Nick: New page: '''Basil of Caesarea''', also called '''Saint Basil the Great''' (Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Á''gios Basíleios o Mégas''; Ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟ...

2018-12-28T07:47:47Z

New page: '''Basil of Caesarea''', also called '''Saint Basil the Great''' (Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Á''gios Basíleios o Mégas''; Ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟ...

New page

'''Basil of Caesarea''', also called '''Saint Basil the Great''' (Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Á''gios Basíleios o Mégas''; Ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟⲥ; 329 or 330[] – January 1 or 2, 379), was the [[bishop]] of [[Caesarea Mazaca]] in [[Cappadocia]], [[Asia Minor]] (modern-day [[Turkey]]). He was an influential [[theologian]] who supported the [[Nicene Creed]] and opposed the heresies of the early Christian church, fighting against both [[Arianism]] and the followers of [[Apollinaris of Laodicea]]. His ability to balance his theological convictions with his political connections made Basil a powerful advocate for the Nicene position.

In addition to his work as a theologian, Basil was known for his care of the poor and underprivileged. Basil established guidelines for monastic life which focus on community life, liturgical prayer, and manual labor. Together with [[Pachomius]], he is remembered as a father of [[cenobite|communal monasticism]] in Eastern Christianity. He is considered a [[saint]] by the traditions of both [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]] and [[Western Christianity]].

Basil, [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Gregory of Nyssa]] are collectively referred to as the [[Cappadocian Fathers]]. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] have given him, together with [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] and [[John Chrysostom]], the title of [[Three Holy Hierarchs|Great Hierarch]]. He is recognized as a [[Doctor of the Church]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He is sometimes referred to by the epithet ''Ouranophantor'' (Greek: Οὐρανοφάντωρ), "revealer of heavenly mysteries".[]

==Life==

===Early life and education===
Basil was born into the wealthy family of [[Basil the Elder]],[] and [[Emmelia of Caesarea]], in [[Cappadocia]], around 330.[] His parents were known for their piety.[] His maternal grandfather was a Christian [[martyr]], executed in the years prior to [[Constantine I]]'s conversion.[][] His pious widow, [[Macrina the Elder|Macrina]], herself a follower of [[Gregory Thaumaturgus]] (who had founded the nearby church of [[Neocaesarea]]),[] raised Basil and his four siblings (who also can be venerated as saints): [[Macrina the Younger]], [[Naucratius]], [[Peter of Sebaste]] and [[Gregory of Nyssa]].

Basil received more formal education in Caesarea Mazaca in [[Cappadocia]] (modern-day [[Kayseri]], [[Turkey]]) around 350-51.<ref name=Hildebrand>Hildebrand (2007), p. 19.</ref> There he met [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], who would become a lifetime friend.[] Together, Basil and Gregory went to [[Constantinople]] for further studies, including the lectures of [[Libanius]]. The two also spent almost six years in [[Athens]] starting around 349, where they met a fellow student who would become the emperor [[Julian the Apostate]].[][]

Basil's life changed radically after he encountered [[Eustathius of Sebaste]], a charismatic bishop and ascetic.[] Abandoning his legal and teaching career, Basil devoted his life to God. A letter described his spiritual awakening:
:I had wasted much time on follies and spent nearly all of my youth in vain labors, and devotion to the teachings of a wisdom that God had made foolish. Suddenly, I awoke as out of a deep sleep. I beheld the wonderful light of the Gospel truth, and I recognized the nothingness of the wisdom of the princes of this world.[]

===Annesi===
[[Image:Basil of Caesarea icon.jpg|thumb|Russian icon of Basil of Caesarea]]

After his baptism, Basil traveled in 357 to Palestine, Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia to study ascetics and monasticism.[][] He distributed his fortunes among the poor, then went briefly into solitude near Neocaesarea of Pontus (mod. day [[Niksar]], Turkey) on the Iris.[] Basil eventually realized that while he respected the ascetics' piety and prayerfulness, the solitary life did not call him.[] [[Eustathius of Sebaste]], a prominent [[anchorite]] near Pontus, had mentored Basil. However, they also eventually differed over [[dogma]].[]

Basil instead felt drawn toward communal religious life, and by 358 he was gathering around him a group of like-minded [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]], including his brother Peter. Together they founded a monastic settlement on his family's estate near Annesi[] (modern Sonusa or Uluköy, near the confluence of the [[Yeşilırmak River|Iris]] and [[Kelkit River|Lycos Rivers]][]). His widowed mother Emmelia, sister Macrina and several other women, joined Basil and devoted themselves to pious lives of prayer and charitable works (some claim Macrina founded this community).[]

Here Basil wrote about monastic communal life. His writings became pivotal in developing monastic traditions of the [[Eastern Church]].[] In 358, Basil invited his friend Gregory of Nazianzus to join him in Annesi.<ref>Rousseau (1994), p. 66.</ref> When Gregory eventually arrived, they collaborated on ''[[Origen's Philocalia]]'', a collection of [[Origen]]'s works .[] Gregory then decided to return to his family in Nazianzus.

