Greek alphabet - Revision history

Nick at 11:30, 28 November 2016

2016-11-28T11:30:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 28 November 2016
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	[[Image:Dipylon Inscription.JPG\|thumb\|[[Dipylon inscription]], one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet, ca. 740 BC]]		[[Image:Dipylon Inscription.JPG\|thumb\|[[Dipylon inscription]], one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet, ca. 740 BC]]

	The '''Greek alphabet''' is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the [[Greek language]] since the 8th century BC.<sup>[]</sup> It is still in use today. It is the first and oldest [[alphabet]] in the narrow sense that it notes each [[vowel]] and [[consonant]] with a separate symbol.<sup>[]</sup> The letters were also used to represent [[Greek numerals]], beginning in the 2nd century BC.		The '''Greek alphabet''' is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the [[Greek language]] since the 8th century BC.<sup>[]</sup> It is still in use today. It is the first and oldest [[alphabet]] in the narrow sense that it notes each [[vowel]] and [[consonant]] with a separate symbol.<sup>[]</sup> The letters were also used to represent [[Greek numerals]], beginning in the 2nd century BC.

Beza 1598 at 10:08, 5 March 2016

2016-03-05T10:08:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:08, 5 March 2016
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	[[Category:Greek alphabet]]		[[Category:Greek alphabet]]
	[[Category:Greek letters]]		[[Category:Greek letters]]

			{{Donate}}

Nick at 13:36, 2 September 2014

2014-09-02T13:36:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 2 September 2014
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	In traditional ("polytonic") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several [[Greek diacritics\|diacritics]], including accent marks, so-called "breathing" marks, and the [[iota subscript]]. In common present-day usage for Modern Greek since the 1980s, this system has been simplified to a so-called "monotonic" convention.		In traditional ("polytonic") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several [[Greek diacritics\|diacritics]], including accent marks, so-called "breathing" marks, and the [[iota subscript]]. In common present-day usage for Modern Greek since the 1980s, this system has been simplified to a so-called "monotonic" convention.

	~~{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="text-align:center;"~~
	~~\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|~~

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name~~
	~~!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>~~
	!
	!
	\|-
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| \|a \|aː \|\| \|[a] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| \|b \|\| \|v </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| ɡ \|\| \|ɣ ~ \|ʝ </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| d \|\| \|ð </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| e \|\| \|[e] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| \|[zd]\|A \|\| \|z </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| \|ɛː \|\| \|i </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| \|tʰ \|\| \|θ </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| \|i \|iː \|\| \|i </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| \|k \|\| \|k ~ \|c </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| \|l \|\| \|l </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| \|m \|\| \|m </tr>~~
	~~\|} A Or \|dz~~

	~~\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|~~
	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name~~
	~~!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>~~
	!
	!
	\|-
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| \|n \|\| \|n </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| \|[ks] \|\| \|[ks] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| \|o \|\| \|[o] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| \|p \|\| \|p </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| \|r}} \|\| \|r </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς \| [[sigma]] \|\| \|s}} \|\| \|s </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| \|t \|\| \|t </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| \|y \|yː \|\| \|i </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| \|pʰ \|\| \|f </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| \|kʰ \|\| \|x ~ \|ç </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| \|[ps] \|\| \|[ps] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| \|ɔː \|\| \|[o] </tr>~~
	\|}

	\|}

	== History ==		== History ==

Nick at 13:34, 2 September 2014

2014-09-02T13:34:15Z

Nick at 13:31, 2 September 2014

2014-09-02T13:31:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 2 September 2014
Line 13:		Line 13:
	!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name		!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
	!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>		!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15">{{harvnb\|Woodard\|2008\|pp=15–17}}</ref>}}}}~~		!
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31">{{harvnb\|Holton\|Mackridge\|Philippaki-Warburton\|1998\|p=31}}</ref>}}}}~~		!
	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|a~~}} {{IPAblink~~\|aː}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[a]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| \|a \|aː \|\| \|[a] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|b}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|v}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| \|b \|\| \|v </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|~~\| {{IPAblink~~\|ɡ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ɣ}} ~ ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ʝ}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| ɡ \|\| \|ɣ ~ \|ʝ </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|~~\| {{IPAblink~~\|d}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ð}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| d \|\| \|ð </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|~~\| {{IPAblink~~\|e}} \|\| {{IPA\|[e]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| e \|\| {{IPA\|[e]}} </tr>
	<!--Voiced alveolar affricate-->		<!--Voiced alveolar affricate-->
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[zd]~~}}{{sup~~\|A}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|z}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| \|[zd]\|A \|\| \|z </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ɛː}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| \|ɛː \|\| \|i </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|tʰ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|θ}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| \|tʰ \|\| \|θ </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i~~}} {{IPAblink~~\|iː}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| \|i \|iː \|\| \|i </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|k}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|k}} ~ ~~{{IPAblink~~\|c}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| \|k \|\| \|k ~ \|c </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|l}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|l}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| \|l \|\| \|l </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|m}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|m}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| \|m \|\| \|m}} </tr>
	\|} ~~{{align\|left\| {{sup\|~~A}} Or ~~{{IPAblink~~\|dz~~}}.<ref name="hinge">{{harvnb\|Hinge\|2001\|pp=212–234}}</ref>}}~~		\|} A Or \|dz

