just be conjecture.
	~~{{redirect\|Saint Jerome}}~~
	~~{{Infobox Saint~~
	~~\|name=Saint Jerome~~
	~~\|birth_date=c. 340-347~~
	~~\|death_date=420~~
	~~\|feast_day=[[September 30]] ([[Western Christianity]])<br>[[June 15]] ([[Eastern Christianity]])~~
	~~\|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br>[[Anglican Communion]]<br>[[Lutheranism]]<br>[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]~~
	~~\|image=Durer-jerome.jpg~~
	~~\|imagesize=200px~~
	~~\|caption=''Saint Jerome'' <small>by [[Lucas van Leyden]]</small><!--see [[Image talk:Durer-jerome.jpg]]-->~~
	~~\|birth_place=[[Stridon]], on the border of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)\|Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]]~~
	~~\|death_place=[[Bethlehem]], [[Judea]]~~
	~~\|titles=Priest, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church~~
	~~\|attributes=lion, cardinal attire, cross, skull, trumpet, owl, books and writing material~~
	~~\|patronage=archeologists; archivists; Bible scholars; librarians; libraries; schoolchildren; students; translators~~
	~~\|major_shrine=[[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore\|Basilica of Saint Mary Major]], [[Rome]], [[Italy]]~~
	~~\|suppressed_date=~~
	~~\|issues=~~
	\|prayer=O Lord, show your mercy to me and gladden my heart. I am like the man on the way to Jericho who was overtaken by robbers, wounded and left for dead. O Good Samaritan, come to my aid, I am like the sheep that went astray. O Good Shepherd, seek me out and bring me home in accord with your will. Let me dwell in your house all the days of my life and praise you for ever and ever with those who are there.
	~~\|prayer_attrib=Saint Jerome~~
	}}
	'''Saint Jerome''' (c. 347 – September 30, 420) (Formerly Saint Heirom) ~~({{lang-la\|Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus}}~~; ~~{{lang-el\|Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος}})~~ was a [[Christian]] priest ~~<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08341a.htm Saint Jerome, Catholic Encyclopedia]</ref>~~ and [[Christian apologetics\|Christian apologist]] best known for translating the [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''.~~<ref>Though "Blessed" in this context does not have the sense of being less than a saint, as in the West.</ref>~~ He is presumed by some to have been an [[Illyria]]n, but this may just be conjecture.

	In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20078331.html Saint Jerome and some library lions]</ref> as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,<ref>The lion episode, in ''Vita Divi Hieronymi'' ([[Migne]] ''Pat. Lat.'' XXII, c. 209ff.) was translated by Helen Waddell ''Beasts and Saints'' (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) ([http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0930.htm on-line retelling]).</ref> and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: St. Jerome], gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].<ref name="NMSU"/> He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.		In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20078331.html Saint Jerome and some library lions]</ref> as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,<ref>The lion episode, in ''Vita Divi Hieronymi'' ([[Migne]] ''Pat. Lat.'' XXII, c. 209ff.) was translated by Helen Waddell ''Beasts and Saints'' (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) ([http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0930.htm on-line retelling]).</ref> and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: St. Jerome], gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].<ref name="NMSU"/> He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.

Nick at 23:11, 21 March 2009

2009-03-21T23:11:56Z

Show changes

Nick at 12:10, 10 March 2009

2009-03-10T12:10:45Z

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	Jerome		Jerome

			==See Also==

	[[Latin Vulgate]]		[[Latin Vulgate]]

Nick: Protected "Jerome" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2009-03-10T12:10:27Z

Protected "Jerome" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:10, 10 March 2009
(No difference)