Basil attended the [[Council of Constantinople (360)]]. He at first sided with Eustathius and the [[Homoiousian]]s, a semi-Arian faction who taught that the Son was of ''like'' substance with the Father, neither the same (''one'' substance) nor different from him.[] The Homoiousians opposed the Arianism of Eunomius but refused to join with the supporters of the [[Nicene Creed]], who professed that the members of the Trinity were of one substance ("[[homoousios]]"). However, Basil's bishop, [[Dianius]] of Caesarea, had subscribed only to the earlier [[Nicene]] form of agreement. Basil eventually abandoned the Homoiousians, and emerged instead as a strong supporter of the [[Nicene Creed]].[]

===Caesarea===
[[Image:MHS ojcowie ks Bazyli Wlk Jan Chryzostom Grzeg Wlk XVII Lipie p.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] of the [[Three Holy Hierarchs]]: Basil the Great (left), [[John Chrysostom]] (center) and [[Gregory the Theologian]] (right)—from Lipie, Historic Museum in [[Sanok]], [[Poland]].]]

In 362, Bishop [[Meletius of Antioch]] [[Ordination|ordained]] Basil as a [[deacon]]. Eusebius then summoned Basil to Caesarea and ordained him as [[presbyter]] of the Church there in 365. Ecclesiastical entreaties rather than Basil's desires thus altered his career path.[]

Basil and Gregory Nazianzus spent the next few years combating the [[Arianism|Arian heresy]], which threatened to divide Cappadocia's Christians. In close fraternal cooperation, they agreed to a great rhetorical contest with accomplished Arian theologians and rhetors.[] In the subsequent public debates, presided over by agents of [[Valens]], Gregory and Basil emerged triumphant. This success confirmed for both Gregory and Basil that their futures lay in administration of the Church.<ref name="McGuckin143"/> Basil next took on functional administration of the city of Caesarea.[] Eusebius is reported as becoming jealous of the reputation and influence which Basil quickly developed, and allowed Basil to return to his earlier solitude. Later, however, Gregory persuaded Basil to return. Basil did so, and became the effective manager of the city for several years, while giving all the credit to Eusebius.

In 370, Eusebius died, and Basil was chosen to succeed him, and was consecrated bishop on June 14, 370.[] His new post as bishop of Caesarea also gave him the powers of [[exarch]] of Pontus and [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of five [[suffragan bishop]]s, many of whom had opposed him in the election for Eusebius's successor. It was then that his great powers were called into action. Hot-blooded and somewhat imperious, Basil was also generous and sympathetic. He personally organized a [[soup kitchen]] and distributed food to the poor during a famine following a drought. He gave away his personal family inheritance to benefit the poor of his diocese.

His letters show that he actively worked to reform thieves and prostitutes. They also show him encouraging his clergy not to be tempted by wealth or the comparatively easy life of a priest, and that he personally took care in selecting worthy candidates for [[holy orders]]. He also had the courage to criticize public officials who failed in their duty of administering justice. At the same time, he preached every morning and evening in his own church to large congregations. In addition to all the above, he built a large complex just outside Caesarea, called the Basiliad,[] which included a poorhouse, hospice, and hospital, and was compared by Gregory of Nazianzus to the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World|wonders of the world]].[]

His zeal for [[orthodoxy]] did not blind him to what was good in an opponent; and for the sake of peace and charity he was content to waive the use of orthodox terminology when it could be surrendered without a sacrifice of truth. The Emperor [[Valens]], who was an adherent of the Arian philosophy, sent his [[prefect]] Modestus to at least agree to a compromise with the Arian faction. Basil's adamant negative response prompted Modestus to say that no one had ever spoken to him in that way before. Basil replied, "Perhaps you have never yet had to deal with a bishop." Modestus reported back to Valens that he believed nothing short of violence would avail against Basil. Valens was apparently unwilling to engage in violence. He did however issue orders banishing Basil repeatedly, none of which succeeded. Valens came himself to attend when Basil celebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] on the [[Epiphany (Christian)|Feast of the Theophany]] (Epiphany), and at that time was so impressed by Basil that he donated to him some land for the building of the Basiliad. This interaction helped to define the limits of governmental power over the church.[]

Basil then had to face the growing spread of [[Arianism]]. This belief system, which denied that Christ was [[consubstantiality|consubstantial]] with the Father, was quickly gaining adherents and was seen by many, particularly those in Alexandria most familiar with it, as posing a threat to the unity of the church.[] Basil entered into connections with the West, and with the help of [[Athanasius]], he tried to overcome its distrustful attitude toward the Homoiousians. The difficulties had been enhanced by bringing in the question as to the essence of the [[Holy Spirit]]. Although Basil advocated objectively the [[consubstantiality]] of the Holy Spirit with the [[God the Father|Father]] and the [[God the Son|Son]], he belonged to those, who, faithful to Eastern tradition, would not allow the predicate ''homoousios'' to the former; for this he was reproached as early as 371 by the Orthodox zealots among the monks, and [[Athanasius]] defended him. He maintained a relationship with [[Eustathius of Sebaste|Eustathius]] despite dogmatic differences.

