Gehenna - Revision history

Beza 1598: /* External links */

2016-03-11T06:15:36Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:15, 11 March 2016
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	[[Category:Christian cosmology]]		[[Category:Christian cosmology]]
	[[Category:Hell]]		[[Category:Hell]]

			{{Donate}}

Nick at 11:32, 29 June 2009

2009-06-29T11:32:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:32, 29 June 2009
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	[[Image:Ge-Hinnom.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Valley of Hinnom, c. 1900]]		[[Image:Ge-Hinnom.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Valley of Hinnom, c. 1900]]

	'''Gehenna''', '''gehenom''', or '''gehinom''' ([[Hebrew]]: גהנום, Greek γεεννα) are words used in Jewish and Christian writings for the place where evil people go in the [[afterlife]] (see [[Hell]]). The name is derived from a geographical site in [[Jerusalem]] known as the '''Valley of Hinnom''', one of the two principal valleys surrounding the [[Old City (Jerusalem)\|Old City]]. In Jewish tradition this valley was associated with the idea of [[Hell]]. The reasons for this association are uncertain. Some believe that it relates to the role of the valley in the disposing and burning of rubbish and unclean animals. However, Jewish tradition suggests the valley had a 'gate' which led down to a molten lake of fire. (Possibly 'The furnace of Yahweh' in Zion to which Isaiah refers 31:9, 30:33). It is unknown whether this 'gate' was an actual geophysical feature within the valley that provided the focus for cultic activity (2 Kings 23:10) or simply a metaphorical identification with the entrance to the [[underworld]] that had come to be associated with the valley.		'''Gehenna''', '''gehenom''', or '''gehinom''' ([[Hebrew]]: גהנום, [[Greek]] γεεννα) are words used in Jewish and Christian writings for the place where evil people go in the [[afterlife]] (see [[Hell]]). The name is derived from a geographical site in [[Jerusalem]] known as the '''Valley of Hinnom''', one of the two principal valleys surrounding the [[Old City (Jerusalem)\|Old City]]. In Jewish tradition this valley was associated with the idea of [[Hell]]. The reasons for this association are uncertain. Some believe that it relates to the role of the valley in the disposing and burning of rubbish and unclean animals. However, Jewish tradition suggests the valley had a 'gate' which led down to a molten lake of fire. (Possibly 'The furnace of Yahweh' in Zion to which Isaiah refers 31:9, 30:33). It is unknown whether this 'gate' was an actual geophysical feature within the valley that provided the focus for cultic activity (2 Kings 23:10) or simply a metaphorical identification with the entrance to the [[underworld]] that had come to be associated with the valley.

	Gehenna is cited in the [[New Testament]] and in early Christian writing to represent the final place where the wicked will be punished or destroyed after resurrection. It lends its name to Islam's hell, [[Jahannam]]. In both Rabbinical Jewish and Christian writing, Gehenna as a destination of the wicked is different from [[Sheol]] or [[Hades]], the abode of the dead.		Gehenna is cited in the [[New Testament]] and in early Christian writing to represent the final place where the wicked will be punished or destroyed after resurrection. It lends its name to Islam's hell, [[Jahannam]]. In both Rabbinical Jewish and Christian writing, Gehenna as a destination of the wicked is different from [[Sheol]] or [[Hades]], the abode of the dead.

Nick: /* Literary references */

2009-06-29T11:31:32Z

Literary references

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	The New Testament refers to [[hades in Christianity\|Hades]] as a destination of the dead. ''Hades'' is portrayed as a different place from ''gehenna''. Yet, even so, the [[Book of Revelation]] describes Hades being cast into the [[Lake of Fire]] ([[Revelation 20:14]]), which many Christians today interpret as meaning the same thing as gehenna.		The New Testament refers to [[hades in Christianity\|Hades]] as a destination of the dead. ''Hades'' is portrayed as a different place from ''gehenna''. Yet, even so, the [[Book of Revelation]] describes Hades being cast into the [[Lake of Fire]] ([[Revelation 20:14]]), which many Christians today interpret as meaning the same thing as gehenna.