	\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|		\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|
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	!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name		!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
	!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>		!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15"/>}}}}~~		!
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31"/>}}}}~~		!
	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|n}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|n}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| \|n \|\| \|n </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[ks]}} \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| \|[ks] \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|o}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[o]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| \|o \|\| \|[o] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|p}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|p}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| \|p \|\| \|p </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|r}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|r}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| \|r}} \|\| \|r </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς<ref name="nicholas_finalsigma">The letter [[sigma]] {{angle bracket\|Σ}} has two different lowercase forms, {{angle bracket\|σ}} and {{angle bracket\|ς}}, with {{angle bracket\|ς}} being used in word-final position and {{angle bracket\|σ}} elsewhere. (In some 19th-century typesetting, {{angle bracket\|ς}} was also used word-medially at the end of a [[Compound (linguistics)\|compound]] morpheme, e.g. "δυςκατανοήτων", marking the morpheme boundary between "δυς-κατανοήτων" ("difficult to understand"); modern standard practice is to spell "δυσκατανοήτων" with a non-final sigma.) {{cite web \|first=Nick \|last=Nicholas \|year=2004 \|title=Sigma: final versus non-final \|url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/dist/sigma.html \|accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς \| [[sigma]] \|\| \|s}} \|\| \|s </tr>
	\| [[sigma]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|s}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|s}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| \|t \|\| \|t </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|t}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|t}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| \|y \|yː \|\| \|i </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|y~~}} {{IPAblink~~\|yː}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| \|pʰ \|\| \|f </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|pʰ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|f}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| \|kʰ \|\| \|x ~ \|ç </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|kʰ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|x}} ~ ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ç}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| \|[ps] \|\| \|[ps] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[ps]}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[ps]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| \|ɔː \|\| \|[o] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ɔː}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[o]}} </tr>
	\|}		\|}

Nick at 13:25, 2 September 2014

2014-09-02T13:25:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:25, 2 September 2014
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	The Greek alphabet is descended from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and is not related to [[Linear B]] or the [[Cypriot syllabary]], earlier writing systems for Greek. It has given rise to many other alphabets used in [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]], including the [[Latin alphabet]].<sup>[]</sup> In addition to being used for writing [[Ancient Greek\|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], its letters are today used as [[Greek letters used in mathematics\|symbols in mathematics and science]], as [[particle physics\|particle names]] in physics, as components of [[Astronomical naming conventions#Names of stars\|star names]], in the names of [[fraternities and sororities]], in the [[Lists of tropical cyclone names\|naming of supernumerary tropical cyclones]], and for other purposes.		The Greek alphabet is descended from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and is not related to [[Linear B]] or the [[Cypriot syllabary]], earlier writing systems for Greek. It has given rise to many other alphabets used in [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]], including the [[Latin alphabet]].<sup>[]</sup> In addition to being used for writing [[Ancient Greek\|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], its letters are today used as [[Greek letters used in mathematics\|symbols in mathematics and science]], as [[particle physics\|particle names]] in physics, as components of [[Astronomical naming conventions#Names of stars\|star names]], in the names of [[fraternities and sororities]], in the [[Lists of tropical cyclone names\|naming of supernumerary tropical cyclones]], and for other purposes.

			In traditional ("polytonic") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several [[Greek diacritics\|diacritics]], including accent marks, so-called "breathing" marks, and the [[iota subscript]]. In common present-day usage for Modern Greek since the 1980s, this system has been simplified to a so-called "monotonic" convention.

			{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="text-align:center;"
			\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|

			{\| class="wikitable"
			!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
			!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15">{{harvnb\|Woodard\|2008\|pp=15–17}}</ref>}}}}
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31">{{harvnb\|Holton\|Mackridge\|Philippaki-Warburton\|1998\|p=31}}</ref>}}}}
			\|-
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|a}} {{IPAblink\|aː}} \|\| {{IPA\|[a]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|b}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|v}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɡ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} ~ {{IPAblink\|ʝ}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|d}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|ð}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|e}} \|\| {{IPA\|[e]}} </tr>
			<!--Voiced alveolar affricate-->
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| {{IPA\|[zd]}}{{sup\|A}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|z}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɛː}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|tʰ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|θ}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} {{IPAblink\|iː}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|k}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|k}} ~ {{IPAblink\|c}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|l}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|l}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|m}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|m}} </tr>
			\|} {{align\|left\| {{sup\|A}} Or {{IPAblink\|dz}}.<ref name="hinge">{{harvnb\|Hinge\|2001\|pp=212–234}}</ref>}}

			\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|
			{\| class="wikitable"
			!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
			!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15"/>}}}}
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31"/>}}}}
			\|-
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|n}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|n}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|o}} \|\| {{IPA\|[o]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|p}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|p}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|r}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|r}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς<ref name="nicholas_finalsigma">The letter [[sigma]] {{angle bracket\|Σ}} has two different lowercase forms, {{angle bracket\|σ}} and {{angle bracket\|ς}}, with {{angle bracket\|ς}} being used in word-final position and {{angle bracket\|σ}} elsewhere. (In some 19th-century typesetting, {{angle bracket\|ς}} was also used word-medially at the end of a [[Compound (linguistics)\|compound]] morpheme, e.g. "δυςκατανοήτων", marking the morpheme boundary between "δυς-κατανοήτων" ("difficult to understand"); modern standard practice is to spell "δυσκατανοήτων" with a non-final sigma.) {{cite web \|first=Nick \|last=Nicholas \|year=2004 \|title=Sigma: final versus non-final \|url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/dist/sigma.html \|accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>
			\| [[sigma]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|s}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|s}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|t}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|t}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|y}} {{IPAblink\|yː}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|pʰ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|f}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|kʰ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|x}} ~ {{IPAblink\|ç}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| {{IPA\|[ps]}} \|\| {{IPA\|[ps]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɔː}} \|\| {{IPA\|[o]}} </tr>
			\|}

			\|}

	== History ==		== History ==

Nick: /* Greek in mathematics */

2011-04-09T15:25:24Z

Greek in mathematics

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 9 April 2011
Line 421:		Line 421:

	== Greek in mathematics ==		== Greek in mathematics ==
	~~{{main\|~~Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering}}
			See Also [[Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]

	Greek symbols are traditionally used as names in [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and other [[science]]s. When combined with Latin characters, the Latin characters usually indicate [[Variable (mathematics)\|variables]] while the Greek ones indicate [[parameters]]. Many symbols have traditional uses, such as lower case epsilon (ε) for [[Limit (mathematics)\|an arbitrarily small positive number]], lower case pi (π) for the [[Pi\|ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter]], capital sigma (Σ) for [[summation]], and lower case sigma (σ) for [[standard deviation]].		Greek symbols are traditionally used as names in [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and other [[science]]s. When combined with Latin characters, the Latin characters usually indicate [[Variable (mathematics)\|variables]] while the Greek ones indicate [[parameters]]. Many symbols have traditional uses, such as lower case epsilon (ε) for [[Limit (mathematics)\|an arbitrarily small positive number]], lower case pi (π) for the [[Pi\|ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter]], capital sigma (Σ) for [[summation]], and lower case sigma (σ) for [[standard deviation]].

Nick: /* Diacritics */

2011-04-09T15:24:50Z

Diacritics

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:24, 9 April 2011
Line 379:		Line 379:

	== Diacritics ==		== Diacritics ==
	~~{{main\|~~Greek diacritics}}		See Also [[Greek diacritics]]

	In the [[polytonic orthography]] traditionally used for ancient Greek, vowels can carry [[diacritic]]s, namely accents and breathings. The accents are the [[acute accent]] (~~{{Huge\|{{Polytonic\|~~´~~}}}}~~), the [[grave accent]] (~~{{Huge\|{{Polytonic\|~~`~~}}}}~~), and the [[circumflex accent]] (~~{{Huge\|{{Polytonic\|~~ˆ~~}}}}~~). In Ancient Greek, these accents marked different forms of the [[pitch accent]] on a vowel. By the end of the Roman period, pitch accent had evolved into a [[Stress (linguistics)\|stress accent]], and in later Greek all of these accents marked the stressed vowel. The breathings are the [[Spiritus asper\|rough breathing]] (~~{{Huge\|{{Polytonic\|~~῾~~}}}}~~), marking an ~~{{IPA\|~~/h/}} sound at the beginning of a word, and the [[Spiritus lenis\|smooth breathing]] (~~{{Huge\|{{Polytonic\|~~᾽~~}}}}~~), marking the absence of an ~~{{IPA\|~~/h/}} sound at the beginning of a word. The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, always carries a rough breathing when it begins a word. Another diacritic used in Greek is the [[Double dot (diacritic)\|diaeresis]] (~~{{Huge\|{{Polytonic\|~~¨~~}}}}~~), indicating a [[Hiatus (linguistics)\|hiatus]].		In the [[polytonic orthography]] traditionally used for ancient Greek, vowels can carry [[diacritic]]s, namely accents and breathings. The accents are the [[acute accent]] (´), the [[grave accent]] (`), and the [[circumflex accent]] (ˆ). In Ancient Greek, these accents marked different forms of the [[pitch accent]] on a vowel. By the end of the Roman period, pitch accent had evolved into a [[Stress (linguistics)\|stress accent]], and in later Greek all of these accents marked the stressed vowel. The breathings are the [[Spiritus asper\|rough breathing]] (῾), marking an /h/ sound at the beginning of a word, and the [[Spiritus lenis\|smooth breathing]] (᾽), marking the absence of an /h/ sound at the beginning of a word. The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, always carries a rough breathing when it begins a word. Another diacritic used in Greek is the [[Double dot (diacritic)\|diaeresis]] (¨), indicating a [[Hiatus (linguistics)\|hiatus]].

	In 1982, the old spelling system, known as polytonic, was simplified to become the monotonic system, which is now official in Greece. The accents have been reduced to one, the ''tonos'', and the breathings were abolished.		In 1982, the old spelling system, known as polytonic, was simplified to become the monotonic system, which is now official in Greece. The accents have been reduced to one, the ''tonos'', and the breathings were abolished.

Nick: /* History */

2011-03-30T06:04:18Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:04, 30 March 2011
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	Vowel signs were originally not used in Semitic alphabets. (Although the old [[Ugaritic alphabet]] did develop ''[[matres lectionis]]'', i.e., use of consonant letters to denote vowels, they were never employed systematically.) In the earlier [[West Semitic languages\|West Semitic]] family of scripts ([[Phoenician language\|Phoenician]], [[Hebrew]], [[Moabite language\|Moabite]] etc.), a letter always stood for a consonant in association with an unspecified vowel or no vowel. This did not reduce legibility because words in [[Semitic languages]] are based on [[Semitic root\|consonant roots]] that make meaning clear with only the consonants present, and vowels are clear from context. By contrast, Greek is an [[Indo-European language]], and thus differences in vowels make for vast differences in meanings. Thus, Greek grammarians divided the letters into two categories, [[vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s, which had to be accompanied by vowels to create a pronounceable unit.<sup>[]</sup>		Vowel signs were originally not used in Semitic alphabets. (Although the old [[Ugaritic alphabet]] did develop ''[[matres lectionis]]'', i.e., use of consonant letters to denote vowels, they were never employed systematically.) In the earlier [[West Semitic languages\|West Semitic]] family of scripts ([[Phoenician language\|Phoenician]], [[Hebrew]], [[Moabite language\|Moabite]] etc.), a letter always stood for a consonant in association with an unspecified vowel or no vowel. This did not reduce legibility because words in [[Semitic languages]] are based on [[Semitic root\|consonant roots]] that make meaning clear with only the consonants present, and vowels are clear from context. By contrast, Greek is an [[Indo-European language]], and thus differences in vowels make for vast differences in meanings. Thus, Greek grammarians divided the letters into two categories, [[vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s, which had to be accompanied by vowels to create a pronounceable unit.<sup>[]</sup>

	The first vowel [[Letter (alphabet)\|letters]] were Α ([[Alpha (letter)\|alpha]]), Ε ([[epsilon]]), Ι ([[iota]]), Ο ([[omicron]]), and Υ ([[upsilon]]), modifications of Semitic glottal, pharyngeal, or glide [[consonant]]s that were mostly superfluous in Greek: /ʔ/ (''[[aleph\|'aleph]]''), /h/ (''[[he (letter)\|he]]''), /j/ (''[[yodh]]''), /ʕ/ (''[[Ayin~~\|{{unicode~~\|ʿayin]]''), and /w/ (''[[waw (letter)\|waw]]''), respectively. In eastern Greek, which lacked aspiration entirely, the letter Η ([[Eta (letter)\|eta]]), from the Semitic glottal consonant /ħ/ (''[[heth]]'') was also used for the long vowel /ɛː/, and eventually the letter Ω ([[omega]]) was introduced for a long /ɔː/. The reason for having individual letters for long open ''e'' and ''o'' lies in verb forms. Classical Greek distinguished between [[Grammatical mood\|indicative]] and [[Grammatical mood\|subjunctive]] by [[Apophony\|alternating]] between /e/ and /ɛː/ or /o/ and /ɔː/. Most of the other vowels were not involved in such alternations, so their [[vowel length\|lengths]] did not need to be distinguished in writing.		The first vowel [[Letter (alphabet)\|letters]] were Α ([[Alpha (letter)\|alpha]]), Ε ([[epsilon]]), Ι ([[iota]]), Ο ([[omicron]]), and Υ ([[upsilon]]), modifications of Semitic glottal, pharyngeal, or glide [[consonant]]s that were mostly superfluous in Greek: /ʔ/ (''[[aleph\|'aleph]]''), /h/ (''[[he (letter)\|he]]''), /j/ (''[[yodh]]''), /ʕ/ (''[[Ayin\|ʿayin]]''), and /w/ (''[[waw (letter)\|waw]]''), respectively. In eastern Greek, which lacked aspiration entirely, the letter Η ([[Eta (letter)\|eta]]), from the Semitic glottal consonant /ħ/ (''[[heth]]'') was also used for the long vowel /ɛː/, and eventually the letter Ω ([[omega]]) was introduced for a long /ɔː/. The reason for having individual letters for long open ''e'' and ''o'' lies in verb forms. Classical Greek distinguished between [[Grammatical mood\|indicative]] and [[Grammatical mood\|subjunctive]] by [[Apophony\|alternating]] between /e/ and /ɛː/ or /o/ and /ɔː/. Most of the other vowels were not involved in such alternations, so their [[vowel length\|lengths]] did not need to be distinguished in writing.

	Greek also introduced three new consonant letters, Φ ([[Phi (letter)\|phi]]), Χ ([[Chi (letter)\|chi]]) and Ψ ([[Psi (letter)\|psi]]), appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed. These consonants made up for the lack of comparable [[Aspiration (phonetics)\|aspirates]] in Phoenician. In western Greek, Χ was used for /ks/ and Ψ for /kʰ/ — hence the value of the Latin letter ''X'', derived from the [[western Greek alphabet]]. The origin of these letters is disputed.		Greek also introduced three new consonant letters, Φ ([[Phi (letter)\|phi]]), Χ ([[Chi (letter)\|chi]]) and Ψ ([[Psi (letter)\|psi]]), appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed. These consonants made up for the lack of comparable [[Aspiration (phonetics)\|aspirates]] in Phoenician. In western Greek, Χ was used for /ks/ and Ψ for /kʰ/ — hence the value of the Latin letter ''X'', derived from the [[western Greek alphabet]]. The origin of these letters is disputed.
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	\|ζήτα		\|ζήτα
	\|colspan="2"\|z		\|colspan="2"\|z
	\|[[Zeta (letter)#Pronunciation\|[zd, dz, zː] ]]}}(?)		\|[[Zeta (letter)#Pronunciation\|[zd, dz, zː] ]](?)
	\|[z]		\|[z]
	\|7		\|7
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	\|λάμ(β)δα		\|λάμ(β)δα
	\|colspan="2"\|l		\|colspan="2"\|l
	\|colspan="2"~~\|{{IPA~~\|[l]}}		\|colspan="2"\|[l]
	\|30		\|30
	\|-		\|-
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	\|r		\|r
	\|[r], [r̥]		\|[r], [r̥]
	~~\|{{IPA~~\|[r]}}		\|[r]
	\|100		\|100
	\|-		\|-
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	*The symbol ϰ ("kappa symbol") is a cursive form of [[kappa]] (κ), used as a technical symbol.		*The symbol ϰ ("kappa symbol") is a cursive form of [[kappa]] (κ), used as a technical symbol.
	*The symbol ϖ ("variant pi") is an archaic script form of [[pi]] (π), also used as a technical symbol.		*The symbol ϖ ("variant pi") is an archaic script form of [[pi]] (π), also used as a technical symbol.
	*The letter [[rho (letter)\|rho]] (ρ) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the descending tail either going straight down or curled to the right. The symbol ~~{{Unicode\|~~ϱ}} (U+03F1) is designated specifically for the curled form, used as a technical symbol.		*The letter [[rho (letter)\|rho]] (ρ) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the descending tail either going straight down or curled to the right. The symbol ϱ (U+03F1) is designated specifically for the curled form, used as a technical symbol.
	*The letter [[sigma]], in standard orthography, has two variants: ς, used only at the ends of words, and σ, used elsewhere. The form ~~{{Unicode\|~~ϲ}} ("lunate sigma", resembling a Latin ''[[c]]'') is a medieval stylistic variant that can be used in both environments without the final/non-final distinction.		*The letter [[sigma]], in standard orthography, has two variants: ς, used only at the ends of words, and σ, used elsewhere. The form ϲ ("lunate sigma", resembling a Latin ''[[c]]'') is a medieval stylistic variant that can be used in both environments without the final/non-final distinction.
	*The capital letter [[upsilon]] (Υ) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the upper strokes either straight like a Latin ''Y'', or slightly curled. The symbol ϒ (U+03D2) is designated specifically for the curled form, used as a technical symbol.		*The capital letter [[upsilon]] (Υ) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the upper strokes either straight like a Latin ''Y'', or slightly curled. The symbol ϒ (U+03D2) is designated specifically for the curled form, used as a technical symbol.
	*The letter [[Phi (letter)\|phi]] can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants, either shaped as <math>\textstyle\phi\,\!</math> (a circle with a vertical stroke through it) or as <math>\textstyle\varphi\,\!</math> (a curled shape open at the top). The symbol ϕ (U+03D5) is designated specifically for the closed form, used as a technical symbol.		*The letter [[Phi (letter)\|phi]] can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants, either shaped as <math>\textstyle\phi\,\!</math> (a circle with a vertical stroke through it) or as <math>\textstyle\varphi\,\!</math> (a curled shape open at the top). The symbol ϕ (U+03D5) is designated specifically for the closed form, used as a technical symbol.

Nick: /* History */

2011-03-30T06:02:16Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:02, 30 March 2011
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	== History ==		== History ==
	~~{{Main\|~~History of the Greek alphabet}}		See Also [[History of the Greek alphabet]]

	[[Image:Griechisches Alphabet Varianten.png\|thumb\|200px\|Variations of ancient Greek alphabets]]		[[Image:Griechisches Alphabet Varianten.png\|thumb\|200px\|Variations of ancient Greek alphabets]]
	The Greek alphabet emerged in the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC<sup>[]</sup> centuries after the fall of the [[Mycenaean Greece\|Mycenaean]] civilization and consequent abandonment of its [[Linear B]] script, an early [[Greek language\|Greek]] writing system. Linear B is descended from [[Linear A]], which was developed by the [[Minoan civilization\|Minoans]], whose language was probably unrelated to the Greek language; consequently the Minoan syllabary did not provide an ideal medium for the transliteration of the sounds of the Greek language.		The Greek alphabet emerged in the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC<sup>[]</sup> centuries after the fall of the [[Mycenaean Greece\|Mycenaean]] civilization and consequent abandonment of its [[Linear B]] script, an early [[Greek language\|Greek]] writing system. Linear B is descended from [[Linear A]], which was developed by the [[Minoan civilization\|Minoans]], whose language was probably unrelated to the Greek language; consequently the Minoan syllabary did not provide an ideal medium for the transliteration of the sounds of the Greek language.
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	! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek		! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Medieval<br />Greek<br />([[polytonic orthography\|polytonic]])		! style="background:#cff;"\|Medieval<br />Greek<br />([[polytonic orthography\|polytonic]])
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek}}		! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek		! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek		! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek
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	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:133%;"\|Α α		\|style="font-size:133%;"\|Α α
	\|[[Image:Phoenician aleph.~~svg~~\|x16px\|Aleph]] [[Aleph (letter)\|Aleph]]		\|[[Image:Phoenician aleph.png\|x16px\|Aleph]] [[Aleph (letter)\|Aleph]]
	\|[[Alpha (letter)\|Alpha]]		\|[[Alpha (letter)\|Alpha]]
	\|colspan="2"\|ἄλφα		\|colspan="2"\|ἄλφα

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 2 September 2014
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	In traditional ("polytonic") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several [[Greek diacritics\|diacritics]], including accent marks, so-called "breathing" marks, and the [[iota subscript]]. In common present-day usage for Modern Greek since the 1980s, this system has been simplified to a so-called "monotonic" convention.		In traditional ("polytonic") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several [[Greek diacritics\|diacritics]], including accent marks, so-called "breathing" marks, and the [[iota subscript]]. In common present-day usage for Modern Greek since the 1980s, this system has been simplified to a so-called "monotonic" convention.

	~~{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="text-align:center;"~~
	~~\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|~~

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name~~
	~~!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>~~
	!
	!
	\|-
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| \|a \|aː \|\| \|[a] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| \|b \|\| \|v </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| ɡ \|\| \|ɣ ~ \|ʝ </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| d \|\| \|ð </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| e \|\| \|[e] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| \|[zd]\|A \|\| \|z </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| \|ɛː \|\| \|i </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| \|tʰ \|\| \|θ </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| \|i \|iː \|\| \|i </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| \|k \|\| \|k ~ \|c </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| \|l \|\| \|l </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| \|m \|\| \|m </tr>~~
	~~\|} A Or \|dz~~

	~~\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|~~
	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name~~
	~~!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>~~
	!
	!
	\|-
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| \|n \|\| \|n </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| \|[ks] \|\| \|[ks] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| \|o \|\| \|[o] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| \|p \|\| \|p </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| \|r}} \|\| \|r </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς \| [[sigma]] \|\| \|s}} \|\| \|s </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| \|t \|\| \|t </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| \|y \|yː \|\| \|i </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| \|pʰ \|\| \|f </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| \|kʰ \|\| \|x ~ \|ç </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| \|[ps] \|\| \|[ps] </tr>~~
	~~\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| \|ɔː \|\| \|[o] </tr>~~
	\|}

	\|}

	== History ==		== History ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 2 September 2014
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	!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name		!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
	!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>		!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15">{{harvnb\|Woodard\|2008\|pp=15–17}}</ref>}}}}~~		!
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31">{{harvnb\|Holton\|Mackridge\|Philippaki-Warburton\|1998\|p=31}}</ref>}}}}~~		!
	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|a~~}} {{IPAblink~~\|aː}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[a]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| \|a \|aː \|\| \|[a] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|b}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|v}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| \|b \|\| \|v </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|~~\| {{IPAblink~~\|ɡ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ɣ}} ~ ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ʝ}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| ɡ \|\| \|ɣ ~ \|ʝ </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|~~\| {{IPAblink~~\|d}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ð}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| d \|\| \|ð </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|~~\| {{IPAblink~~\|e}} \|\| {{IPA\|[e]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| e \|\| {{IPA\|[e]}} </tr>
	<!--Voiced alveolar affricate-->		<!--Voiced alveolar affricate-->
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[zd]~~}}{{sup~~\|A}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|z}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| \|[zd]\|A \|\| \|z </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ɛː}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| \|ɛː \|\| \|i </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|tʰ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|θ}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| \|tʰ \|\| \|θ </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i~~}} {{IPAblink~~\|iː}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| \|i \|iː \|\| \|i </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|k}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|k}} ~ ~~{{IPAblink~~\|c}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| \|k \|\| \|k ~ \|c </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|l}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|l}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| \|l \|\| \|l </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|m}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|m}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| \|m \|\| \|m}} </tr>
	\|} ~~{{align\|left\| {{sup\|~~A}} Or ~~{{IPAblink~~\|dz~~}}.<ref name="hinge">{{harvnb\|Hinge\|2001\|pp=212–234}}</ref>}}~~		\|} A Or \|dz

	\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|		\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|
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	!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name		!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
	!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>		!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15"/>}}}}~~		!
	! ~~{{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31"/>}}}}~~		!
	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|n}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|n}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| \|n \|\| \|n </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[ks]}} \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| \|[ks] \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|o}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[o]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| \|o \|\| \|[o] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|p}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|p}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| \|p \|\| \|p </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|r}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|r}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| \|r}} \|\| \|r </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς<ref name="nicholas_finalsigma">The letter [[sigma]] {{angle bracket\|Σ}} has two different lowercase forms, {{angle bracket\|σ}} and {{angle bracket\|ς}}, with {{angle bracket\|ς}} being used in word-final position and {{angle bracket\|σ}} elsewhere. (In some 19th-century typesetting, {{angle bracket\|ς}} was also used word-medially at the end of a [[Compound (linguistics)\|compound]] morpheme, e.g. "δυςκατανοήτων", marking the morpheme boundary between "δυς-κατανοήτων" ("difficult to understand"); modern standard practice is to spell "δυσκατανοήτων" with a non-final sigma.) {{cite web \|first=Nick \|last=Nicholas \|year=2004 \|title=Sigma: final versus non-final \|url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/dist/sigma.html \|accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς \| [[sigma]] \|\| \|s}} \|\| \|s </tr>
	\| [[sigma]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|s}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|s}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| \|t \|\| \|t </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|t}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|t}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| \|y \|yː \|\| \|i </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|y~~}} {{IPAblink~~\|yː}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|i}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| \|pʰ \|\| \|f </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|pʰ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|f}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| \|kʰ \|\| \|x ~ \|ç </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|kʰ}} \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|x}} ~ ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ç}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| \|[ps] \|\| \|[ps] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[ps]}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[ps]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| \|ɔː \|\| \|[o] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| ~~{{IPAblink~~\|ɔː}} \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[o]}} </tr>
	\|}		\|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:25, 2 September 2014
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	The Greek alphabet is descended from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and is not related to [[Linear B]] or the [[Cypriot syllabary]], earlier writing systems for Greek. It has given rise to many other alphabets used in [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]], including the [[Latin alphabet]].<sup>[]</sup> In addition to being used for writing [[Ancient Greek\|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], its letters are today used as [[Greek letters used in mathematics\|symbols in mathematics and science]], as [[particle physics\|particle names]] in physics, as components of [[Astronomical naming conventions#Names of stars\|star names]], in the names of [[fraternities and sororities]], in the [[Lists of tropical cyclone names\|naming of supernumerary tropical cyclones]], and for other purposes.		The Greek alphabet is descended from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and is not related to [[Linear B]] or the [[Cypriot syllabary]], earlier writing systems for Greek. It has given rise to many other alphabets used in [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]], including the [[Latin alphabet]].<sup>[]</sup> In addition to being used for writing [[Ancient Greek\|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], its letters are today used as [[Greek letters used in mathematics\|symbols in mathematics and science]], as [[particle physics\|particle names]] in physics, as components of [[Astronomical naming conventions#Names of stars\|star names]], in the names of [[fraternities and sororities]], in the [[Lists of tropical cyclone names\|naming of supernumerary tropical cyclones]], and for other purposes.

			In traditional ("polytonic") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several [[Greek diacritics\|diacritics]], including accent marks, so-called "breathing" marks, and the [[iota subscript]]. In common present-day usage for Modern Greek since the 1980s, this system has been simplified to a so-called "monotonic" convention.

			{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="text-align:center;"
			\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|

			{\| class="wikitable"
			!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
			!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15">{{harvnb\|Woodard\|2008\|pp=15–17}}</ref>}}}}
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31">{{harvnb\|Holton\|Mackridge\|Philippaki-Warburton\|1998\|p=31}}</ref>}}}}
			\|-
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Α α \|\| [[alpha]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|a}} {{IPAblink\|aː}} \|\| {{IPA\|[a]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Β β \|\| [[beta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|b}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|v}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɡ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} ~ {{IPAblink\|ʝ}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|d}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|ð}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|e}} \|\| {{IPA\|[e]}} </tr>
			<!--Voiced alveolar affricate-->
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| {{IPA\|[zd]}}{{sup\|A}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|z}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɛː}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Θ θ \|\| [[theta]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|tʰ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|θ}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ι ι \|\| [[iota]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} {{IPAblink\|iː}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|k}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|k}} ~ {{IPAblink\|c}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|l}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|l}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|m}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|m}} </tr>
			\|} {{align\|left\| {{sup\|A}} Or {{IPAblink\|dz}}.<ref name="hinge">{{harvnb\|Hinge\|2001\|pp=212–234}}</ref>}}

			\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|
			{\| class="wikitable"
			!rowspan="2"\| Letter !!rowspan="2"\| Name
			!colspan="2"\| Sound </tr>
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Ancient<ref name="woodard_2008_15"/>}}}}
			! {{nobold\|{{smaller\|Modern<ref name="holton_1998_31"/>}}}}
			\|-
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|n}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|n}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} \|\| {{IPA\|[ks]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|o}} \|\| {{IPA\|[o]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|p}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|p}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ρ ρ \|\| [[rho]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|r}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|r}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Σ σ/ς<ref name="nicholas_finalsigma">The letter [[sigma]] {{angle bracket\|Σ}} has two different lowercase forms, {{angle bracket\|σ}} and {{angle bracket\|ς}}, with {{angle bracket\|ς}} being used in word-final position and {{angle bracket\|σ}} elsewhere. (In some 19th-century typesetting, {{angle bracket\|ς}} was also used word-medially at the end of a [[Compound (linguistics)\|compound]] morpheme, e.g. "δυςκατανοήτων", marking the morpheme boundary between "δυς-κατανοήτων" ("difficult to understand"); modern standard practice is to spell "δυσκατανοήτων" with a non-final sigma.) {{cite web \|first=Nick \|last=Nicholas \|year=2004 \|title=Sigma: final versus non-final \|url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/dist/sigma.html \|accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>
			\| [[sigma]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|s}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|s}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Τ τ \|\| [[tau]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|t}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|t}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Υ υ \|\| [[upsilon]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|y}} {{IPAblink\|yː}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|i}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Φ φ \|\| [[phi]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|pʰ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|f}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Χ χ \|\| [[Chi (letter)\|chi]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|kʰ}} \|\| {{IPAblink\|x}} ~ {{IPAblink\|ç}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ψ ψ \|\| [[Psi (letter)\|psi]] \|\| {{IPA\|[ps]}} \|\| {{IPA\|[ps]}} </tr>
			\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ω ω \|\| [[omega]] \|\| {{IPAblink\|ɔː}} \|\| {{IPA\|[o]}} </tr>
			\|}

			\|}

	== History ==		== History ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:02, 30 March 2011
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	== History ==		== History ==
	~~{{Main\|~~History of the Greek alphabet}}		See Also [[History of the Greek alphabet]]

	[[Image:Griechisches Alphabet Varianten.png\|thumb\|200px\|Variations of ancient Greek alphabets]]		[[Image:Griechisches Alphabet Varianten.png\|thumb\|200px\|Variations of ancient Greek alphabets]]
	The Greek alphabet emerged in the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC<sup>[]</sup> centuries after the fall of the [[Mycenaean Greece\|Mycenaean]] civilization and consequent abandonment of its [[Linear B]] script, an early [[Greek language\|Greek]] writing system. Linear B is descended from [[Linear A]], which was developed by the [[Minoan civilization\|Minoans]], whose language was probably unrelated to the Greek language; consequently the Minoan syllabary did not provide an ideal medium for the transliteration of the sounds of the Greek language.		The Greek alphabet emerged in the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC<sup>[]</sup> centuries after the fall of the [[Mycenaean Greece\|Mycenaean]] civilization and consequent abandonment of its [[Linear B]] script, an early [[Greek language\|Greek]] writing system. Linear B is descended from [[Linear A]], which was developed by the [[Minoan civilization\|Minoans]], whose language was probably unrelated to the Greek language; consequently the Minoan syllabary did not provide an ideal medium for the transliteration of the sounds of the Greek language.
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	! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek		! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Medieval<br />Greek<br />([[polytonic orthography\|polytonic]])		! style="background:#cff;"\|Medieval<br />Greek<br />([[polytonic orthography\|polytonic]])
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek}}		! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek		! style="background:#cff;"\|Ancient<br />Greek
	! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek		! style="background:#cff;"\|Modern<br />Greek
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	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:133%;"\|Α α		\|style="font-size:133%;"\|Α α
	\|[[Image:Phoenician aleph.~~svg~~\|x16px\|Aleph]] [[Aleph (letter)\|Aleph]]		\|[[Image:Phoenician aleph.png\|x16px\|Aleph]] [[Aleph (letter)\|Aleph]]
	\|[[Alpha (letter)\|Alpha]]		\|[[Alpha (letter)\|Alpha]]
	\|colspan="2"\|ἄλφα		\|colspan="2"\|ἄλφα

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	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| ɡ \|\| \|ɣ ~ \|ʝ </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Γ γ \|\| [[gamma]] \|\| ɡ \|\| \|ɣ ~ \|ʝ </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| d \|\| \|ð </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Δ δ \|\| [[Delta (letter)\|delta]] \|\| d \|\| \|ð </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| e \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[e]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ε ε \|\| [[epsilon]] \|\| e \|\| \|[e] </tr>
	~~<!--Voiced alveolar affricate--~~>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| \|[zd]\|A \|\| \|z </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ζ ζ \|\| [[zeta]] \|\| \|[zd]\|A \|\| \|z </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| \|ɛː \|\| \|i </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Η η \|\| [[eta]] \|\| \|ɛː \|\| \|i </tr>
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	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| \|k \|\| \|k ~ \|c </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Κ κ \|\| [[kappa]] \|\| \|k \|\| \|k ~ \|c </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| \|l \|\| \|l </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Λ λ \|\| [[lambda]] \|\| \|l \|\| \|l </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| \|m \|\| \|m}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Μ μ \|\| [[Mu (letter)\|mu]] \|\| \|m \|\| \|m </tr>
	\|} A Or \|dz		\|} A Or \|dz

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	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| \|n \|\| \|n </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ν ν \|\| [[Nu (letter)\|nu]] \|\| \|n \|\| \|n </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| \|[ks] \|\| ~~{{IPA~~\|[ks]}} </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ξ ξ \|\| [[Xi (letter)\|xi]] \|\| \|[ks] \|\| \|[ks] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| \|o \|\| \|[o] </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Ο ο \|\| [[omicron]] \|\| \|o \|\| \|[o] </tr>
	\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| \|p \|\| \|p </tr>		\|style="font-size:120%;"\| Π π \|\| [[Pi (letter)\|pi]] \|\| \|p \|\| \|p </tr>