Hebrew - Revision history

Nick: Redirecting to Hebrew language

2014-01-11T12:11:37Z

Nick: /* Stress */

2010-03-26T22:34:54Z

Stress

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:34, 26 March 2010
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	=== Stress ===		=== Stress ===
	Hebrew has two frequent kinds of [[lexical stress]], on the last syllable (''~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~milrá}}''; מלרע) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, ''~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~mil‘él}}''; מלעיל), of which the first is more frequent. Contrary to the [[Linguistic prescription\|prescribed standard]], some words exhibit a stress on the antepenultimate syllable or even further back. This occurs often in [[loanwords]], e.g. פּוֹלִיטִיקָה ~~{{IPA\|~~/poˈlitika/}}, "politics", and sometimes in native Hebrew words, e.g. אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ <span dir=ltr><ref> [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D0%u05D9%u05DB%u05E9%u05D4%u05D5 Morfix dictionary] – אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ</ref></span>~~{{IPA\|~~/ˈeχʃehu/}}, "somehow"; אֵיפֹשֶׁהוּ ~~{{IPA\|~~/ˈefoʃehu/}}, "somewhere". Colloquial stress is also often shifted from the last syllable to the penultimate, contrary to the prescribed standard, e.g. כּוֹבַע, normative stress ~~{{IPA\|~~/koˈvaʕ/}}, colloquial stress ~~{{IPA\|~~/ˈkovaʕ/}} "hat"; שׁוֹבָךְ normative stress ~~{{IPA\|~~/ʃoˈvaχ/}}, colloquial stress ~~{{IPA\|~~/ˈʃovaχ/}}, "[[dovecote]]". This is also common in the colloquial pronunciation of many personal names, for example דָּוִד normative stress ~~{{IPA\|~~/daˈvid/}}, colloquial stress ~~{{IPA\|~~/ˈdavid/}}, "[[David]]".<ref>Netser, Nisan, ''Niqqud halakha le-maase'', 1976, p. 11.</ref>		Hebrew has two frequent kinds of [[lexical stress]], on the last syllable (''milrá''; מלרע) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, ''mil‘él''; מלעיל), of which the first is more frequent. Contrary to the [[Linguistic prescription\|prescribed standard]], some words exhibit a stress on the antepenultimate syllable or even further back. This occurs often in [[loanwords]], e.g. פּוֹלִיטִיקָה /poˈlitika/, "politics", and sometimes in native Hebrew words, e.g. אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ <span dir=ltr><ref> [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D0%u05D9%u05DB%u05E9%u05D4%u05D5 Morfix dictionary] – אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ</ref></span>/ˈeχʃehu/, "somehow"; אֵיפֹשֶׁהוּ /ˈefoʃehu/, "somewhere". Colloquial stress is also often shifted from the last syllable to the penultimate, contrary to the prescribed standard, e.g. כּוֹבַע, normative stress /koˈvaʕ/, colloquial stress /ˈkovaʕ/ "hat"; שׁוֹבָךְ normative stress /ʃoˈvaχ/, colloquial stress /ˈʃovaχ/, "[[dovecote]]". This is also common in the colloquial pronunciation of many personal names, for example דָּוִד normative stress /daˈvid/, colloquial stress /ˈdavid/, "[[David]]".<ref>Netser, Nisan, ''Niqqud halakha le-maase'', 1976, p. 11.</ref>

