James VI and I - Revision history

Beza 1598: /* External Links */

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External Links

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	* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England Wikipedia Article on King James I of England]		* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England Wikipedia Article on King James I of England]

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Nick at 15:39, 1 September 2014

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			{{James VI and I}}
	'''James VI and I''' (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was [[List of Scottish monarchs\|King of Scotland]] as '''James VI''' from 24 July 1567 and [[List of English monarchs\|King of England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland\|Ireland]] as '''James I''' from the [[Union of the Crowns\|union of the Scottish and English crowns]] on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Scotland\|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of England\|England]] were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in [[personal union]].		'''James VI and I''' (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was [[List of Scottish monarchs\|King of Scotland]] as '''James VI''' from 24 July 1567 and [[List of English monarchs\|King of England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland\|Ireland]] as '''James I''' from the [[Union of the Crowns\|union of the Scottish and English crowns]] on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Scotland\|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of England\|England]] were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in [[personal union]].

Nick: /* Childhood */

2014-09-01T15:23:06Z

Childhood

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	==Childhood==		==Childhood==
	[Image:King James I of England and VI of Scotland by Arnold van Brounckhorst.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Portrait of James as a boy, after [[Arnold Bronckorst]], [[1574]]]		[[Image:King James I of England and VI of Scotland by Arnold van Brounckhorst.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Portrait of James as a boy, after [[Arnold Bronckorst]], 1574]]
	===Birth===		===Birth===
	James was the only son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and her second husband, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of [[Henry VII of England]] through [[Margaret Tudor]], the older sister of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]]. James was the first cousin twice removed of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland\|Roman Catholics]], faced a rebellion by [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage,<ref>Guy, pp 236–7, pp 241–2, p 270.</ref> Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the Queen's private secretary, [[David Rizzio]], just three months before James was born.<ref>Guy, pp 248–50.</ref>		James was the only son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and her second husband, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of [[Henry VII of England]] through [[Margaret Tudor]], the older sister of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]]. James was the first cousin twice removed of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland\|Roman Catholics]], faced a rebellion by [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage,<ref>Guy, pp 236–7, pp 241–2, p 270.</ref> Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the Queen's private secretary, [[David Rizzio]], just three months before James was born.<ref>Guy, pp 248–50.</ref>

Nick: /* Childhood */

2014-09-01T15:22:39Z

Childhood

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:22, 1 September 2014
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	==Childhood==		==Childhood==
	[[Image:King James I of England and VI of Scotland by Arnold van Brounckhorst.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Portrait of James as a boy, after [[Arnold Bronckorst]], [[1574]]]		[Image:King James I of England and VI of Scotland by Arnold van Brounckhorst.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Portrait of James as a boy, after [[Arnold Bronckorst]], [[1574]]]
	===Birth===		===Birth===
	James was the only son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and her second husband, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of [[Henry VII of England]] through [[Margaret Tudor]], the older sister of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]]. James was the first cousin twice removed of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland\|Roman Catholics]], faced a rebellion by [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage,<ref>Guy, pp 236–7, pp 241–2, p 270.</ref> Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the Queen's private secretary, [[David Rizzio]], just three months before James was born.<ref>Guy, pp 248–50.</ref>		James was the only son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and her second husband, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of [[Henry VII of England]] through [[Margaret Tudor]], the older sister of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]]. James was the first cousin twice removed of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland\|Roman Catholics]], faced a rebellion by [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage,<ref>Guy, pp 236–7, pp 241–2, p 270.</ref> Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the Queen's private secretary, [[David Rizzio]], just three months before James was born.<ref>Guy, pp 248–50.</ref>
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	==		==