Nick: New page: Jerome Latin Vulgate

2008-10-27T14:10:33Z

New page: Jerome Latin Vulgate

New page

Jerome

[[Latin Vulgate]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:53, 22 March 2009
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	~~{{Otheruses}}~~		'''Saint Jerome''' (c. 347 – September 30, 420) (Formerly Saint Heirom); was a [[Christian]] priest and [[Christian apologetics\|Christian apologist]] best known for translating the [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''. He is presumed by some to have been an [[Illyria]]n, but this may just be conjecture.
	~~{{redirect\|Saint Jerome}}~~
	~~{{Infobox Saint~~
	~~\|name=Saint Jerome~~
	~~\|birth_date=c. 340-347~~
	~~\|death_date=420~~
	~~\|feast_day=[[September 30]] ([[Western Christianity]])<br>[[June 15]] ([[Eastern Christianity]])~~
	~~\|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br>[[Anglican Communion]]<br>[[Lutheranism]]<br>[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]~~
	~~\|image=Durer-jerome.jpg~~
	~~\|imagesize=200px~~
	~~\|caption=''Saint Jerome'' <small>by [[Lucas van Leyden]]</small><!--see [[Image talk:Durer-jerome.jpg]]-->~~
	~~\|birth_place=[[Stridon]], on the border of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)\|Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]]~~
	~~\|death_place=[[Bethlehem]], [[Judea]]~~
	~~\|titles=Priest, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church~~
	~~\|attributes=lion, cardinal attire, cross, skull, trumpet, owl, books and writing material~~
	~~\|patronage=archeologists; archivists; Bible scholars; librarians; libraries; schoolchildren; students; translators~~
	~~\|major_shrine=[[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore\|Basilica of Saint Mary Major]], [[Rome]], [[Italy]]~~
	~~\|suppressed_date=~~
	~~\|issues=~~
	\|prayer=O Lord, show your mercy to me and gladden my heart. I am like the man on the way to Jericho who was overtaken by robbers, wounded and left for dead. O Good Samaritan, come to my aid, I am like the sheep that went astray. O Good Shepherd, seek me out and bring me home in accord with your will. Let me dwell in your house all the days of my life and praise you for ever and ever with those who are there.
	~~\|prayer_attrib=Saint Jerome~~
	}}
	'''Saint Jerome''' (c. 347 – September 30, 420) (Formerly Saint Heirom) ~~({{lang-la\|Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus}}~~; ~~{{lang-el\|Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος}})~~ was a [[Christian]] priest ~~<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08341a.htm Saint Jerome, Catholic Encyclopedia]</ref>~~ and [[Christian apologetics\|Christian apologist]] best known for translating the [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''.~~<ref>Though "Blessed" in this context does not have the sense of being less than a saint, as in the West.</ref>~~ He is presumed by some to have been an [[Illyria]]n, but this may just be conjecture.

	In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20078331.html Saint Jerome and some library lions]</ref> as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,<ref>The lion episode, in ''Vita Divi Hieronymi'' ([[Migne]] ''Pat. Lat.'' XXII, c. 209ff.) was translated by Helen Waddell ''Beasts and Saints'' (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) ([http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0930.htm on-line retelling]).</ref> and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: St. Jerome], gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].<ref name="NMSU"/> He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.		In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20078331.html Saint Jerome and some library lions]</ref> as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,<ref>The lion episode, in ''Vita Divi Hieronymi'' ([[Migne]] ''Pat. Lat.'' XXII, c. 209ff.) was translated by Helen Waddell ''Beasts and Saints'' (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) ([http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0930.htm on-line retelling]).</ref> and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: St. Jerome], gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].<ref name="NMSU"/> He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:08, 6 February 2021
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	'''Jerome''' (/dʒəˈroʊm/; [[Latin]]: ''Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus''; [[Greek]]: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 342-347 – September 30, 420) also known as '''Jerome of Stridon'''; was a [[Christian]] leader and [[Christian apologetics\|apologist]] best known for translating the Latin [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''.		'''Jerome''' (/dʒəˈroʊm/; [[Latin]]: ''Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus''; [[Greek]]: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 342-347 – September 30, 420) also known as '''Jerome of Stridon'''; was a [[Christian]] leader and [[Christian apologetics\|apologist]] best known for translating the Latin [[Vulgate]]. He is recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as a canonized [[saint]] and [[Doctor of the Church]], and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where he is known as '''St Jerome of Stridonium''' or '''Blessed Jerome'''.

	In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically,~~<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20078331.html Saint Jerome and some library lions]</ref>~~ as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,<ref>The lion episode, in ''Vita Divi Hieronymi'' ([[Migne]] ''Pat. Lat.'' XXII, c. 209ff.) was translated by Helen Waddell ''Beasts and Saints'' (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) ([http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0930.htm on-line retelling]).</ref> and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: St. Jerome], gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].~~<ref name="NMSU"/>~~ He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.		In the Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him (the patron of theological learning) anachronistically, as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)\|cardinal]], by the side of [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Pope Gregory I]]. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad [[anchorite]], with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. He is also often depicted with a [[lion]], due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw, and less often with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship. [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]]. He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.