	~~== Literary references ==~~

	*[[John Milton]], "Paradise Lost", Book I
	~~<blockquote>~~
	~~[Moloch] made his Grove <br>~~
	~~The pleasant Vally of HINNOM, TOPHET thence <br>~~
	~~And black GEHENNA call'd, the Type of Hell.~~
	~~</blockquote>~~

	==See also==		==See also==

Nick: /* Christian New Testament references */

2009-06-29T11:31:17Z

Christian New Testament references

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:31, 29 June 2009
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	== Christian New Testament references ==		== Christian New Testament references ==
	[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180093.~~JPG~~\|thumb\|200px\|Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom]]		[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180093.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom]]
	In the [[synoptic gospels]] Jesus uses the word ''Gehenna'' 11 times to describe the opposite to life in the promised, coming Kingdom ([[Mark 9]]:43-8). See [[1067]] It is a place where both soul and body could be destroyed ([[Matthew 10:28]]) in "unquenchable fire" ([[Mark 9:43]]).		In the [[synoptic gospels]] Jesus uses the word ''Gehenna'' 11 times to describe the opposite to life in the promised, coming Kingdom ([[Mark 9]]:43-8). See [[1067]] It is a place where both soul and body could be destroyed ([[Matthew 10:28]]) in "unquenchable fire" ([[Mark 9:43]]).

Nick: /* History */

2009-06-29T11:31:05Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:31, 29 June 2009
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	==History==		==History==
	[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180090.~~JPG~~\|thumb\|200px\|Valley of Hinnom, 2007]] The southwestern gate of Jerusalem, overlooking the valley, came to be known as "The Gate of the Valley" (lang-he\|שער הגיא). [[Jeremiah 2:23]] speaks of residents worshipping [[Moloch]] and committing [[Abomination (Bible)\|abomination]]s, foreshadowing the destruction of Jerusalem. It is not described as a spiritual hell but as a literal valley in Jerusalem ([[Joshua 15:8]], [[Joshua 18:16]], [[2 Kings 23:10]], [[2 Chronicles 28:3]], [[2 Chronicles 33:6]], [[Nehemiah 11:30]], [[Jeremiah 7]]:31~32, [[Jeremiah 19:2]], [[Jeremiah 19:6]], [[Jeremiah 32:35]]).		[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180090.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Valley of Hinnom, 2007]] The southwestern gate of Jerusalem, overlooking the valley, came to be known as "The Gate of the Valley" (lang-he\|שער הגיא). [[Jeremiah 2:23]] speaks of residents worshipping [[Moloch]] and committing [[Abomination (Bible)\|abomination]]s, foreshadowing the destruction of Jerusalem. It is not described as a spiritual hell but as a literal valley in Jerusalem ([[Joshua 15:8]], [[Joshua 18:16]], [[2 Kings 23:10]], [[2 Chronicles 28:3]], [[2 Chronicles 33:6]], [[Nehemiah 11:30]], [[Jeremiah 7]]:31~32, [[Jeremiah 19:2]], [[Jeremiah 19:6]], [[Jeremiah 32:35]]).

	In ancient times, it is believed that children were sacrificed to the pagan god Molech in Gehenna, a practice that was outlawed by [[King Josiah]] ([[2 Kings, 23:10]]). Biblical commentator [[Rashi]] explains that priests would bang on drums (Hebrew: tof, tupim) (תופים) so fathers would not hear the groans of children being sacrificed. Hence the name [[Topheth]]. Fires were kept burning and the valley became the [[garbage dump]] of the city. The dead bodies of criminals, and the carcasses of animals were also thrown there.		In ancient times, it is believed that children were sacrificed to the pagan god Molech in Gehenna, a practice that was outlawed by [[King Josiah]] ([[2 Kings, 23:10]]). Biblical commentator [[Rashi]] explains that priests would bang on drums (Hebrew: tof, tupim) (תופים) so fathers would not hear the groans of children being sacrificed. Hence the name [[Topheth]]. Fires were kept burning and the valley became the [[garbage dump]] of the city. The dead bodies of criminals, and the carcasses of animals were also thrown there.