	==Personal rule in Scotland==		==Personal rule in Scotland==
	Although a Protestant convert, Lennox was distrusted by Scottish Calvinists, who noticed the physical displays of affection between favourite and king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust".<ref name=croft15>Croft, p 15.</ref> In August 1582, in what became known as the [[Raid of Ruthven\|Ruthven Raid]], the Protestant earls of [[William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie\|Gowrie]] and [[Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus\|Angus]] lured James into [[Huntingtower Castle\|Ruthven Castle]], imprisoned him,<ref>James's captors forced from him a proclamation, dated 30 August, declaring that he was not being held prisoner "forced or constrained, for fear or terror, or against his will", and that no one should come to his aid as a result of "seditious or contrary reports". Stewart, p 66.</ref> and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. After James was freed in June 1583, he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the [[Black Acts]] to assert royal authority over the [[Kirk]] and between 1584 and 1603 established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane\|John Maitland of Thirlestane]], who led the government until 1592.<ref>Croft, p 17, p 20.</ref> One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by [[Alexander Ruthven]], the [[John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie\|Earl of Gowrie]]'s younger brother, at Gowrie House, the seat of the Ruthvens.<ref>Stewart, pp 150–157.</ref> Since Ruthven was run through by James's page [[John Ramsay, 1st Earl of Holderness\|John Ramsay]] and the [[John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie\|Earl of Gowrie]] was himself killed in the ensuing fracas, James' account of the circumstances, given the lack of witnesses and his history with the Ruthvens, was not universally believed.<ref>"The two principal characters were dead, the evidence of eyewitnesses was destroyed and only King James' version remained". Williams, 61; George Nicolson reported: "It is begun to be noted that the reports coming from the King should differ". Stewart, p 154. Pauline Croft calls the Gowrie plot "the most obscure of all Scottish noble conspiracies". Croft, p 45.</ref>		Although a Protestant convert, Lennox was distrusted by Scottish Calvinists, who noticed the physical displays of affection between favourite and king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust".<ref name=croft15>Croft, p 15.</ref> In August 1582, in what became known as the [[Raid of Ruthven\|Ruthven Raid]], the Protestant earls of [[William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie\|Gowrie]] and [[Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus\|Angus]] lured James into [[Huntingtower Castle\|Ruthven Castle]], imprisoned him,<ref>James's captors forced from him a proclamation, dated 30 August, declaring that he was not being held prisoner "forced or constrained, for fear or terror, or against his will", and that no one should come to his aid as a result of "seditious or contrary reports". Stewart, p 66.</ref> and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. After James was freed in June 1583, he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the [[Black Acts]] to assert royal authority over the [[Kirk]] and between 1584 and 1603 established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane\|John Maitland of Thirlestane]], who led the government until 1592.<ref>Croft, p 17, p 20.</ref> One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by [[Alexander Ruthven]], the [[John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie\|Earl of Gowrie]]'s younger brother, at Gowrie House, the seat of the Ruthvens.<ref>Stewart, pp 150–157.</ref> Since Ruthven was run through by James's page [[John Ramsay, 1st Earl of Holderness\|John Ramsay]] and the [[John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie\|Earl of Gowrie]] was himself killed in the ensuing fracas, James' account of the circumstances, given the lack of witnesses and his history with the Ruthvens, was not universally believed.<ref>"The two principal characters were dead, the evidence of eyewitnesses was destroyed and only King James' version remained". Williams, 61; George Nicolson reported: "It is begun to be noted that the reports coming from the King should differ". Stewart, p 154. Pauline Croft calls the Gowrie plot "the most obscure of all Scottish noble conspiracies". Croft, p 45.</ref>

Nick at 15:19, 1 September 2014

2014-09-01T15:19:13Z

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	He succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was compelled to [[Abdication\|abdicate]] in his favour. Four different [[regent]]s governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last [[Tudor dynasty\|Tudor]] monarch of England and Ireland, [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]], who died without issue.<sup>[]</sup> He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the [[Jacobean era]] after him, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and [[style (manner of address)\|styled]] himself "[[King of Great Britain and Ireland]]".<sup>[]</sup> He was a major advocate of a single parliament for both England and Scotland. In his reign, the [[Plantation of Ulster]] and [[British colonisation of the Americas]] began.		He succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was compelled to [[Abdication\|abdicate]] in his favour. Four different [[regent]]s governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last [[Tudor dynasty\|Tudor]] monarch of England and Ireland, [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]], who died without issue.<sup>[]</sup> He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the [[Jacobean era]] after him, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and [[style (manner of address)\|styled]] himself "[[King of Great Britain and Ireland]]".<sup>[]</sup> He was a major advocate of a single parliament for both England and Scotland. In his reign, the [[Plantation of Ulster]] and [[British colonisation of the Americas]] began.

	At 57 years and 246 days, his reign in Scotland was longer than any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the [[Gunpowder Plot]] in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the [[Parliament of England\|English Parliament]]. Under James, the "Golden Age" of [[Elizabethan era\|Elizabethan]] literature and drama continued, with writers such as [[William Shakespeare]], [[John Donne]], [[Ben Jonson]], and Sir [[Francis Bacon]] contributing to a flourishing literary culture.<sup>[]</sup> James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as ''[[Daemonologie]]'' (1597), ''[[True Law of Free Monarchies]]'' (1598), and ''[[Basilikon Doron]]'' (1599). He sponsored the translation of the Bible that was named after him: the [[Authorised King James Version]].<sup>[]</sup> Sir [[Anthony Weldon]] claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in [[Christianity\|Christendom]]", an epithet associated with his character ever since.<sup>[]</sup> Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch.<~~ref~~>"Historians have returned to reconsidering James as a serious and intelligent ruler". Croft, p. 6; Lockyer, pp. 4–6; "In contrast to earlier historians, recent research on his reign has tended to emphasize the wisdom and downplay the foolishness." Smith, p. 238.</~~ref~~>		At 57 years and 246 days, his reign in Scotland was longer than any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the [[Gunpowder Plot]] in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the [[Parliament of England\|English Parliament]]. Under James, the "Golden Age" of [[Elizabethan era\|Elizabethan]] literature and drama continued, with writers such as [[William Shakespeare]], [[John Donne]], [[Ben Jonson]], and Sir [[Francis Bacon]] contributing to a flourishing literary culture.<sup>[]</sup> James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as ''[[Daemonologie]]'' (1597), ''[[True Law of Free Monarchies]]'' (1598), and ''[[Basilikon Doron]]'' (1599). He sponsored the translation of the Bible that was named after him: the [[Authorised King James Version]].<sup>[]</sup> Sir [[Anthony Weldon]] claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in [[Christianity\|Christendom]]", an epithet associated with his character ever since.<sup>[]</sup> Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch.<sup>[]</sup>

	==Childhood==		==Childhood==
			[[Image:King James I of England and VI of Scotland by Arnold van Brounckhorst.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Portrait of James as a boy, after [[Arnold Bronckorst]], [[1574]]]
	===Birth===		===Birth===
	James was the only son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and her second husband, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of [[Henry VII of England]] through [[Margaret Tudor]], the older sister of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]]. James was the first cousin twice removed of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland\|Roman Catholics]], faced a rebellion by [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage,<ref>Guy, pp 236–7, pp 241–2, p 270.</ref> Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the Queen's private secretary, [[David Rizzio]], just three months before James was born.<ref>Guy, pp 248–50.</ref>		James was the only son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and her second husband, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of [[Henry VII of England]] through [[Margaret Tudor]], the older sister of [[Henry VIII of England\|Henry VIII]]. James was the first cousin twice removed of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland\|Roman Catholics]], faced a rebellion by [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage,<ref>Guy, pp 236–7, pp 241–2, p 270.</ref> Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the Queen's private secretary, [[David Rizzio]], just three months before James was born.<ref>Guy, pp 248–50.</ref>

Nick at 15:16, 1 September 2014

2014-09-01T15:16:51Z

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	'''James VI & I''' (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was [[List of monarchs ~~of Scotland~~\|King of ~~Scots~~]] as '''James VI''' from 24 July 1567~~. On 24 March 1603, he also became~~ [[List of English monarchs\|King of England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland\|Ireland]] as '''James I''' ~~when he inherited~~ the ~~English crown and thereby~~ [[Union of the Crowns\|~~united~~ the ~~Crowns~~]] ~~of the Kingdoms~~ of [[Kingdom of Scotland\|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of England\|England]] ~~(each country remained legally separate~~, with their own ~~Parliaments~~, judiciary, ~~coinage etc.~~, though ~~[[Personal union\|~~both ruled by James]]~~). James VI & I continued to hold both crowns until his death in 1625, but based himself in England (the larger of the two realms) from 1603~~.		'''James VI and I''' (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was [[List of Scottish monarchs\|King of Scotland]] as '''James VI''' from 24 July 1567 and [[List of English monarchs\|King of England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland\|Ireland]] as '''James I''' from the [[Union of the Crowns\|union of the Scottish and English crowns]] on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Scotland\|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of England\|England]] were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in [[personal union]].

