Hebrew language - Revision history

KJV: /* Consonants */ removed Template:Ndash

2019-02-03T23:25:59Z

Consonants: removed Template:Ndash

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	The pairs /b, v/, /k, x/ and /p, f/ have historically been allophonic, as a consequence of the phenomenon of [[spirantization]] known as "''[[begadkefat]]''". In Modern Hebrew, however, all six sounds are phonemic, due to mergers involving formerly distinct sounds (/v/ merging with /w/, /k/ merging with /q/, /x/ merging with /ħ/), loss of consonant gemination (which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic), and the introduction of syllable-initial /f/ through foreign borrowings.		The pairs /b, v/, /k, x/ and /p, f/ have historically been allophonic, as a consequence of the phenomenon of [[spirantization]] known as "''[[begadkefat]]''". In Modern Hebrew, however, all six sounds are phonemic, due to mergers involving formerly distinct sounds (/v/ merging with /w/, /k/ merging with /q/, /x/ merging with /ħ/), loss of consonant gemination (which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic), and the introduction of syllable-initial /f/ through foreign borrowings.

	[[ayin\|ע]] was once pronounced as a [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]. Most modern [[Ashkenazi]] Jews do not differentiate between <big>[[aleph\|א]]</big> and <big>ע</big>; however, [[Mizrahi Jew\|Mizrahi]] Jews and Arabs pronounce these phonemes. [[Georgia (country)\|Georgian]] Jews pronounce it as a glottalized q. Western European [[Sephardim]] and Dutch [[Ashkenazi]]m traditionally pronounce it {{IPA\|[ŋ]}} (like ''ng'' in ''sing'')~~{{ndash}}~~ a pronunciation which can also be found in the [[Italian Jews\|Italian]] tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of [[Jacob]], Heb. יעקב.)		[[ayin\|ע]] was once pronounced as a [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]. Most modern [[Ashkenazi]] Jews do not differentiate between <big>[[aleph\|א]]</big> and <big>ע</big>; however, [[Mizrahi Jew\|Mizrahi]] Jews and Arabs pronounce these phonemes. [[Georgia (country)\|Georgian]] Jews pronounce it as a glottalized q. Western European [[Sephardim]] and Dutch [[Ashkenazi]]m traditionally pronounce it {{IPA\|[ŋ]}} (like ''ng'' in ''sing'')-- a pronunciation which can also be found in the [[Italian Jews\|Italian]] tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of [[Jacob]], Heb. יעקב.)

	==== Historical sound changes ====		==== Historical sound changes ====

KJV: /* Consonants */ removed Template:Hebrew language

2019-02-02T02:11:00Z

Consonants: removed Template:Hebrew language

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	The pairs /b, v/, /k, x/ and /p, f/ have historically been allophonic, as a consequence of the phenomenon of [[spirantization]] known as "''[[begadkefat]]''". In Modern Hebrew, however, all six sounds are phonemic, due to mergers involving formerly distinct sounds (/v/ merging with /w/, /k/ merging with /q/, /x/ merging with /ħ/), loss of consonant gemination (which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic), and the introduction of syllable-initial /f/ through foreign borrowings.		The pairs /b, v/, /k, x/ and /p, f/ have historically been allophonic, as a consequence of the phenomenon of [[spirantization]] known as "''[[begadkefat]]''". In Modern Hebrew, however, all six sounds are phonemic, due to mergers involving formerly distinct sounds (/v/ merging with /w/, /k/ merging with /q/, /x/ merging with /ħ/), loss of consonant gemination (which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic), and the introduction of syllable-initial /f/ through foreign borrowings.

	[[ayin\|ע]] was once pronounced as a [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]. Most modern [[Ashkenazi]] Jews do not differentiate between <big>[[aleph\|א]]</big> and <big>ע</big>; however, [[Mizrahi Jew\|Mizrahi]] Jews and Arabs pronounce these phonemes. [[Georgia (country)\|Georgian]] Jews pronounce it as a glottalized q. Western European [[Sephardim]] and Dutch [[Ashkenazi]]m traditionally pronounce it {{IPA\|[ŋ]}} (like ''ng'' in ''sing''){{ndash}} a pronunciation which can also be found in the [[Italian Jews\|Italian]] tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of [[Jacob]], Heb. ~~<big>{{lang\|he\|~~יעקב~~</big>~~.)		[[ayin\|ע]] was once pronounced as a [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]. Most modern [[Ashkenazi]] Jews do not differentiate between <big>[[aleph\|א]]</big> and <big>ע</big>; however, [[Mizrahi Jew\|Mizrahi]] Jews and Arabs pronounce these phonemes. [[Georgia (country)\|Georgian]] Jews pronounce it as a glottalized q. Western European [[Sephardim]] and Dutch [[Ashkenazi]]m traditionally pronounce it {{IPA\|[ŋ]}} (like ''ng'' in ''sing''){{ndash}} a pronunciation which can also be found in the [[Italian Jews\|Italian]] tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of [[Jacob]], Heb. יעקב.)

	==== Historical sound changes ====		==== Historical sound changes ====

Beza 1598 at 09:10, 8 March 2016

2016-03-08T09:10:54Z

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	Little ambiguity exists, however, due to context and syntactic features; compare e.g. the English word "conduct" in its nominal and verbal forms.		Little ambiguity exists, however, due to context and syntactic features; compare e.g. the English word "conduct" in its nominal and verbal forms.

			{{Donate}}

Nick at 22:43, 4 February 2016

2016-02-04T22:43:50Z

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	Hebrew ~~had ceased to be an everyday spoken~~ language ~~by around~~ [[~~200 AD~~]], ~~and survived into the medieval period only~~ as the language of ~~Jewish liturgy~~ and ~~rabbinic literature. Then~~, in the ~~19th century, it was revived~~ as ~~a spoken and literary language, and, according to~~ [[~~Ethnologue~~]]~~, is now~~ the ~~language of 9 million people worldwide, of whom 7 million are from~~ [[~~Israel~~]]. The [[~~United States~~]] ~~has~~ the ~~second largest~~ Hebrew ~~speaking population, with about 221,593 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel~~.		'''Hebrew''' (ˈhiːbruː; Hebrew:עברית ''ʿivrit'' is a [[West Semitic languages\|West Semitic language]] of the [[Afroasiatic languages\|Afroasiatic language family]]. Historically, it is regarded as the [[Jewish languages\|language]] of the [[Israelites]] and their ancestors, although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the [[Tanakh]]. Later Hellenistic writers such as [[Josephus]] and the [[Gospel of John]] used the term ''Hebraisti'' to refer to both Hebrew and Aramaic. The earliest examples of written [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet\|Paleo-Hebrew]] date from the 10th century BCE. Today, Hebrew is spoken by a total of 9 million people worldwide.

	~~The~~ [[~~Torah~~]] ~~(the first five books of the~~ [[~~Hebrew Bible~~]]), and ~~most of the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is written in~~ [[~~Classical Hebrew~~]], and ~~much of its present form is specifically~~ the ~~dialect~~ of ~~[[Biblical Hebrew]] that scholars believe flourished around~~ the ~~6th~~ century ~~BCE~~, ~~around the time of the [[Babylonian captivity\|Babylonian exile]]. For this reason~~, ~~Hebrew has been referred~~ to by [[~~Jew~~]]s as ~~''Leshon HaKodesh'' (לֶשׁוֹן הֲקוֹדֶשׁ)~~, "The [[~~Holy Language~~]]", ~~since ancient times~~.		Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]]. [[Aramaic language\|Aramaic]] and to a lesser extent [[Greek language\|Greek]] were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and immigrants. It survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to [[Ethnologue]], had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. The [[United States]] has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel.

	~~==The name~~ of the language==		[[Modern Hebrew]] is one of the two [[official language]]s of Israel (the other being [[Modern Standard Arabic]]), while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in [[Jews\|Jewish]] communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the liturgical tongue of the [[Samaritans]], while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. As a foreign language, it is studied mostly by Jews and students of Judaism and Israel, and by archaeologists and linguists specializing in the [[Middle East]] and its civilizations, as well as by theologians in Christian seminaries.

	The ~~modern word "Hebrew" is derived from~~ the ~~word "ivri" (plural "ivrim"~~) ~~one~~ of ~~several names for~~ the ~~Jewish people. It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on~~ the ~~name of Abraham's ancestor,~~ [[~~Eber~~]] ~~mentioned~~ in [[~~Genesis 10:21~~]]~~. This name is possibly based upon the root "`avar" (עבר) meaning "to cross over" and homiletical interpretations~~ of the ~~term "ivrim" link it to this verb. In~~ the ~~Bible "Hebrew" is called ''Yehudith'' (יהודית) because [[Kingdom of Judah\|Judah]] (Yehuda) was the surviving kingdom at~~ the time of the ~~quotation, late 8th century BCE (~~[[~~Isaiah 36~~]], [[~~2 Kings 18~~]])~~. In [[Isaiah 19:18]]~~, ~~it is also called~~ the "Language ~~of Canaan~~" ~~(שְׂפַת כְּנַעַן)~~		The [[Torah]] (the first five books), and most of the rest of the [[Hebrew Bible]], is written in [[Biblical Hebrew]], with much of its present form specifically in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the [[Babylonian captivity]]. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as ''[[Leshon Hakodesh]]'' (לשון הקדש), "the Holy Language", since ancient times.