Nick at 11:24, 29 June 2009

2009-06-29T11:24:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 29 June 2009
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	== Christian New Testament references ==		== Christian New Testament references ==
	[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180093.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom]]		[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180093.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom]]
	In the [[synoptic gospels]] Jesus uses the word ''Gehenna'' 11 times to describe the opposite to life in the promised, coming Kingdom ([[Mark 9]]:43-8). ~~<ref name="Blue Letter Bible: Gehenna">~~[~~http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G1067&Version=kjv Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for geenna (Strong's~~ 1067~~)".~~]~~</ref>~~ It is a place where both soul and body could be destroyed ([[Matthew 10:28]]) in "unquenchable fire" ([[Mark 9:43]]).		In the [[synoptic gospels]] Jesus uses the word ''Gehenna'' 11 times to describe the opposite to life in the promised, coming Kingdom ([[Mark 9]]:43-8). See [[1067]] It is a place where both soul and body could be destroyed ([[Matthew 10:28]]) in "unquenchable fire" ([[Mark 9:43]]).

	In [[Matthew 23:33]], Jesus observes, "Ye [[Serpent (symbolism)\|serpents]], ye generation of [[viper]]s, how can ye escape the [[Damnation#Religious\|damnation]] of '''gehenna''' (απο �,,η�, κρισεω�, �,,η�, γεεννη�,)?”. The word ''gehenna'' is also found in the [[epistle of James]], where it is said to set the tongue on fire. Many Christians understand ''gehenna'' to be a place of eternal punishment called hell. ~~<ref name="oxford">Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible’’, p243. </ref>~~ On the other hand, [[annihilationist]]s understand ''gehenna'' to be a place where sinners are utterly destroyed, not tormented forever. [[Christian Universalist]]s, who believe that God will eventually save all souls, interpret the [[New Testament]] references to Gehenna in the context of the [[Old Testament]], and conclude that it always refers to the imminent divine judgment of Israel and not to eternal torment for the unsaved.		In [[Matthew 23:33]], Jesus observes, "Ye [[Serpent (symbolism)\|serpents]], ye generation of [[viper]]s, how can ye escape the [[Damnation#Religious\|damnation]] of '''gehenna''' (απο �,,η�, κρισεω�, �,,η�, γεεννη�,)?”. The word ''gehenna'' is also found in the [[epistle of James]], where it is said to set the tongue on fire. Many Christians understand ''gehenna'' to be a place of eternal punishment called hell. [1] On the other hand, [[annihilationist]]s understand ''gehenna'' to be a place where sinners are utterly destroyed, not tormented forever. [[Christian Universalist]]s, who believe that God will eventually save all souls, interpret the [[New Testament]] references to Gehenna in the context of the [[Old Testament]], and conclude that it always refers to the imminent divine judgment of Israel and not to eternal torment for the unsaved.

	The New Testament refers to [[hades in Christianity\|Hades]] as a destination of the dead. ''Hades'' is portrayed as a different place from ''gehenna''. Yet, even so, the [[Book of Revelation]] describes Hades being cast into the [[Lake of Fire]] ([[Revelation 20:14]]), which many Christians today interpret as meaning the same thing as gehenna.		The New Testament refers to [[hades in Christianity\|Hades]] as a destination of the dead. ''Hades'' is portrayed as a different place from ''gehenna''. Yet, even so, the [[Book of Revelation]] describes Hades being cast into the [[Lake of Fire]] ([[Revelation 20:14]]), which many Christians today interpret as meaning the same thing as gehenna.
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	==References==		==References==
	~~{{reflist}}~~		* 1. Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible’’, p243.

	==External links==		==External links==

Nick: /* External links */

2009-06-29T11:21:36Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 29 June 2009
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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Commons\|Category:Gehenna\|Gehenna}}~~
	~~{{commons\|Valley of Hinom}}~~
	*[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/hinnom.htm Daily Bible Study page on the Valley of Hinnom]		*[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/hinnom.htm Daily Bible Study page on the Valley of Hinnom]
	*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/hi/Hinnom.html Columbia Encyclopedia on the Valley of Hinnom]		*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/hi/Hinnom.html Columbia Encyclopedia on the Valley of Hinnom]

Nick: Protected "Gehenna" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2009-06-29T11:21:14Z

Protected "Gehenna" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:21, 29 June 2009
(No difference)

Nick: /* Christian New Testament references */

2009-06-29T11:20:50Z

Christian New Testament references

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:20, 29 June 2009
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	== Christian New Testament references ==		== Christian New Testament references ==
	[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180093.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom]]		[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180093.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom]]
	In the [[synoptic gospels]] Jesus uses the word ''Gehenna'' 11 times to describe the opposite to life in the promised, coming Kingdom (Mark 9:43-8).<ref name="Blue Letter Bible: Gehenna">[http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G1067&Version=kjv Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for geenna (Strong's 1067)".]</ref> It is a place where both soul and body could be destroyed (Matthew 10:28) in "unquenchable fire" (Mark 9:43).		In the [[synoptic gospels]] Jesus uses the word ''Gehenna'' 11 times to describe the opposite to life in the promised, coming Kingdom ([[Mark 9]]:43-8). <ref name="Blue Letter Bible: Gehenna">[http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G1067&Version=kjv Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for geenna (Strong's 1067)".]</ref> It is a place where both soul and body could be destroyed ([[Matthew 10:28]]) in "unquenchable fire" ([[Mark 9:43]]).

	In ~~the~~ [[~~Gospel of~~ Matthew]] 23:33, Jesus observes, "Ye [[Serpent (symbolism)\|serpents]], ye generation of [[viper]]s, how can ye escape the [[Damnation#Religious\|damnation]] of '''gehenna''' (απο �,,η�, κρισεω�, �,,η�, γεεννη�,)?”. The word ''gehenna'' is also found in the [[epistle of James]], where it is said to set the tongue on fire. Many Christians understand ''gehenna'' to be a place of eternal punishment called hell.<ref name="oxford">Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible’’, p243. </ref> On the other hand, [[annihilationist]]s understand ''gehenna'' to be a place where sinners are utterly destroyed, not tormented forever. [[Christian Universalist]]s, who believe that God will eventually save all souls, interpret the New Testament references to Gehenna in the context of the Old Testament, and conclude that it always refers to the imminent divine judgment of Israel and not to eternal torment for the unsaved.		In [[Matthew 23:33]], Jesus observes, "Ye [[Serpent (symbolism)\|serpents]], ye generation of [[viper]]s, how can ye escape the [[Damnation#Religious\|damnation]] of '''gehenna''' (απο �,,η�, κρισεω�, �,,η�, γεεννη�,)?”. The word ''gehenna'' is also found in the [[epistle of James]], where it is said to set the tongue on fire. Many Christians understand ''gehenna'' to be a place of eternal punishment called hell. <ref name="oxford">Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible’’, p243. </ref> On the other hand, [[annihilationist]]s understand ''gehenna'' to be a place where sinners are utterly destroyed, not tormented forever. [[Christian Universalist]]s, who believe that God will eventually save all souls, interpret the [[New Testament]] references to Gehenna in the context of the [[Old Testament]], and conclude that it always refers to the imminent divine judgment of Israel and not to eternal torment for the unsaved.

	The New Testament refers to [[hades in Christianity\|Hades]] as a destination of the dead. ''Hades'' is portrayed as a different place from ''gehenna''. Yet, even so, the Book of Revelation describes Hades being cast into the [[Lake of Fire]] (~~{{bibleverse\|\|~~Revelation\|20:14}}), which many Christians today interpret as meaning the same thing as gehenna.		The New Testament refers to [[hades in Christianity\|Hades]] as a destination of the dead. ''Hades'' is portrayed as a different place from ''gehenna''. Yet, even so, the [[Book of Revelation]] describes Hades being cast into the [[Lake of Fire]] ([[Revelation 20:14]]), which many Christians today interpret as meaning the same thing as gehenna.

	== Literary references ==		== Literary references ==

Nick: New page: Valley of Hinnom, c. 1900 '''Gehenna''', '''gehenom''', or '''gehinom''' (Hebrew: גהנום, Greek γεεννα) are words used in Jewish and Chri...

2009-06-29T11:17:58Z

New page: thumb|250px|Valley of Hinnom, c. 1900 '''Gehenna''', '''gehenom''', or '''gehinom''' (Hebrew: גהנום, Greek γεεννα) are words used in Jewish and Chri...

New page

[[Image:Ge-Hinnom.jpg|thumb|250px|Valley of Hinnom, c. 1900]]

'''Gehenna''', '''gehenom''', or '''gehinom''' ([[Hebrew]]: גהנום, Greek γεεννα) are words used in Jewish and Christian writings for the place where evil people go in the [[afterlife]] (see [[Hell]]). The name is derived from a geographical site in [[Jerusalem]] known as the '''Valley of Hinnom''', one of the two principal valleys surrounding the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]]. In Jewish tradition this valley was associated with the idea of [[Hell]]. The reasons for this association are uncertain. Some believe that it relates to the role of the valley in the disposing and burning of rubbish and unclean animals. However, Jewish tradition suggests the valley had a 'gate' which led down to a molten lake of fire. (Possibly 'The furnace of Yahweh' in Zion to which Isaiah refers 31:9, 30:33). It is unknown whether this 'gate' was an actual geophysical feature within the valley that provided the focus for cultic activity (2 Kings 23:10) or simply a metaphorical identification with the entrance to the [[underworld]] that had come to be associated with the valley.

Gehenna is cited in the [[New Testament]] and in early Christian writing to represent the final place where the wicked will be punished or destroyed after resurrection. It lends its name to Islam's hell, [[Jahannam]]. In both Rabbinical Jewish and Christian writing, Gehenna as a destination of the wicked is different from [[Sheol]] or [[Hades]], the abode of the dead.

==Etymology==
"Gehenna" is the Christian rendering of "Ge Hinnom," literally "Valley of Hinnom," known in the [[Old Testament]] as Gai Ben-Hinnom, literally the "Valley of Hinnom's son", and in the [[Talmud]] as Gehinnom (גהנום). In the [[Qur'an]], ''gehenna'' (Gehennem, Jahannam, جهن�...) is a place of torment for sinners or the Islamic equivalent of hell.{{clr}} In the Hebrew Bible, Gai Ben-Hinnom does not refer to hell but rather to a real valley in Jerusalem ([[Joshua 15:8]], [[Joshua 18:16]], [[2 Kings 23:10]], [[2 Chronicles 28:3]], [[2 Chronicles 33:6]], [[Nehemiah 11:30]], [[Jeremiah 7]]:31~32, [[Jeremiah 19:2]], [[Jeremiah 19:6]], [[Jeremiah 32:35]]). Garbage from the walled city was burned there.

==Geography==
The [[Valley of Hinnom]] is located below the southern wall of ancient Jerusalem. It stretches from the foot of [[Mount Zion]] eastward past the [[Tyropoeon Valley|Tyropoeon]] to the [[Kidron Valley]].In the [[King James Version]] of the Bible, the term appears 13 times in 11 different verses as "valley of Hinnom," "valley of the son of Hinnom" or "valley of the children of Hinnom."

==History==
[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180090.JPG|thumb|200px|Valley of Hinnom, 2007]] The southwestern gate of Jerusalem, overlooking the valley, came to be known as "The Gate of the Valley" (lang-he|שער הגיא). [[Jeremiah 2:23]] speaks of residents worshipping [[Moloch]] and committing [[Abomination (Bible)|abomination]]s, foreshadowing the destruction of Jerusalem. It is not described as a spiritual hell but as a literal valley in Jerusalem ([[Joshua 15:8]], [[Joshua 18:16]], [[2 Kings 23:10]], [[2 Chronicles 28:3]], [[2 Chronicles 33:6]], [[Nehemiah 11:30]], [[Jeremiah 7]]:31~32, [[Jeremiah 19:2]], [[Jeremiah 19:6]], [[Jeremiah 32:35]]).

In ancient times, it is believed that children were sacrificed to the pagan god Molech in Gehenna, a practice that was outlawed by [[King Josiah]] ([[2 Kings, 23:10]]). Biblical commentator [[Rashi]] explains that priests would bang on drums (Hebrew: tof, tupim) (תופים) so fathers would not hear the groans of children being sacrificed. Hence the name [[Topheth]]. Fires were kept burning and the valley became the [[garbage dump]] of the city. The dead bodies of criminals, and the carcasses of animals were also thrown there.

== Christian New Testament references ==
[[Image:Valley of Hinom PA180093.JPG|thumb|200px|Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom]]
In the [[synoptic gospels]] Jesus uses the word ''Gehenna'' 11 times to describe the opposite to life in the promised, coming Kingdom (Mark 9:43-8).<ref name="Blue Letter Bible: Gehenna">[http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G1067&Version=kjv Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for geenna (Strong's 1067)".]</ref> It is a place where both soul and body could be destroyed (Matthew 10:28) in "unquenchable fire" (Mark 9:43).

In the [[Gospel of Matthew]] 23:33, Jesus observes, "Ye [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpents]], ye generation of [[viper]]s, how can ye escape the [[Damnation#Religious|damnation]] of '''gehenna''' (απο �,,η�, κρισεω�, �,,η�, γεεννη�,)?”. The word ''gehenna'' is also found in the [[epistle of James]], where it is said to set the tongue on fire. Many Christians understand ''gehenna'' to be a place of eternal punishment called hell.<ref name="oxford">Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible’’, p243. </ref> On the other hand, [[annihilationist]]s understand ''gehenna'' to be a place where sinners are utterly destroyed, not tormented forever. [[Christian Universalist]]s, who believe that God will eventually save all souls, interpret the New Testament references to Gehenna in the context of the Old Testament, and conclude that it always refers to the imminent divine judgment of Israel and not to eternal torment for the unsaved.

The New Testament refers to [[hades in Christianity|Hades]] as a destination of the dead. ''Hades'' is portrayed as a different place from ''gehenna''. Yet, even so, the Book of Revelation describes Hades being cast into the [[Lake of Fire]] ({{bibleverse||Revelation|20:14}}), which many Christians today interpret as meaning the same thing as gehenna.

== Literary references ==

*[[John Milton]], "Paradise Lost", Book I
<blockquote>
[Moloch] made his Grove <br>
The pleasant Vally of HINNOM, TOPHET thence <br>
And black GEHENNA call'd, the Type of Hell.
</blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Hell]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Category:Gehenna|Gehenna}}
{{commons|Valley of Hinom}}
*[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/hinnom.htm Daily Bible Study page on the Valley of Hinnom]
*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/hi/Hinnom.html Columbia Encyclopedia on the Valley of Hinnom]
*[http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/H/Hinnom.html Biblical Proper Names on the Valley of Hinnom]
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=115&letter=G Gehenna] from the 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
*[http://www.chabad.org/k9562 The Jewish view of Hell] on chabad.org
*[http://www.tentmaker.org/articles/jesusteachingonhell.html A Christian Universalist perspective] from Tentmaker.org

[[Category:Christian eschatology]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible places]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Geography of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Christian cosmology]]
[[Category:Hell]]