KJV: /* Notes */ formatting

2019-03-18T08:05:58Z

Notes: formatting

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:00, 4 March 2018
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	=== Dissolution of the Monasteries ===		=== Dissolution of the Monasteries ===
	~~{{main\|~~Dissolution of the Monasteries}}		[[Dissolution of the Monasteries]]
	In 1534, Cromwell initiated a [[Dissolution of the Monasteries#Process\|Visitation of the Monasteries]] ostensibly to examine their character, in fact, to value their assets with a view to expropriation. The Crown was undergoing financial difficulties, and the wealth of the church, in contrast to its political weakness, made appropriation of church property both tempting and feasible.<ref>{{citebook\|author=Herbert Maynard Smith\|title=Pre-Reformation England\|location=London\|publisher=Macmillan\|year=1938\|chapter=Preface\|page=vii}}</ref> Suppression of monasteries in order to raise funds was not unknown previously. Cromwell had done the same thing on the instructions of Cardinal Wolsey to raise funds for two proposed colleges at Ipswich and Oxford years before. Now the Visitation allowed for an inventory of what the monasteries possessed and the visiting commissioners claimed to have uncovered sexual immorality and financial impropriety amongst the [[monks]] and [[nuns]] which became the ostensible justification for their suppression. The Church owned between one-fifth and one-third of the land in all England; Cromwell realised that he could bind the gentry and nobility to Royal Supremacy by selling to them the huge amount of Church lands, and that any reversion back to pre-Royal Supremacy would entail upsetting many of the powerful people in the realm.<ref>Elton, ''England under the Tudors'', Third Edition (Routledge, 1991 p.142</ref> For these various reasons the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] was begun in 1536 with the smaller houses, those valued at less than £200 a year; the revenue was used by Henry to help build coastal defences (''see [[Device Forts]]'') against expected invasion, and all their land was given to the Crown or sold to the aristocracy. Whereas the royal supremacy had raised few eyebrows, the attack on abbeys and priories affected lay people.<ref>Haig, p. 143f</ref> Mobs attacked those sent to break up monastic buildings; the suppression commissioners were attacked by local people in several places. In [[Northern England]] there were a series of uprisings by Catholics against the dissolutions in late 1536 and early 1537. In the autumn of 1536 there was a great muster, reckoned to be up to 40,000 in number, at Horncastle in Lincolnshire which was, with difficulty, dispersed by the nervous gentry. They had attempted without success to negotiate with the king by petition. The [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] was a more serious matter. Revolt spread through Yorkshire, and the rebels gathered at York. Robert Aske, their leader, negotiated the restoration of sixteen of the twenty six northern monasteries, which had actually been dissolved. However, the promises made to them, by the Duke of Norfolk, were ignored on the king's orders; Norfolk was instructed to put the rebellion down. Forty seven of the Lincolnshire rebels were executed and 132 from the northern pilgrimage.<ref>Haig, p. 148</ref> Further rebellions took place in Cornwall in early 1537, and in Walsingham (in Norfolk) which received similar treatment.		In 1534, Cromwell initiated a [[Dissolution of the Monasteries#Process\|Visitation of the Monasteries]] ostensibly to examine their character, in fact, to value their assets with a view to expropriation. The Crown was undergoing financial difficulties, and the wealth of the church, in contrast to its political weakness, made appropriation of church property both tempting and feasible.<ref>{{citebook\|author=Herbert Maynard Smith\|title=Pre-Reformation England\|location=London\|publisher=Macmillan\|year=1938\|chapter=Preface\|page=vii}}</ref> Suppression of monasteries in order to raise funds was not unknown previously. Cromwell had done the same thing on the instructions of Cardinal Wolsey to raise funds for two proposed colleges at Ipswich and Oxford years before. Now the Visitation allowed for an inventory of what the monasteries possessed and the visiting commissioners claimed to have uncovered sexual immorality and financial impropriety amongst the [[monks]] and [[nuns]] which became the ostensible justification for their suppression. The Church owned between one-fifth and one-third of the land in all England; Cromwell realised that he could bind the gentry and nobility to Royal Supremacy by selling to them the huge amount of Church lands, and that any reversion back to pre-Royal Supremacy would entail upsetting many of the powerful people in the realm.<ref>Elton, ''England under the Tudors'', Third Edition (Routledge, 1991 p.142</ref> For these various reasons the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] was begun in 1536 with the smaller houses, those valued at less than £200 a year; the revenue was used by Henry to help build coastal defences (''see [[Device Forts]]'') against expected invasion, and all their land was given to the Crown or sold to the aristocracy. Whereas the royal supremacy had raised few eyebrows, the attack on abbeys and priories affected lay people.<ref>Haig, p. 143f</ref> Mobs attacked those sent to break up monastic buildings; the suppression commissioners were attacked by local people in several places. In [[Northern England]] there were a series of uprisings by Catholics against the dissolutions in late 1536 and early 1537. In the autumn of 1536 there was a great muster, reckoned to be up to 40,000 in number, at Horncastle in Lincolnshire which was, with difficulty, dispersed by the nervous gentry. They had attempted without success to negotiate with the king by petition. The [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] was a more serious matter. Revolt spread through Yorkshire, and the rebels gathered at York. Robert Aske, their leader, negotiated the restoration of sixteen of the twenty six northern monasteries, which had actually been dissolved. However, the promises made to them, by the Duke of Norfolk, were ignored on the king's orders; Norfolk was instructed to put the rebellion down. Forty seven of the Lincolnshire rebels were executed and 132 from the northern pilgrimage.<ref>Haig, p. 148</ref> Further rebellions took place in Cornwall in early 1537, and in Walsingham (in Norfolk) which received similar treatment.