	== Phonology ==		== Phonology ==

Nick at 12:17, 11 January 2014

2014-01-11T12:17:39Z

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	Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language by around [[200 AD]], and survived into the medieval period only as the language of Jewish liturgy and rabbinic literature. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to [[Ethnologue]], is now the language of 9 million people worldwide, of whom 7 million are from [[Israel]]. The [[United States]] has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with about 221,593 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel.		Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language by around [[200 AD]], and survived into the medieval period only as the language of Jewish liturgy and rabbinic literature. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to [[Ethnologue]], is now the language of 9 million people worldwide, of whom 7 million are from [[Israel]]. The [[United States]] has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with about 221,593 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel.

	The ~~core of the~~ [[~~Tanakh~~]] (the [[Hebrew Bible]]) is written in [[Classical Hebrew]], and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of [[Biblical Hebrew]] that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the [[Babylonian captivity\|Babylonian exile]]. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by [[~~Jews~~]] as ''Leshon HaKodesh'' (~~לשון הקודש~~), "The Holy ~~Tongue~~", since ancient times.		The [[Torah]] (the first five books of the [[Hebrew Bible]]), and most of the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is written in [[Classical Hebrew]], and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of [[Biblical Hebrew]] that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the [[Babylonian captivity\|Babylonian exile]]. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by [[Jew]]s as ''Leshon HaKodesh'' (לֶשׁוֹן הֲקוֹדֶשׁ), "The [[Holy Language]]", since ancient times.

	==The name of the language==		==The name of the language==

Nick at 12:15, 11 January 2014

2014-01-11T12:15:52Z

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	Hebrew ~~is a~~ [[~~Semitic language~~]] of the [[~~Afroasiatic languages\|Afro-Asiatic language family~~]]~~. Culturally~~, it is ~~considered~~ the ~~[[Jewish languages\|Jewish~~ language~~]]. Hebrew in its modern form is spoken by most~~ of ~~the seven~~ million people in [[Israel]] ~~while~~ [[~~Classical Hebrew~~]] has ~~been used for prayer or study in [[Jewish]] communities around~~ the ~~world for over two thousand years. It is one of the official [[Languages of Israel\|languages of Israel]]~~, ~~along~~ with ~~[[Arabic]]. Ancient Hebrew is also the liturgical tongue of the [[Samaritans]]~~, ~~while modern Hebrew or [[Palestinian Arabic]] is their vernacular~~, ~~though today about 700 Samaritans remain. As a foreign language it is studied~~ mostly ~~by Jews and students of Judaism and~~ Israel~~, archaeologists and linguists specializing in the [[Middle East]] and its civilizations, by theologians, and in Christian seminaries~~.		Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language by around [[200 AD]], and survived into the medieval period only as the language of Jewish liturgy and rabbinic literature. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to [[Ethnologue]], is now the language of 9 million people worldwide, of whom 7 million are from [[Israel]]. The [[United States]] has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with about 221,593 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel.

	The core of the [[Tanakh]] (the [[Hebrew Bible]]) is written in [[Classical Hebrew]], and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of [[Biblical Hebrew]] that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the [[Babylonian captivity\|Babylonian exile]]. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by [[Jews]] as ''Leshon HaKodesh'' (לשון הקודש), "The Holy Tongue", since ancient times.		The core of the [[Tanakh]] (the [[Hebrew Bible]]) is written in [[Classical Hebrew]], and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of [[Biblical Hebrew]] that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the [[Babylonian captivity\|Babylonian exile]]. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by [[Jews]] as ''Leshon HaKodesh'' (לשון הקודש), "The Holy Tongue", since ancient times.

Nick at 12:11, 11 January 2014

2014-01-11T12:11:59Z

Show changes

Nick: Protected "Hebrew language" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2009-08-19T05:59:39Z

Protected "Hebrew language" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

← Older revision	Revision as of 05:59, 19 August 2009
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