	==Life==		==Life==
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	Jerome was possibly an Illyrian, born to Christian parents, but was not baptized until about 360 or 366, when he had gone to [[Rome]] with his friend [[Bonosus (bishop)\|Bonosus]] (who may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic) to pursue [[rhetoric]]al and [[philosophy\|philosophical]] studies. He studied under the grammarian [[Aelius Donatus]]. Jerome learned [[Greek language\|Greek]], but yet had no thought of studying the Greek [[Fathers of the Church\|Fathers]], or any Christian writings.		Jerome was possibly an Illyrian, born to Christian parents, but was not baptized until about 360 or 366, when he had gone to [[Rome]] with his friend [[Bonosus (bishop)\|Bonosus]] (who may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic) to pursue [[rhetoric]]al and [[philosophy\|philosophical]] studies. He studied under the grammarian [[Aelius Donatus]]. Jerome learned [[Greek language\|Greek]], but yet had no thought of studying the Greek [[Fathers of the Church\|Fathers]], or any Christian writings.

	Payne offers a different account of his conversion. As a student in Rome, he engaged quite casually in the gay activities of students there yet suffered terrible bouts of repentance afterwards.~~<ref name="payne">~~		Payne offers a different account of his conversion. As a student in Rome, he engaged quite casually in the gay activities of students there yet suffered terrible bouts of repentance afterwards.
	~~Robert Payne, ''The Fathers of the Western Church'', (New York: Viking Press).</ref>~~
	To appease his conscience, he would visit on Sundays the sepulchers of the martyrs and the apostles in the catacombs. This experience would remind him of the terrors of hell.		To appease his conscience, he would visit on Sundays the sepulchers of the martyrs and the apostles in the catacombs. This experience would remind him of the terrors of hell.
	"Often I would find myself entering those crypts, deep dug in the earth, with their walls on either side lined with the bodies of the dead, where everything was so dark that almost it seemed as though the Psalmist’s words were fulfilled, Let them go down quick into Hell. Here and there the light, not entering in through windows, but filtering down from above through shafts, relieved the horror of the darkness. But again, as soon as you found yourself cautiously moving forward, the black night closed around and there came to my mind the line of [[Vergil]], ''Horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent''." (Jerome, Commentarius in Ezechielem, c. 40, v. 5)		"Often I would find myself entering those crypts, deep dug in the earth, with their walls on either side lined with the bodies of the dead, where everything was so dark that almost it seemed as though the Psalmist’s words were fulfilled, Let them go down quick into Hell. Here and there the light, not entering in through windows, but filtering down from above through shafts, relieved the horror of the darkness. But again, as soon as you found yourself cautiously moving forward, the black night closed around and there came to my mind the line of [[Vergil]], ''Horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent''." (Jerome, Commentarius in Ezechielem, c. 40, v. 5)
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	===Translations and commentaries===		===Translations and commentaries===
	[[Image:Caravaggio St Jerome.jpg\|left\|thumb\|250x172px\|''St Jerome'', by [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio]], 1607, at St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta]]		[[Image:Caravaggio St Jerome.jpg\|left\|thumb\|250x172px\|''St Jerome'', by [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio]], 1607, at St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta]]
	Jerome was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek. He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to [[Jerusalem]] to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, funded his stay in a monastery in Bethlehem and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the [[Vetus Latina]]. By 390 he turned to the [[Hebrew Bible]], having previously translated portions from the [[Septuagint]]. He completed this work by 405. Prior to Jerome's Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint. Jerome's decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who considered the Septuagint inspired. Modern scholarship, however, has cast doubts on the actual quality of Jerome's Hebrew knowledge; the Greek [[Hexapla]] is now considered as still the main source also for Jerome's "iuxta Hebraeos" translation of the Old Testament.~~<ref>Pierre Nautin, article ''Hieronymus'', in: Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Vol. 15, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin - New York 1986, p. 304-315, here p. 309-310.</ref>~~		Jerome was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek. He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to [[Jerusalem]] to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, funded his stay in a monastery in Bethlehem and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the [[Vetus Latina]]. By 390 he turned to the [[Hebrew Bible]], having previously translated portions from the [[Septuagint]]. He completed this work by 405. Prior to Jerome's Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint. Jerome's decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who considered the Septuagint inspired. Modern scholarship, however, has cast doubts on the actual quality of Jerome's Hebrew knowledge; the Greek [[Hexapla]] is now considered as still the main source also for Jerome's "iuxta Hebraeos" translation of the Old Testament.