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	==Elizabethan Settlement ==		==Elizabethan Settlement ==
	~~{{main\|~~Elizabethan Religious Settlement}}		[[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]]
	When Mary died childless in 1558, [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth]] inherited the throne. One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth’s early reign was [[Christianity\|religion]]. Communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] had been reinstated under Mary, but was again severed by Elizabeth. She relied primarily on her chief advisors, Sir William Cecil, as her [[Secretary of State]], and [[Nicholas Bacon\|Sir Nicholas Bacon]], as the [[Lord Keeper of the Great Seal]], for direction on the matter.		When Mary died childless in 1558, [[Elizabeth I of England\|Elizabeth]] inherited the throne. One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth’s early reign was [[Christianity\|religion]]. Communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] had been reinstated under Mary, but was again severed by Elizabeth. She relied primarily on her chief advisors, Sir William Cecil, as her [[Secretary of State]], and [[Nicholas Bacon\|Sir Nicholas Bacon]], as the [[Lord Keeper of the Great Seal]], for direction on the matter.

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	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==
	~~{{main\|~~English Civil War}}		[[English Civil War]]
	By the time of Elizabeth's death a third party had emerged, 'perfectly hostile' to Puritans, but not adherent to Rome. It preferred the revised [[Book of Common Prayer]] of 1559, from which had been removed some of the matters offensive to Catholics.<ref>Proctor F. and Frere W.H., ''A New History of the Book of Common Prayer'' (Macmillan 1965) p.91f.</ref> The recusants had been removed from the centre of the stage. The new dispute was now between the Puritans (who wished to see an end of the prayer book and episcopacy), and this third party (the considerable body of people who looked kindly on the Elizabethan Settlement, who rejected 'prophesyings', whose spirituality had been nourished by the Prayer Book and who preferred the governance of bishops).<ref>Judith Maltby, ''Prayer book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England'' (Cambridge 1998)</ref>		By the time of Elizabeth's death a third party had emerged, 'perfectly hostile' to Puritans, but not adherent to Rome. It preferred the revised [[Book of Common Prayer]] of 1559, from which had been removed some of the matters offensive to Catholics.<ref>Proctor F. and Frere W.H., ''A New History of the Book of Common Prayer'' (Macmillan 1965) p.91f.</ref> The recusants had been removed from the centre of the stage. The new dispute was now between the Puritans (who wished to see an end of the prayer book and episcopacy), and this third party (the considerable body of people who looked kindly on the Elizabethan Settlement, who rejected 'prophesyings', whose spirituality had been nourished by the Prayer Book and who preferred the governance of bishops).<ref>Judith Maltby, ''Prayer book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England'' (Cambridge 1998)</ref>

Beza 1598: /* See also */

2016-03-12T06:20:00Z

Nick: Protected "English Reformation" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2009-09-15T14:29:58Z

Protected "English Reformation" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:29, 15 September 2009
(No difference)

Nick at 14:29, 15 September 2009

2009-09-15T14:29:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:29, 15 September 2009
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	~~{{pp-move-vandalism\|small=yes}}~~
	~~{{Anglicanism}}~~
	[[Image:Hans Holbein d. J. 049.jpg\|thumb\|left\|150px\|King [[Henry VIII of England]]]]		[[Image:Hans Holbein d. J. 049.jpg\|thumb\|left\|150px\|King [[Henry VIII of England]]]]

Nick: New page: {{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Anglicanism}} King [[Henry VIII of England]] The '''English Reformation''' was the series of events...

2009-09-15T14:29:16Z

New page: {{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Anglicanism}} thumb|left|150px|King [[Henry VIII of England]] The '''English Reformation''' was the series of events...

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