	Specific rules correlate the location or absence of stress in a syllable with the written representation of [[vowel length]] and whether or not the syllable ends with a [[vowel]] or a [[consonant]].<ref>Theses rules are sometimes slightly different for verbs and nouns; thus the stress in the noun דָּבָר (/daˈvar/, "thing") and the verb גָּבַר (/ɡaˈvar/ "to overpower") are both on the last syllable, even though this syllable is [[Niqqud\|pointed]] with the sign for a long vowel for the noun and for a short vowel for the verb. Modern classification of [[Niqqud\|vowel diacritics]] according to the vowel length they allegedly denote, however, might not concur with the historically correct phonological distinction between vowel lengths, see [[Tiberian vocalization#Full vowels\|Tiberian vocalization → Full vowels]].</ref> Since spoken Israeli Hebrew does not distinguish between long and short vowels, these rules are not evident in speech. They usually cannot be inferred from written text either, since usually vowel diacritics are omitted. The result is that nowadays stress has phonemic value, as the following table illustrates: acoustically, the following word pairs differ only in the location of the stress; orthographically they differ also in the written representation of the length of the vowels, however if vowel diacritics are omitted (as is usually the case in Modern Israeli Hebrew) they are written identically:		Specific rules correlate the location or absence of stress in a syllable with the written representation of [[vowel length]] and whether or not the syllable ends with a [[vowel]] or a [[consonant]].<ref>Theses rules are sometimes slightly different for verbs and nouns; thus the stress in the noun דָּבָר (/daˈvar/, "thing") and the verb גָּבַר (/ɡaˈvar/ "to overpower") are both on the last syllable, even though this syllable is [[Niqqud\|pointed]] with the sign for a long vowel for the noun and for a short vowel for the verb. Modern classification of [[Niqqud\|vowel diacritics]] according to the vowel length they allegedly denote, however, might not concur with the historically correct phonological distinction between vowel lengths, see [[Tiberian vocalization#Full vowels\|Tiberian vocalization → Full vowels]].</ref> Since spoken Israeli Hebrew does not distinguish between long and short vowels, these rules are not evident in speech. They usually cannot be inferred from written text either, since usually vowel diacritics are omitted. The result is that nowadays stress has phonemic value, as the following table illustrates: acoustically, the following word pairs differ only in the location of the stress; orthographically they differ also in the written representation of the length of the vowels, however if vowel diacritics are omitted (as is usually the case in Modern Israeli Hebrew) they are written identically:

Nick: /* Vowels */

2010-03-26T22:33:31Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 26 March 2010
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	\|\|[e̞]		\|\|[e̞]
	\|\|(as in "bet")		\|\|(as in "bet")
	\|\|tsere male (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> ~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~tsere chaser}} ( ֵ )		\|\|tsere male (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> tsere chaser ( ֵ )
	\|\|segol ( ֶ )		\|\|segol ( ֶ )
	\|\|chataf segol ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> [[shva]] ( ְ )		\|\|chataf segol ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> [[shva]] ( ְ )

Nick: /* Vowels */

2010-03-26T22:33:04Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 26 March 2010
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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===

	See Also [[Niqqud]]		''See Also [[Niqqud]]''

	[[File:Hebrew vowel chart.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|The vowel phonemes of Modern Israeli Hebrew]]		[[File:Hebrew vowel chart.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|The vowel phonemes of Modern Israeli Hebrew]]
	The Hebrew word for [[vowel]]s is ''~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~tnu'ot}}'' (תְּנוּעוֹת). The [[orthography\|orthographic]] representations for these vowels are called [[Niqqud]]. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel [[phoneme]]s, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:		The Hebrew word for [[vowel]]s is ''tnu'ot'' (תְּנוּעוֹת). The [[orthography\|orthographic]] representations for these vowels are called [[Niqqud]]. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel [[phoneme]]s, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:
	{\|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"		{\|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
	\|-		\|-
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	\|}		\|}

	In [[Biblical Hebrew]], each vowel had three forms: short, long and interrupted (''~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~chataf}}''). However, there is no audible distinction between the three in modern Israeli Hebrew, except that ~~{{lang\|he\|~~''tsere''}} is often pronounced ~~{{IPA\|~~[eɪ]}} as in [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]].		In [[Biblical Hebrew]], each vowel had three forms: short, long and interrupted (''chataf''). However, there is no audible distinction between the three in modern Israeli Hebrew, except that ''tsere'' is often pronounced [eɪ] as in [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]].

	==== Shva ====		==== Shva ====
	''See Also [[shva]]''		''See Also [[shva]]''

	The [[Niqqud]] sign "[[Shva]]" represents four grammatical entities: resting (''nach'' / נָח), moving (''na''' / נָע), floating (''merahef'' / מְרַחֵף) and "bleating" or "bellowing" ('ga'ya' / גַּעְיָּה). In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable. However, in [[Modern Hebrew]] these distinctions are not observed. For example, the (first) [[Shva Nach]] in the word קִמַּטְתְ (fem. ''you crumpled'') is pronounced ~~{{IPA\|~~[e̞]}} (~~{{IPA\|~~[kiˈmate̞t]}}) even though it should be mute, whereas the [[Shva Na]] in זְמַן (''time''), which theoretically should be pronounced, is usually mute (~~{{IPA\|~~[zman]}}). Sometimes the shva is pronounced like a tsere when accented, as in the prefix "ve" meaning "and".		The [[Niqqud]] sign "[[Shva]]" represents four grammatical entities: resting (''nach'' / נָח), moving (''na''' / נָע), floating (''merahef'' / מְרַחֵף) and "bleating" or "bellowing" ('ga'ya' / גַּעְיָּה). In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable. However, in [[Modern Hebrew]] these distinctions are not observed. For example, the (first) [[Shva Nach]] in the word קִמַּטְתְ (fem. ''you crumpled'') is pronounced [e̞] ([kiˈmate̞t]) even though it should be mute, whereas the [[Shva Na]] in זְמַן (''time''), which theoretically should be pronounced, is usually mute ([zman]). Sometimes the shva is pronounced like a tsere when accented, as in the prefix "ve" meaning "and".