	For the next fifteen years, until he died, Jerome produced a number of commentaries on Scripture, often explaining his translation choices. His [[patristics\|patristic]] commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in [[allegorical]] and [[mystical]] subtleties after the manner of [[Philo]] and the Alexandrian school. Unlike his contemporaries, he emphasizes the difference between the Hebrew Bible "apocrypha" and the ''Hebraica veritas'' of the [[protocanonical books]]. Evidence of this can be found in his introductions to the [[Solomon]]ic writings, the [[Book of Tobit]], and the [[Book of Judith]]. Most notable, however, is the statement from his introduction to the [[Books of Samuel]]:		For the next fifteen years, until he died, Jerome produced a number of commentaries on Scripture, often explaining his translation choices. His [[patristics\|patristic]] commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in [[allegorical]] and [[mystical]] subtleties after the manner of [[Philo]] and the Alexandrian school. Unlike his contemporaries, he emphasizes the difference between the Hebrew Bible "apocrypha" and the ''Hebraica veritas'' of the [[protocanonical books]]. Evidence of this can be found in his introductions to the [[Solomon]]ic writings, the [[Book of Tobit]], and the [[Book of Judith]]. Most notable, however, is the statement from his introduction to the [[Books of Samuel]]:
	<blockquote>This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a helmeted [i.e. defensive] introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is outside of them must be placed aside among the Apocryphal writings.~~<ref>http://www.bible-researcher.com/jerome.html</ref>~~</blockquote>		<blockquote>This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a helmeted [i.e. defensive] introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is outside of them must be placed aside among the Apocryphal writings.</blockquote>

	Jerome's commentaries fall into three groups:		Jerome's commentaries fall into three groups:
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	*New Testament commentaries. These include only [[Epistle to Philemon\|Philemon]], [[Epistle to Galatians\|Galatians]], [[Ephesians]], and [[Epistle to Titus\|Titus]] (hastily composed 387-388); [[Gospel of Matthew\|Matthew]] (dictated in a fortnight, 398); [[Gospel of Mark\|Mark]], selected passages in [[Gospel of Luke\|Luke]], [[Revelation]], and the prologue to the [[Gospel of John]]. Treating Revelation in his cursory fashion, he made use of an excerpt from the commentary of the [[North Africa]]n [[Tichonius]], which is preserved as a sort of argument at the beginning of the more extended work of the Spanish presbyter [[Beatus of Liébana]]. But before this he had already devoted to the Revelation another treatment, a rather arbitrary recasting of the commentary of [[Victorinus (scribe)\|Saint Victorinus]], with whose [[Millenialism\|chiliastic]] views he was not in accord, substituting for the chiliastic conclusion a spiritualizing exposition of his own, supplying an introduction, and making certain changes in the text.		*New Testament commentaries. These include only [[Epistle to Philemon\|Philemon]], [[Epistle to Galatians\|Galatians]], [[Ephesians]], and [[Epistle to Titus\|Titus]] (hastily composed 387-388); [[Gospel of Matthew\|Matthew]] (dictated in a fortnight, 398); [[Gospel of Mark\|Mark]], selected passages in [[Gospel of Luke\|Luke]], [[Revelation]], and the prologue to the [[Gospel of John]]. Treating Revelation in his cursory fashion, he made use of an excerpt from the commentary of the [[North Africa]]n [[Tichonius]], which is preserved as a sort of argument at the beginning of the more extended work of the Spanish presbyter [[Beatus of Liébana]]. But before this he had already devoted to the Revelation another treatment, a rather arbitrary recasting of the commentary of [[Victorinus (scribe)\|Saint Victorinus]], with whose [[Millenialism\|chiliastic]] views he was not in accord, substituting for the chiliastic conclusion a spiritualizing exposition of his own, supplying an introduction, and making certain changes in the text.

