Nick at 07:18, 12 June 2016

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			'''Iotacism''' (ἰωτακισμός, ''''iotakismos'''') is the process by which a number of [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s in [[Ancient Greek]] converged in [[pronunciation]] so that they all sound like [[iota]] ([i]) in [[Modern Greek]].
			In the case of the letter [[Eta (letter)\|eta]] specifically, this process is known as '''itacism''' (from the resulting pronunciation of the letter's name as [ˈita]).

			==Vowels and diphthongs involved==
			Ancient Greek had a broader range of vowels (see [[Ancient Greek phonology#Vowels\|Ancient Greek phonology]]) than Modern Greek. [[Eta (letter)\|Eta]] (η) was a [[vowel length\|long]] [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] /ɛː/, and [[upsilon]] (υ) was a <!-- [[vowel length\|short]] --> [[close front rounded vowel]] /y/. Over the course of time, both of these vowels came to be pronounced like the [[close front unrounded vowel]] [[iota]] (ι) [i]. In addition, certain [[Ancient Greek phonology#Diphthongs\|diphthongs]] merged to the same pronunciation, especially [[epsilon]]-iota (ει) and (later) upsilon-iota (υι).

			In [[Modern Greek]] the letters and digraphs "ι", "η", "υ", "ει", "οι", "ηι", "υι" are all pronounced "i", [i].

			==Issues in textual criticism==
			Due to iotacism, some words with originally distinct pronunciations are now pronounced similarly, and this is sometimes the cause of differences between manuscript readings in the [[New Testament]]. For example, the upsilon of ὑμεῖς, ὑμῶν ''hymeis, hymōn'' "you, your" ([[Grammatical person\|2nd person]] [[plural number\|pl.]] in respectively <small>[[nominative\|NOM]], [[genitive\|GEN]]</small>) and the eta of ἡμεῖς, ἡμῶν ''hēmeis, hēmōn'' "we, our" (1st person pl. in respectively <small>NOM, GEN</small>) could be easily confused if a lector were reading to [[copyist]]s in a [[scriptorium]]. As an example of a relatively minor (almost insignificant) source of "variant readings", some ancient [[manuscript]]s spelled words the way they sounded, such as the 4th-century [[Codex Sinaiticus]], which sometimes substitutes a plain iota for the epsilon-iota digraph and sometimes does the reverse.<sup>[1]</sup>

			English-speaking textual critics use the word "itacism" to refer to this phenomenon, and loosely for all inconsistencies of spelling involving vowels.<sup>[2]</sup> The word ''itacism'' comes from ''ita'', the pronunciation of the name of the letter η (''[[eta]]'') with iotacism.

			==See also==
			*[[Greek language]]
			*[[Greek alphabet]]
			*[[Ancient Greek phonology]]
			*[[Modern Greek]]
			*[[Vowel shift]]
			* [[Minuscule 541]] and [[Minuscule 543]] - manuscripts with an unusual number of itacistic errors

			==References==
			* 1. Jongkind, Dirk (2007). Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus, Gorgias Press LLC, p. 74 ff, 93-94.
			* 2. Greenlee, J. Harold (1964). Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, Eerdmans, p. 64.

			[[Category:Greek language]]
			[[Category:Phonology]]
			[[Category:Koine Greek]]
			[[Category:Vowel shifts]]


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Iotacism - Revision history

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