	=== Stress ===		=== Stress ===

Nick: /* Vowels */

2010-03-26T22:31:37Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:31, 26 March 2010
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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===

	~~{{Main\|~~Niqqud}}		See Also [[Niqqud]]
	[[File:Hebrew vowel chart.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|The vowel phonemes of Modern Israeli Hebrew]]		[[File:Hebrew vowel chart.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|The vowel phonemes of Modern Israeli Hebrew]]
	The Hebrew word for [[vowel]]s is ''{{lang\|he-Latn\|tnu'ot}}'' (תְּנוּעוֹת). The [[orthography\|orthographic]] representations for these vowels are called [[Niqqud]]. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel [[phoneme]]s, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:		The Hebrew word for [[vowel]]s is ''{{lang\|he-Latn\|tnu'ot}}'' (תְּנוּעוֹת). The [[orthography\|orthographic]] representations for these vowels are called [[Niqqud]]. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel [[phoneme]]s, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:
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	!<small>"long"</small> !!<small>"short"</small> !!<small>"very short"</small> / <small>"interrupted"</small> *		!<small>"long"</small> !!<small>"short"</small> !!<small>"very short"</small> / <small>"interrupted"</small> *
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/a/~~}}\|~~\|~~{{IPA~~\|[ä]}}\|\|(as in "spa")		\|/a/\|\|[ä]\|\|(as in "spa")
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|kamats}} ( ָ )		\|\|kamats ( ָ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|patach}} ( ַ )		\|\|patach ( ַ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chataf patach}} ( ֲ )		\|\|chataf patach ( ֲ )
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/e/}}		\|/e/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[e̞]}}		\|\|[e̞]
	\|\|(as in "bet")		\|\|(as in "bet")
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|tsere male}} (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> {{lang\|he-Latn\|tsere chaser}} ( ֵ )		\|\|tsere male (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> {{lang\|he-Latn\|tsere chaser}} ( ֵ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latin~~\|segol}} ( ֶ )		\|\|segol ( ֶ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chataf segol}} ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> ~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~[[shva]]}} ( ְ )		\|\|chataf segol ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> [[shva]] ( ְ )
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/i/}}		\|/i/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[i]}}		\|\|[i]
	\|\|(as in "ski")		\|\|(as in "ski")
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chirik male}} <span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;">( ִי )</span>		\|\|chirik male <span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;">( ִי )</span>
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chirik chaser}} ( ִ )		\|\|chirik chaser ( ִ )
	\|\|		\|\|
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/o/}}		\|/o/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[o̞]}}		\|\|[o̞]
	\|\|(as in "gore")\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|cholam male}} ( וֹ ) <small>or</small> ~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~cholam chaser}} ( ֹ )		\|\|(as in "gore")\|\|cholam male ( וֹ ) <small>or</small> cholam chaser ( ֹ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|kamatz katan}} ( ָ )		\|\|kamatz katan ( ָ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chataf kamatz}} ( ֳ )		\|\|chataf kamatz ( ֳ )
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/u/}}		\|/u/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[u]}}		\|\|[u]
	\|\|(as in "flu" but with no diphthongization)		\|\|(as in "flu" but with no diphthongization)
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|shuruk}} (~~{{lang\|he\|~~וּ}})		\|\|shuruk (וּ)
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|kubuts}} ( ֻ )		\|\|kubuts ( ֻ )
	\|\|		\|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|colspan=6\|<nowiki>*</nowiki> <small>The severalfold orthographic representation of each phoneme attests to the broader phonemic range of vowels in earlier forms of Hebrew. Some linguists still regard the Hebrew grammatical entity of [[Shva na]]—marked as [[Shva]] (<big>ְ</big>)—as representing a sixth phoneme, ~~{{IPA\|~~/ə/}}.<!--		\|colspan=6\|<nowiki>*</nowiki> <small>The severalfold orthographic representation of each phoneme attests to the broader phonemic range of vowels in earlier forms of Hebrew. Some linguists still regard the Hebrew grammatical entity of [[Shva na]]—marked as [[Shva]] (<big>ְ</big>)—as representing a sixth phoneme, /ə/.<!--
	This followig is not true. Listen to Hebrew radio via Internet with the speed turned down, and you can hear that they do use a vowel (for Shva) that is less than a segol.		This followig is not true. Listen to Hebrew radio via Internet with the speed turned down, and you can hear that they do use a vowel (for Shva) that is less than a segol.