	The works of [[Hippolytus of Rome]] and [[Irenaeus]] greatly influenced Jerome's interpretation of prophecy.~~<ref>Farrar, ''Lives'', vol. 2, p. 229.</ref>~~ He noted the distinction between the original Septuagint and Theodotion's later substitution.~~<ref>Jerome, Preface to Daniel, in APNF, 2d series, vol. 6, p. 492.</ref>~~		The works of [[Hippolytus of Rome]] and [[Irenaeus]] greatly influenced Jerome's interpretation of prophecy. He noted the distinction between the original Septuagint and Theodotion's later substitution.

	Jerome warned that those substituting false interpretations for the actual meaning of Scripture belonged to the “synagogue of the Antichrist”.<ref>See Jerome’s [http://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA315#PPT19,M1 The Dialogue against the Luciferians], p.334 in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church : St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. Second Series By Philip Schaff, Henry Wace.</ref> “He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist,” he wrote to [[Pope Damasus I]].<ref>See Jerome’s [http://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 Letter to Pope Damasus], p.19 in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church : St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. Second Series By Philip Schaff, Henry Wace. </ref> He believed that “the mystery of iniquity” written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when “every one chatters about his views.”<ref>See Jerome’s [http://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT134 Against the Pelagians, Book I], p.449 in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church : St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. Second Series By Philip Schaff, Henry Wace. </ref> To Jerome, the power restraining this mystery of iniquity was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noble woman of [[Gaul]]: <blockquote>“He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ “shall consume with the spirit of his mouth.” “Woe unto them,” he cries, “that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days.”... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun run all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of [[Quadi]], [[Vandals]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Alans]], [[Gepids]], Herules, [[Saxons]], [[Burgundians]], [[Allemanni]], and—alas! for the commonweal!-- even [[Pannonians]]. <ref>See Jerome’s [http://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236 Letter to Ageruchia], p.236-7 in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church : St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. Second Series By Philip Schaff, Henry Wace. </ref></blockquote>		Jerome warned that those substituting false interpretations for the actual meaning of Scripture belonged to the “synagogue of the Antichrist”. “He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist,” he wrote to [[Pope Damasus I]]. He believed that “the mystery of iniquity” written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when “every one chatters about his views.” To Jerome, the power restraining this mystery of iniquity was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noble woman of [[Gaul]]: <blockquote>“He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ “shall consume with the spirit of his mouth.” “Woe unto them,” he cries, “that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days.”... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun run all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of [[Quadi]], [[Vandals]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Alans]], [[Gepids]], Herules, [[Saxons]], [[Burgundians]], [[Allemanni]], and—alas! for the commonweal!-- even [[Pannonians]]. <ref>See Jerome’s [http://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236 Letter to Ageruchia], p.236-7 in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church : St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. Second Series By Philip Schaff, Henry Wace. </ref></blockquote>

	His ''Commentary on Daniel'' was expressly written to offset the criticisms of [[Porphyry (philosopher)\|Porphyry]],<ref>Eremantle, note on Jerome's commentary on Daniel, in NPAF, 2d series, Vol. 6, p. 500.</ref> who taught that Daniel related entirely to the time of [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] and was written by an unknown individual living in the second century BC. Against Porphyry, Jerome identified Rome as the fourth kingdom of chapters two and seven, but his view of chapters eight and 11 was more complex. Jerome held that chapter eight describes the activity of Antiochus Epiphanes, who is understood as a "type" of a future antichrist; 11:24 onwards applies primarily to a future antichrist but was partially fulfilled by Antiochus. Instead, he advocated that the “little horn” was the Antichrist:		His ''Commentary on Daniel'' was expressly written to offset the criticisms of [[Porphyry (philosopher)\|Porphyry]],<ref>Eremantle, note on Jerome's commentary on Daniel, in NPAF, 2d series, Vol. 6, p. 500.</ref> who taught that Daniel related entirely to the time of [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] and was written by an unknown individual living in the second century BC. Against Porphyry, Jerome identified Rome as the fourth kingdom of chapters two and seven, but his view of chapters eight and 11 was more complex. Jerome held that chapter eight describes the activity of Antiochus Epiphanes, who is understood as a "type" of a future antichrist; 11:24 onwards applies primarily to a future antichrist but was partially fulfilled by Antiochus. Instead, he advocated that the “little horn” was the Antichrist: