Epsilon - Revision history

Beza 1598: /* External Links */

2016-03-12T04:24:08Z

External Links

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:24, 12 March 2016
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	[[Category:Greek letters]]		[[Category:Greek letters]]
	[[Category:Vowel letters]]		[[Category:Vowel letters]]

			{{Donate}}

Nick at 00:45, 23 January 2015

2015-01-23T00:45:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:45, 23 January 2015
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	[[image:Epsilon.~~png~~\|thumb]]		[[image:Epsilon.jpg\|thumb]]
	'''Epsilon''' ([[uppercase]] '''Ε''', [[lowercase]] '''ε'''; Έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], corresponding phonetically to a [[close-mid front unrounded vowel]] /e/. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 5. It was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet\|Phoenician letter]] [[He (letter)\|He]] [[image:Phoenician he.png\|20px\|He]]. Letters that arose from Epsilon include the Roman [[E]] and Cyrillic [[Ye (Cyrillic)\|Ye]].		'''Epsilon''' ([[uppercase]] '''Ε''', [[lowercase]] '''ε'''; Έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], corresponding phonetically to a [[close-mid front unrounded vowel]] /e/. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 5. It was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet\|Phoenician letter]] [[He (letter)\|He]] [[image:Phoenician he.png\|20px\|He]]. Letters that arose from Epsilon include the Roman [[E]] and Cyrillic [[Ye (Cyrillic)\|Ye]].

Nick: /* External Links */

2015-01-20T11:38:42Z

External Links

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:38, 20 January 2015
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	* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon Wikipedia article on Epsilon]		* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon Wikipedia article on Epsilon]

			{{Greek Lexicon}}
	[[Category:Greek letters]]		[[Category:Greek letters]]
	[[Category:Vowel letters]]		[[Category:Vowel letters]]

Nick: /* Unicode */

2011-05-06T13:18:04Z

Unicode

Show changes

Nick at 13:18, 3 March 2011

2011-03-03T13:18:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:18, 3 March 2011
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			[[image:Epsilon.png\|thumb]]
	'''Epsilon''' ([[uppercase]] '''Ε''', [[lowercase]] '''ε'''; Έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], corresponding phonetically to a [[close-mid front unrounded vowel]] /e/. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 5. It was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet\|Phoenician letter]] [[He (letter)\|He]] [[image:Phoenician he.png\|20px\|He]]. Letters that arose from Epsilon include the Roman [[E]] and Cyrillic [[Ye (Cyrillic)\|Ye]].		'''Epsilon''' ([[uppercase]] '''Ε''', [[lowercase]] '''ε'''; Έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], corresponding phonetically to a [[close-mid front unrounded vowel]] /e/. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 5. It was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet\|Phoenician letter]] [[He (letter)\|He]] [[image:Phoenician he.png\|20px\|He]]. Letters that arose from Epsilon include the Roman [[E]] and Cyrillic [[Ye (Cyrillic)\|Ye]].

Nick at 11:23, 3 March 2011

2011-03-03T11:23:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:23, 3 March 2011
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	==History==		==History==
	===Origin===		===Origin===
	The letter Ε was taken over from the [[Phoenician alphabet\|Phonician]] letter [[He (letter)\|He]] ([[image:Phoenician he.png\|inline\|x12px]]) when Greeks first adopted alphabetic writing. In archaic Greek writing, its shape is often still identical to the Phoenician letter. Like other Greek letters, it could face either leftwards or rightwards ([[image:Greek Epsilon left.png\|inline\|x14px]][[image:Greek Epsilon archaic.png\|inline\|x14px]]), depending on the current writing direction, but just like in Phoenician, the horizontal bars always faced in the direction of writing. Archaic writing often preserves the Phoenician form with a vertical stem extending slightly below the lowest horizontal bar. In the classical era, through the influence of more cursive writing styles, the shape was simplified to the current E glyph.<sup>[]</sup>		The letter Ε was taken over from the [[Phoenician alphabet\|Phonician]] letter [[He (letter)\|He]] ([[image:Phoenician he.png\|inline\|x12px]]) when Greeks first adopted alphabetic writing. In archaic Greek writing, its shape is often still identical to the Phoenician letter. Like other Greek letters, it could face either leftwards or rightwards ([[image:Greek Epsilon left.png\|inline\|x14px]][[image:Greek Epsilon archaic.png\|inline\|x14px]]), depending on the current writing direction, but just like in Phoenician, the horizontal bars always faced in the direction of writing. Archaic writing often preserves the Phoenician form with a vertical stem extending slightly below the lowest horizontal bar. In the classical era, through the influence of more cursive writing styles, the shape was simplified to the current E glyph.<sup>[3]</sup>

	===Sound value===		===Sound value===
	The initial sound value of Ε was determined by the vowel occurring in the Phoenician letter name ''He'', which made it a natural choice for being reinterpreted from a consonant symbol to a vowel symbol denoting an [e] sound.<sup>[]</sup> Besides its classical Greek sound value, the short /e/ phoneme, it could initially also be used for other [e]-like sounds. For instance, in early [[Attic Greek\|Attic]] before c.500 B.C., it was used also both for the long, [[open-mid vowel\|open]] /ɛː/, and for the long [[close-mid vowel\|close]] /eː/. In the former role, it was later replaced in the classic Greek alphabet by [[Eta]] (Η), which was taken over from eastern [[Ionic Greek\|Ionic]] alphabets, while in the latter role it was replaced by the [[digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] spelling ΕΙ.		The initial sound value of Ε was determined by the vowel occurring in the Phoenician letter name ''He'', which made it a natural choice for being reinterpreted from a consonant symbol to a vowel symbol denoting an [e] sound.<sup>[4]</sup> Besides its classical Greek sound value, the short /e/ phoneme, it could initially also be used for other [e]-like sounds. For instance, in early [[Attic Greek\|Attic]] before c.500 B.C., it was used also both for the long, [[open-mid vowel\|open]] /ɛː/, and for the long [[close-mid vowel\|close]] /eː/. In the former role, it was later replaced in the classic Greek alphabet by [[Eta]] (Η), which was taken over from eastern [[Ionic Greek\|Ionic]] alphabets, while in the latter role it was replaced by the [[digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] spelling ΕΙ.

	===Epichoric alphabets===		===Epichoric alphabets===
	Some dialects used yet other ways of distinguishing between various e-like sounds.		Some dialects used yet other ways of distinguishing between various e-like sounds.

	In [[Ancient Corinth\|Corinth]], the normal function of Ε to denote /e/ and /ɛː/ was taken by a glyph resembling a pointed B ([[image:Greek Beta archaic.png\|inline\|x14px]]), while Ε was used only for long close /eː/.<sup>[]</sup> The letter [[Beta]], in turn, took the deviant shape [[image:Greek Beta Corinth 1.png\|inline\|x14px]].		In [[Ancient Corinth\|Corinth]], the normal function of Ε to denote /e/ and /ɛː/ was taken by a glyph resembling a pointed B ([[image:Greek Beta archaic.png\|inline\|x14px]]), while Ε was used only for long close /eː/.<sup>[5]</sup> The letter [[Beta]], in turn, took the deviant shape [[image:Greek Beta Corinth 1.png\|inline\|x14px]].

	In [[Sicyon]], a variant glyph resembling an X ([[image:Greek Epsilon X-shaped.png\|inline\|x14px]]) was used in the same function as Corinthian [[image:Greek Beta archaic.png\|inline\|x14px]].<sup>[]</sup>		In [[Sicyon]], a variant glyph resembling an X ([[image:Greek Epsilon X-shaped.png\|inline\|x14px]]) was used in the same function as Corinthian [[image:Greek Beta archaic.png\|inline\|x14px]].<sup>[6]</sup>

	In [[Thespiai]] ([[Boeotia]]), a special letter form consisting of a vertical stem with a single rightward-pointing horizontal bar ([[image:Greek Eta tack.png\|inline\|x12px]]) was used for what was probably a [[close vowel\|raised]] variant of /e/ in pre-vocalic environments.<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup> This tack glyph was used elsewhere also as a form of "[[Heta]]", i.e. for the sound /h/.		In [[Thespiai]] ([[Boeotia]]), a special letter form consisting of a vertical stem with a single rightward-pointing horizontal bar ([[image:Greek Eta tack.png\|inline\|x12px]]) was used for what was probably a [[close vowel\|raised]] variant of /e/ in pre-vocalic environments.<sup>[7]</sup><sup>[1]</sup> This tack glyph was used elsewhere also as a form of "[[Heta]]", i.e. for the sound /h/.

	===Glyph variants===		===Glyph variants===
	After the establishment of the canonical classic Greek alphabet, new glyph variants for Ε were introduced through handwriting. In the [[uncial script]] (used for literary [[papyrus]] manuscripts in late antiquity and then in early medieval [[vellum]] codices), the "lunate" shape ([[image:Greek uncial Epsilon.png\|inline\|x12px]]) became predominant. In [[cursive]] handwriting, a large number of shorthand glyphs came to be used, where the cross-bar and the curved stroke were linked in various ways.<sup>[]</sup> Some of them resembled a modern lowercase Latin "e", some a "6" with a connecting stroke to the next letter starting from the middle, and some a combination of two small "c"-like curves. Several of these shapes were later taken over into [[minuscule Greek\|minuscule]] book hand. Of the various minuscule letter shapes, the inverted-3 form became the basis for lower-case Epsilon in Greek typography during the modern era.		After the establishment of the canonical classic Greek alphabet, new glyph variants for Ε were introduced through handwriting. In the [[uncial script]] (used for literary [[papyrus]] manuscripts in late antiquity and then in early medieval [[vellum]] codices), the "lunate" shape ([[image:Greek uncial Epsilon.png\|inline\|x12px]]) became predominant. In [[cursive]] handwriting, a large number of shorthand glyphs came to be used, where the cross-bar and the curved stroke were linked in various ways.<sup>[8]</sup> Some of them resembled a modern lowercase Latin "e", some a "6" with a connecting stroke to the next letter starting from the middle, and some a combination of two small "c"-like curves. Several of these shapes were later taken over into [[minuscule Greek\|minuscule]] book hand. Of the various minuscule letter shapes, the inverted-3 form became the basis for lower-case Epsilon in Greek typography during the modern era.

	{\|class="wikitable"		{\|class="wikitable"

Nick at 11:21, 3 March 2011

2011-03-03T11:21:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 3 March 2011
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	The name "epsilon" (ἒ ψιλόν, "simple e") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the [[Digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] αι, a former [[diphthong]] that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.		The name "epsilon" (ἒ ψιλόν, "simple e") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the [[Digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] αι, a former [[diphthong]] that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.

	The uppercase form of epsilon looks essentially identical to Latin E. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from [[History of the Greek alphabet\|medieval Greek handwriting]]. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted "3". The other, also known as [[lunate]] or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[2]</sup> looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternate font variants, both may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for both.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[Unicode]], the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. In [[TeX]], ([[image:49bfd9e448b2ac27ea9a754bd7a7ada4.png]]) denotes the lunate form, while [[image:36a0ee3562f26da26c60dac5dbae18c4.png]]) denotes the inverted-3 form.		The uppercase form of epsilon looks essentially identical to Latin E. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from [[History of the Greek alphabet\|medieval Greek handwriting]]. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted "3". The other, also known as [[lunate]] or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[2]</sup> looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternate font variants, both may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for both.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[Unicode]], the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. In [[TeX]], ([[image:49bfd9e448b2ac27ea9a754bd7a7ada4.png]]) denotes the lunate form, while ([[image:36a0ee3562f26da26c60dac5dbae18c4.png]]) denotes the inverted-3 form.

	There is also a [[Latin epsilon]] or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ("Latin small letter open e", ɛ) and U+0190 ("Latin capital letter open e", Ɛ) and is used as an [[IPA]] phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign ([[€]]).		There is also a [[Latin epsilon]] or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ("Latin small letter open e", ɛ) and U+0190 ("Latin capital letter open e", Ɛ) and is used as an [[IPA]] phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign ([[€]]).

Nick at 11:21, 3 March 2011

2011-03-03T11:21:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 3 March 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	The name "epsilon" (ἒ ψιλόν, "simple e") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the [[Digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] αι, a former [[diphthong]] that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.		The name "epsilon" (ἒ ψιλόν, "simple e") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the [[Digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] αι, a former [[diphthong]] that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.

	The uppercase form of epsilon looks essentially identical to Latin E. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from [[History of the Greek alphabet\|medieval Greek handwriting]]. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted "3". The other, also known as [[lunate]] or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[2]</sup> looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternate font variants, both may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for both.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[Unicode]], the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. In [[TeX]], ([[image:49bfd9e448b2ac27ea9a754bd7a7ada4.png]]) denotes the lunate form, while ~~<code>\varepsilon</code> (<math>\varepsilon\!</math>~~) denotes the inverted-3 form.		The uppercase form of epsilon looks essentially identical to Latin E. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from [[History of the Greek alphabet\|medieval Greek handwriting]]. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted "3". The other, also known as [[lunate]] or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[2]</sup> looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternate font variants, both may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for both.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[Unicode]], the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. In [[TeX]], ([[image:49bfd9e448b2ac27ea9a754bd7a7ada4.png]]) denotes the lunate form, while [[image:36a0ee3562f26da26c60dac5dbae18c4.png]]) denotes the inverted-3 form.

	There is also a [[Latin epsilon]] or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ("Latin small letter open e", ɛ) and U+0190 ("Latin capital letter open e", Ɛ) and is used as an [[IPA]] phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign ([[€]]).		There is also a [[Latin epsilon]] or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ("Latin small letter open e", ɛ) and U+0190 ("Latin capital letter open e", Ɛ) and is used as an [[IPA]] phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign ([[€]]).

Nick at 11:20, 3 March 2011

2011-03-03T11:20:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:20, 3 March 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	The name "epsilon" (ἒ ψιλόν, "simple e") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the [[Digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] αι, a former [[diphthong]] that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.		The name "epsilon" (ἒ ψιλόν, "simple e") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the [[Digraph (orthography)\|digraph]] αι, a former [[diphthong]] that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.

	The uppercase form of epsilon looks essentially identical to Latin E. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from [[History of the Greek alphabet\|medieval Greek handwriting]]. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted "3". The other, also known as [[lunate]] or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup> looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternate font variants, both may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for both.<sup>[]</sup> In [[Unicode]], the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. In [[TeX]], ~~<code>\epsilon</code>~~ ( ~~<math>\epsilon\!</math>~~) denotes the lunate form, while <code>\varepsilon</code> (<math>\varepsilon\!</math>) denotes the inverted-3 form.		The uppercase form of epsilon looks essentially identical to Latin E. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from [[History of the Greek alphabet\|medieval Greek handwriting]]. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted "3". The other, also known as [[lunate]] or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[2]</sup> looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternate font variants, both may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for both.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[Unicode]], the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. In [[TeX]], ([[image:49bfd9e448b2ac27ea9a754bd7a7ada4.png]]) denotes the lunate form, while <code>\varepsilon</code> (<math>\varepsilon\!</math>) denotes the inverted-3 form.

	There is also a [[Latin epsilon]] or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ("Latin small letter open e", ɛ) and U+0190 ("Latin capital letter open e", Ɛ) and is used as an [[IPA]] phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign ([[€]]).		There is also a [[Latin epsilon]] or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ("Latin small letter open e", ɛ) and U+0190 ("Latin capital letter open e", Ɛ) and is used as an [[IPA]] phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign ([[€]]).

Nick: /* Initial */

2011-03-03T11:18:06Z

Initial

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:18, 3 March 2011
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	==Initial==		==Initial==
	[[image:Lectionary 226 GA 0020b Epsilon.JPG\|50px~~\|left\|thumb~~\|[[Initial]] epsilon in [[Lectionary 226]], folio 20 [[recto and verso\|verso]]]]		[[image:Lectionary 226 GA 0020b Epsilon.JPG\|50px\|[[Initial]] epsilon in [[Lectionary 226]], folio 20 [[recto and verso\|verso]]]]

	[[image:Lectionary_226_(GA)_Epsilon_0064b.JPG\|50px~~\|middle\|thumb~~\|folio 64 verso]]		[[image:Lectionary_226_(GA)_Epsilon_0064b.JPG\|50px\|folio 64 verso]]

	[[image:Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG\|50px~~\|right\|thumb~~\|folio 125 verso]]		[[image:Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG\|50px\|folio 125 verso]]

	==References==		==References==