	, however the phonetic realisation of any Shva in modern Hebrew is never a [[Schwa]] (the [[mid central vowel]] denoted as ~~{{IPA\|~~[ə]}}) or any vowel otherwise phonetically distinguishable from the other phonemes, but is rather always either identical to those of the phoneme ~~{{IPA\|~~/e/}} or is mute, therefore there is no consensus in this matter.--></small>		, however the phonetic realisation of any Shva in modern Hebrew is never a [[Schwa]] (the [[mid central vowel]] denoted as [ə]) or any vowel otherwise phonetically distinguishable from the other phonemes, but is rather always either identical to those of the phoneme /e/ or is mute, therefore there is no consensus in this matter.--></small>
	\|}		\|}

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	==== Shva ====		==== Shva ====
	~~{{Main\|~~shva}}		''See Also [[shva]]''

	The [[Niqqud]] sign "[[Shva]]" represents four grammatical entities: resting (''nach'' / נָח), moving (''na''' / נָע), floating (''merahef'' / מְרַחֵף) and "bleating" or "bellowing" ('ga'ya' / גַּעְיָּה). In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable. However, in [[Modern Hebrew]] these distinctions are not observed. For example, the (first) [[Shva Nach]] in the word קִמַּטְתְ (fem. ''you crumpled'') is pronounced {{IPA\|[e̞]}} ({{IPA\|[kiˈmate̞t]}}) even though it should be mute, whereas the [[Shva Na]] in זְמַן (''time''), which theoretically should be pronounced, is usually mute ({{IPA\|[zman]}}). Sometimes the shva is pronounced like a tsere when accented, as in the prefix "ve" meaning "and".		The [[Niqqud]] sign "[[Shva]]" represents four grammatical entities: resting (''nach'' / נָח), moving (''na''' / נָע), floating (''merahef'' / מְרַחֵף) and "bleating" or "bellowing" ('ga'ya' / גַּעְיָּה). In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable. However, in [[Modern Hebrew]] these distinctions are not observed. For example, the (first) [[Shva Nach]] in the word קִמַּטְתְ (fem. ''you crumpled'') is pronounced {{IPA\|[e̞]}} ({{IPA\|[kiˈmate̞t]}}) even though it should be mute, whereas the [[Shva Na]] in זְמַן (''time''), which theoretically should be pronounced, is usually mute ({{IPA\|[zman]}}). Sometimes the shva is pronounced like a tsere when accented, as in the prefix "ve" meaning "and".