	He ~~became King~~ of ~~Scotland when he was just~~ thirteen months ~~old~~, ~~succeeding~~ his mother [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], ~~who had been~~ compelled to [[Abdication\|abdicate]] in his favour. Four different [[regent]]s governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until ~~1581~~.~~<sup>[]</sup>~~ In 1603, he succeeded the last [[Tudor dynasty\|Tudor]] monarch of England and Ireland, [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]], who died without issue.<sup>[]</sup> He ~~then ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland~~ for 22 years, ~~often using~~ the ~~title King of Great Britain~~, until his death at the age of 58.~~<sup>[]</sup> James~~, in ~~line with other monarchs of~~ England of the ~~time~~, ~~also claimed the title King of France~~, ~~although he did not actually rule France.~~		He succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was compelled to [[Abdication\|abdicate]] in his favour. Four different [[regent]]s governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last [[Tudor dynasty\|Tudor]] monarch of England and Ireland, [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth I]], who died without issue.<sup>[]</sup> He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the [[Jacobean era]] after him, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and [[style (manner of address)\|styled]] himself "[[King of Great Britain and Ireland]]".<sup>[]</sup> He was a major advocate of a single parliament for both England and Scotland. In his reign, the [[Plantation of Ulster]] and [[British colonisation of the Americas]] began.

	~~Under James, the "Golden Age" of~~ [[~~Elizabethan era~~\|~~Elizabethan~~]] ~~literature and drama continued, with writers such as~~ [[~~William Shakespeare]], [[John Donne]], [[Ben Jonson]],~~ and ~~Sir [[Francis Bacon~~]] ~~contributing to a flourishing literary culture~~.<sup>[]</sup> ~~James himself~~ was a ~~talented scholar~~, the ~~author of works such as ''[[Daemonologie]]'' (1597), ''~~[[~~True Law~~ of ~~Free Monarchies~~]]~~'' (1598),~~ and ''[[~~Basilikon Doron]]'' (1599).<sup>[]</sup> Sir [[Anthony Weldon]] claimed that James had been termed "~~the ~~wisest fool in [[Christianity\|Christendom~~]]~~", an epithet associated with his character ever since~~.~~<sup>[]</sup>~~

			At 57 years and 246 days, his reign in Scotland was longer than any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the [[Gunpowder Plot]] in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the [[Parliament of England\|English Parliament]]. Under James, the "Golden Age" of [[Elizabethan era\|Elizabethan]] literature and drama continued, with writers such as [[William Shakespeare]], [[John Donne]], [[Ben Jonson]], and Sir [[Francis Bacon]] contributing to a flourishing literary culture.<sup>[]</sup> James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as ''[[Daemonologie]]'' (1597), ''[[True Law of Free Monarchies]]'' (1598), and ''[[Basilikon Doron]]'' (1599). He sponsored the translation of the Bible that was named after him: the [[Authorised King James Version]].<sup>[]</sup> Sir [[Anthony Weldon]] claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in [[Christianity\|Christendom]]", an epithet associated with his character ever since.<sup>[]</sup> Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch.<ref>"Historians have returned to reconsidering James as a serious and intelligent ruler". Croft, p. 6; Lockyer, pp. 4–6; "In contrast to earlier historians, recent research on his reign has tended to emphasize the wisdom and downplay the foolishness." Smith, p. 238.</ref>

	==Childhood==		==Childhood==

Nick: New page: '''James VI & I''' (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as '''James VI''' from 24 July 1567. On 24 March 1603, he also became [[List of ...

2014-09-01T15:13:33Z

New page: '''James VI & I''' (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as '''James VI''' from 24 July 1567. On 24 March 1603, he also became [[List of ...

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