Nick at 22:23, 26 March 2010

2010-03-26T22:23:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:23, 26 March 2010
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	Hebrew has two frequent kinds of [[lexical stress]], on the last syllable (''{{lang\|he-Latn\|milrá}}''; מלרע) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, ''{{lang\|he-Latn\|mil‘él}}''; מלעיל), of which the first is more frequent. Contrary to the [[Linguistic prescription\|prescribed standard]], some words exhibit a stress on the antepenultimate syllable or even further back. This occurs often in [[loanwords]], e.g. פּוֹלִיטִיקָה {{IPA\|/poˈlitika/}}, "politics", and sometimes in native Hebrew words, e.g. אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ <span dir=ltr><ref> [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D0%u05D9%u05DB%u05E9%u05D4%u05D5 Morfix dictionary] – אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ</ref></span>{{IPA\|/ˈeχʃehu/}}, "somehow"; אֵיפֹשֶׁהוּ {{IPA\|/ˈefoʃehu/}}, "somewhere". Colloquial stress is also often shifted from the last syllable to the penultimate, contrary to the prescribed standard, e.g. כּוֹבַע, normative stress {{IPA\|/koˈvaʕ/}}, colloquial stress {{IPA\|/ˈkovaʕ/}} "hat"; שׁוֹבָךְ normative stress {{IPA\|/ʃoˈvaχ/}}, colloquial stress {{IPA\|/ˈʃovaχ/}}, "[[dovecote]]". This is also common in the colloquial pronunciation of many personal names, for example דָּוִד normative stress {{IPA\|/daˈvid/}}, colloquial stress {{IPA\|/ˈdavid/}}, "[[David]]".<ref>Netser, Nisan, ''Niqqud halakha le-maase'', 1976, p. 11.</ref>		Hebrew has two frequent kinds of [[lexical stress]], on the last syllable (''{{lang\|he-Latn\|milrá}}''; מלרע) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, ''{{lang\|he-Latn\|mil‘él}}''; מלעיל), of which the first is more frequent. Contrary to the [[Linguistic prescription\|prescribed standard]], some words exhibit a stress on the antepenultimate syllable or even further back. This occurs often in [[loanwords]], e.g. פּוֹלִיטִיקָה {{IPA\|/poˈlitika/}}, "politics", and sometimes in native Hebrew words, e.g. אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ <span dir=ltr><ref> [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D0%u05D9%u05DB%u05E9%u05D4%u05D5 Morfix dictionary] – אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ</ref></span>{{IPA\|/ˈeχʃehu/}}, "somehow"; אֵיפֹשֶׁהוּ {{IPA\|/ˈefoʃehu/}}, "somewhere". Colloquial stress is also often shifted from the last syllable to the penultimate, contrary to the prescribed standard, e.g. כּוֹבַע, normative stress {{IPA\|/koˈvaʕ/}}, colloquial stress {{IPA\|/ˈkovaʕ/}} "hat"; שׁוֹבָךְ normative stress {{IPA\|/ʃoˈvaχ/}}, colloquial stress {{IPA\|/ˈʃovaχ/}}, "[[dovecote]]". This is also common in the colloquial pronunciation of many personal names, for example דָּוִד normative stress {{IPA\|/daˈvid/}}, colloquial stress {{IPA\|/ˈdavid/}}, "[[David]]".<ref>Netser, Nisan, ''Niqqud halakha le-maase'', 1976, p. 11.</ref>

	Specific rules correlate the location or absence of stress in a syllable with the written representation of [[vowel length]] and whether or not the syllable ends with a [[vowel]] or a [[consonant]].<ref>Theses rules are sometimes slightly different for verbs and nouns; thus the stress in the noun דָּבָר (~~{{IPA\|~~/daˈvar/}}, "thing") and the verb גָּבַר (~~{{IPA\|~~/ɡaˈvar/}} "to overpower") are both on the last syllable, even though this syllable is [[Niqqud\|pointed]] with the sign for a long vowel for the noun and for a short vowel for the verb. Modern classification of [[Niqqud\|vowel diacritics]] according to the vowel length they allegedly denote, however, might not concur with the historically correct phonological distinction between vowel lengths, see [[Tiberian vocalization#Full vowels\|Tiberian vocalization → Full vowels]].</ref> Since spoken Israeli Hebrew does not distinguish between long and short vowels, these rules are not evident in speech. They usually cannot be inferred from written text either, since usually vowel diacritics are omitted. The result is that nowadays stress has phonemic value, as the following table illustrates: acoustically, the following word pairs differ only in the location of the stress; orthographically they differ also in the written representation of the length of the vowels, however if vowel diacritics are omitted (as is usually the case in Modern Israeli Hebrew) they are written identically:		Specific rules correlate the location or absence of stress in a syllable with the written representation of [[vowel length]] and whether or not the syllable ends with a [[vowel]] or a [[consonant]].<ref>Theses rules are sometimes slightly different for verbs and nouns; thus the stress in the noun דָּבָר (/daˈvar/, "thing") and the verb גָּבַר (/ɡaˈvar/ "to overpower") are both on the last syllable, even though this syllable is [[Niqqud\|pointed]] with the sign for a long vowel for the noun and for a short vowel for the verb. Modern classification of [[Niqqud\|vowel diacritics]] according to the vowel length they allegedly denote, however, might not concur with the historically correct phonological distinction between vowel lengths, see [[Tiberian vocalization#Full vowels\|Tiberian vocalization → Full vowels]].</ref> Since spoken Israeli Hebrew does not distinguish between long and short vowels, these rules are not evident in speech. They usually cannot be inferred from written text either, since usually vowel diacritics are omitted. The result is that nowadays stress has phonemic value, as the following table illustrates: acoustically, the following word pairs differ only in the location of the stress; orthographically they differ also in the written representation of the length of the vowels, however if vowel diacritics are omitted (as is usually the case in Modern Israeli Hebrew) they are written identically:

	{\|class=wikitable		{\|class=wikitable
	\|-		\|-
	!rowspan=2\|<small>common spelling<br />([[Ktiv Hasar Niqqud]])</small>		!rowspan=2\|<small>common spelling<br />([[Ktiv Hasar Niqqud]])</small>
	!colspan=3\|<small>''~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~mil‘él}}''-stressed</small>		!colspan=3\|<small>''mil‘él''-stressed</small>
	!colspan=3\|<small>''~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~milrá}}''-stressed</small>		!colspan=3\|<small>''milrá''-stressed</small>
	\|-		\|-
	!<small>spelling with [[niqqud\|vowel diacritics]]</small>		!<small>spelling with [[niqqud\|vowel diacritics]]</small>
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	!<small>translation</small>		!<small>translation</small>
	\|-		\|-
	\|ילד\|\|יֶלֶד\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|/ˈjeled/}}\|\|boy\|\|יֵלֵד\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|/jeˈled/}}\|\|will give birth		\|ילד\|\|יֶלֶד\|\|/ˈjeled/\|\|boy\|\|יֵלֵד\|\|/jeˈled/\|\|will give birth
	\|-		\|-
	\|אוכל\|\|<font face="david"><big>אֹכֶל</big></font>\|\|{{IPA\|/ˈoχel/}}\|\|food\|\|אוֹכֵל\|\|{{IPA\|/oˈχel/}}\|\|eating (masculine singular participle)		\|אוכל\|\|<font face="david"><big>אֹכֶל</big></font>\|\|{{IPA\|/ˈoχel/}}\|\|food\|\|אוֹכֵל\|\|{{IPA\|/oˈχel/}}\|\|eating (masculine singular participle)
	\|-		\|-
	\|בוקר\|\|<font face="david"><big>בֹּקֶר</big></font>\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|/ˈbokeʁ/}}\|\|morning\|\|בּוֹקֵר\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|/boˈkeʁ/}}\|\|cowboy		\|בוקר\|\|<font face="david"><big>בֹּקֶר</big></font>\|\|/ˈbokeʁ/\|\|morning\|\|בּוֹקֵר\|\|/boˈkeʁ/\|\|cowboy
	\|}		\|}

	Little ambiguity exists, however, due to context and syntactic features; compare e.g. the English word "conduct" in its nominal and verbal forms.		Little ambiguity exists, however, due to context and syntactic features; compare e.g. the English word "conduct" in its nominal and verbal forms.

Nick: /* Phonology */

2010-03-26T22:22:08Z

Phonology

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	</table>		</table>

	The pairs ~~{{IPA\|~~/b, v/}}, ~~{{IPA\|~~/k, x/}} and ~~{{IPA\|~~/p, f/}} have historically been allophonic, as a consequence of the phenomenon of [[spirantization]] known as "''[[begadkefat]]''". In Modern Hebrew, however, all six sounds are phonemic, due to mergers involving formerly distinct sounds (~~{{IPA\|~~/v/}} merging with ~~{{IPA\|~~/w/}}, ~~{{IPA\|~~/k/}} merging with ~~{{IPA\|~~/q/}}, ~~{{IPA\|~~/x/}} merging with ~~{{IPA\|~~/ħ/}}), loss of consonant gemination (which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic), and the introduction of syllable-initial ~~{{IPA\|~~/f/}} through foreign borrowings.		The pairs /b, v/, /k, x/ and /p, f/ have historically been allophonic, as a consequence of the phenomenon of [[spirantization]] known as "''[[begadkefat]]''". In Modern Hebrew, however, all six sounds are phonemic, due to mergers involving formerly distinct sounds (/v/ merging with /w/, /k/ merging with /q/, /x/ merging with /ħ/), loss of consonant gemination (which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic), and the introduction of syllable-initial /f/ through foreign borrowings.

	[[ayin~~\|{{Hebrew~~\|ע}}]] was once pronounced as a [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]. Most modern [[Ashkenazi]] Jews do not differentiate between <big>~~{{lang\|he\|~~[[aleph\|א]]}}</big> and <big>~~{{lang\|he\|~~ע}}</big>; however, [[Mizrahi Jew\|Mizrahi]] Jews and Arabs pronounce these phonemes. [[Georgia (country)\|Georgian]] Jews pronounce it as a glottalized q. Western European [[Sephardim]] and Dutch [[Ashkenazi]]m traditionally pronounce it {{IPA\|[ŋ]}} (like ''ng'' in ''sing''){{ndash}} a pronunciation which can also be found in the [[Italian Jews\|Italian]] tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of [[Jacob]], Heb. <big>{{lang\|he\|יעקב}}</big>.)		[[ayin\|ע]] was once pronounced as a [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]. Most modern [[Ashkenazi]] Jews do not differentiate between <big>[[aleph\|א]]</big> and <big>ע</big>; however, [[Mizrahi Jew\|Mizrahi]] Jews and Arabs pronounce these phonemes. [[Georgia (country)\|Georgian]] Jews pronounce it as a glottalized q. Western European [[Sephardim]] and Dutch [[Ashkenazi]]m traditionally pronounce it {{IPA\|[ŋ]}} (like ''ng'' in ''sing''){{ndash}} a pronunciation which can also be found in the [[Italian Jews\|Italian]] tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of [[Jacob]], Heb. <big>{{lang\|he\|יעקב</big>.)

	==== Historical sound changes ====		==== Historical sound changes ====

Nick: /* Phonology */

2010-03-26T22:20:01Z

Phonology

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	== Phonology ==		== Phonology ==
	~~{{IPA notice}}~~

	~~{{Main\|~~Hebrew phonology}}		''See Also [[Hebrew phonology]]''

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===

Nick: /* Phonology */

2010-03-26T22:19:12Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:19, 26 March 2010
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	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
	The Hebrew word for consonants is ''~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~‘itsurim}}'' (~~{{lang\|he\|~~עיצורים}}). The following table lists the Hebrew consonants and their pronunciation in [[IPA]] transcription:		The Hebrew word for consonants is ''‘itsurim'' (עיצורים). The following table lists the Hebrew consonants and their pronunciation in [[IPA]] transcription:

	<table class="wikitable">		<table class="wikitable">

Nick: /* The name of the language */

2010-03-26T22:18:44Z

The name of the language

Show changes

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	\|\|[e̞]		\|\|[e̞]
	\|\|(as in "bet")		\|\|(as in "bet")
	\|\|tsere male (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> ~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~tsere chaser}} ( ֵ )		\|\|tsere male (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> tsere chaser ( ֵ )
	\|\|segol ( ֶ )		\|\|segol ( ֶ )
	\|\|chataf segol ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> [[shva]] ( ְ )		\|\|chataf segol ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> [[shva]] ( ְ )

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:31, 26 March 2010
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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===

	~~{{Main\|~~Niqqud}}		See Also [[Niqqud]]
	[[File:Hebrew vowel chart.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|The vowel phonemes of Modern Israeli Hebrew]]		[[File:Hebrew vowel chart.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|The vowel phonemes of Modern Israeli Hebrew]]
	The Hebrew word for [[vowel]]s is ''{{lang\|he-Latn\|tnu'ot}}'' (תְּנוּעוֹת). The [[orthography\|orthographic]] representations for these vowels are called [[Niqqud]]. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel [[phoneme]]s, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:		The Hebrew word for [[vowel]]s is ''{{lang\|he-Latn\|tnu'ot}}'' (תְּנוּעוֹת). The [[orthography\|orthographic]] representations for these vowels are called [[Niqqud]]. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel [[phoneme]]s, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:
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	!<small>"long"</small> !!<small>"short"</small> !!<small>"very short"</small> / <small>"interrupted"</small> *		!<small>"long"</small> !!<small>"short"</small> !!<small>"very short"</small> / <small>"interrupted"</small> *
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/a/~~}}\|~~\|~~{{IPA~~\|[ä]}}\|\|(as in "spa")		\|/a/\|\|[ä]\|\|(as in "spa")
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|kamats}} ( ָ )		\|\|kamats ( ָ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|patach}} ( ַ )		\|\|patach ( ַ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chataf patach}} ( ֲ )		\|\|chataf patach ( ֲ )
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/e/}}		\|/e/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[e̞]}}		\|\|[e̞]
	\|\|(as in "bet")		\|\|(as in "bet")
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|tsere male}} (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> {{lang\|he-Latn\|tsere chaser}} ( ֵ )		\|\|tsere male (<span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>) <small>or</small> {{lang\|he-Latn\|tsere chaser}} ( ֵ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latin~~\|segol}} ( ֶ )		\|\|segol ( ֶ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chataf segol}} ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> ~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~[[shva]]}} ( ְ )		\|\|chataf segol ( ֱ ), <small>sometimes</small> [[shva]] ( ְ )
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/i/}}		\|/i/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[i]}}		\|\|[i]
	\|\|(as in "ski")		\|\|(as in "ski")
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chirik male}} <span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;">( ִי )</span>		\|\|chirik male <span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;">( ִי )</span>
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chirik chaser}} ( ִ )		\|\|chirik chaser ( ִ )
	\|\|		\|\|
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/o/}}		\|/o/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[o̞]}}		\|\|[o̞]
	\|\|(as in "gore")\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|cholam male}} ( וֹ ) <small>or</small> ~~{{lang\|he-Latn\|~~cholam chaser}} ( ֹ )		\|\|(as in "gore")\|\|cholam male ( וֹ ) <small>or</small> cholam chaser ( ֹ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|kamatz katan}} ( ָ )		\|\|kamatz katan ( ָ )
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|chataf kamatz}} ( ֳ )		\|\|chataf kamatz ( ֳ )
	\|-		\|-
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|/u/}}		\|/u/
	\|~~\|{{IPA~~\|[u]}}		\|\|[u]
	\|\|(as in "flu" but with no diphthongization)		\|\|(as in "flu" but with no diphthongization)
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|shuruk}} (~~{{lang\|he\|~~וּ}})		\|\|shuruk (וּ)
	\|~~\|{{lang\|he-Latn~~\|kubuts}} ( ֻ )		\|\|kubuts ( ֻ )
	\|\|		\|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|colspan=6\|<nowiki>*</nowiki> <small>The severalfold orthographic representation of each phoneme attests to the broader phonemic range of vowels in earlier forms of Hebrew. Some linguists still regard the Hebrew grammatical entity of [[Shva na]]—marked as [[Shva]] (<big>ְ</big>)—as representing a sixth phoneme, ~~{{IPA\|~~/ə/}}.<!--		\|colspan=6\|<nowiki>*</nowiki> <small>The severalfold orthographic representation of each phoneme attests to the broader phonemic range of vowels in earlier forms of Hebrew. Some linguists still regard the Hebrew grammatical entity of [[Shva na]]—marked as [[Shva]] (<big>ְ</big>)—as representing a sixth phoneme, /ə/.<!--
	This followig is not true. Listen to Hebrew radio via Internet with the speed turned down, and you can hear that they do use a vowel (for Shva) that is less than a segol.		This followig is not true. Listen to Hebrew radio via Internet with the speed turned down, and you can hear that they do use a vowel (for Shva) that is less than a segol.

	, however the phonetic realisation of any Shva in modern Hebrew is never a [[Schwa]] (the [[mid central vowel]] denoted as ~~{{IPA\|~~[ə]}}) or any vowel otherwise phonetically distinguishable from the other phonemes, but is rather always either identical to those of the phoneme ~~{{IPA\|~~/e/}} or is mute, therefore there is no consensus in this matter.--></small>		, however the phonetic realisation of any Shva in modern Hebrew is never a [[Schwa]] (the [[mid central vowel]] denoted as [ə]) or any vowel otherwise phonetically distinguishable from the other phonemes, but is rather always either identical to those of the phoneme /e/ or is mute, therefore there is no consensus in this matter.--></small>
	\|}		\|}

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	==== Shva ====		==== Shva ====
	~~{{Main\|~~shva}}		''See Also [[shva]]''

	The [[Niqqud]] sign "[[Shva]]" represents four grammatical entities: resting (''nach'' / נָח), moving (''na''' / נָע), floating (''merahef'' / מְרַחֵף) and "bleating" or "bellowing" ('ga'ya' / גַּעְיָּה). In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable. However, in [[Modern Hebrew]] these distinctions are not observed. For example, the (first) [[Shva Nach]] in the word קִמַּטְתְ (fem. ''you crumpled'') is pronounced {{IPA\|[e̞]}} ({{IPA\|[kiˈmate̞t]}}) even though it should be mute, whereas the [[Shva Na]] in זְמַן (''time''), which theoretically should be pronounced, is usually mute ({{IPA\|[zman]}}). Sometimes the shva is pronounced like a tsere when accented, as in the prefix "ve" meaning "and".		The [[Niqqud]] sign "[[Shva]]" represents four grammatical entities: resting (''nach'' / נָח), moving (''na''' / נָע), floating (''merahef'' / מְרַחֵף) and "bleating" or "bellowing" ('ga'ya' / גַּעְיָּה). In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable. However, in [[Modern Hebrew]] these distinctions are not observed. For example, the (first) [[Shva Nach]] in the word קִמַּטְתְ (fem. ''you crumpled'') is pronounced {{IPA\|[e̞]}} ({{IPA\|[kiˈmate̞t]}}) even though it should be mute, whereas the [[Shva Na]] in זְמַן (''time''), which theoretically should be pronounced, is usually mute ({{IPA\|[zman]}}). Sometimes the shva is pronounced like a tsere when accented, as in the prefix "ve" meaning "and".