Basil corresponded with [[Pope Damasus I|Pope Damasus]] in the hope of having the Roman bishop condemn [[heresy]] wherever found, both [[East]] and [[West]]. The [[pope]]'s apparent indifference upset Basil's zeal and he turned around in distress and sadness.

==Death and legacy==
Basil died before the factional disturbances ended. He suffered from liver disease; excessive [[ascetic]] practices also contributed to his early demise. Historians disagree about the exact date Basil died.[] The great institute before the gates of Caesarea, the Ptochoptopheion, or "Basileiad", which was used as poorhouse, hospital, and hospice became a lasting monument of Basil's episcopal care for the poor.[] Many of St Basil's writings and sermons, specifically on the topics on money and possessions, continue to challenge Christians today.[]

==Writings==
[[Image:Meister der Sophien-Kathedrale von Ohrid 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fresco]] of Basil the Great in the cathedral of [[Ohrid]]. The saint is shown [[consecration|consecrating]] the [[Sacred Mysteries|Gifts]] during the [[Divine Liturgy]] which bears his name.]]

The principal theological writings of Basil are his ''On the Holy Spirit'', a lucid and edifying appeal to Scripture and early Christian tradition (to prove the divinity of the Holy Spirit), and his ''Refutation of the Apology of the Impious Eunomius'', written about in 364, three books against [[Eunomius of Cyzicus]], the chief exponent of Anomoian Arianism. The first three books of the ''Refutation'' are his work; his authorship of the fourth and fifth books is generally considered doubtful.[]
[[Image:Basilii Magni Opera.tif|thumb|''Basilii Magni Opera'' (1523)]]
He was a famous preacher, and many of his homilies, including a series of [[Great Lent|Lenten]] lectures on the ''[[Hexameron|Hexaëmeron]]'' (also ''Hexaëmeros'', "Six Days of Creation"; Hexameron), and an exposition of the [[psalter]], have been preserved. Some, like that against usury and that on the famine in 368, are valuable for the history of morals; others illustrate the honor paid to martyrs and [[relic]]s; the [[Address to Young Men on Greek Literature|address to young men on the study]] of [[classical literature]] shows that Basil was lastingly influenced by his own education, which taught him to appreciate the [[propaedeutics|propaedeutic]] importance of the classics.[]

In his [[exegesis]] Basil was a great admirer of [[Origen]] and the need for the spiritual interpretation of Scripture. In his work on the [[Holy Spirit]], he asserts that "to take the literal sense and stop there, is to have the heart covered by the veil of Jewish literalism. Lamps are useless when the sun is shining." He frequently stresses the need for Reserve in doctrinal and sacramental matters. At the same time he was against the wild allegories of some contemporaries. Concerning this, he wrote:

:"I know the laws of allegory, though less by myself than from the works of others. There are those, truly, who do not admit the common sense of the Scriptures, for whom water is not water, but some other nature, who see in a plant, in a fish, what their fancy wishes, who change the nature of reptiles and of wild beasts to suit their allegories, like the interpreters of dreams who explain visions in sleep to make them serve their own end."[]>

His [[ascetic]] tendencies are exhibited in the ''Moralia'' and ''Asketika'' (sometimes mistranslated as ''Rules'' of St. Basil), ethical manuals for use in the world and the cloister, respectively. There has been a good deal of discussion concerning the authenticity of the two works known as the ''Greater Asketikon'' and the ''Lesser Asketikon''.[]

It is in the ethical manuals and moral sermons that the practical aspects of his theoretical theology are illustrated. So, for example, it is in his ''Sermon to the Lazicans'' that we find St. Basil explaining how it is our common nature that obliges us to treat our neighbor's natural needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) as our own, even though he is a separate individual.

His three hundred letters reveal a rich and observant nature, which, despite the troubles of ill-health and ecclesiastical unrest, remained optimistic, tender and even playful. His principal efforts as a reformer were directed towards the improvement of the liturgy, and the reformation of the monastic institutions of the East.

Most of his extant works, and a few spuriously attributed to him, are available in the ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'', which includes Latin translations of varying quality. Several of St. Basil's works have appeared in the late twentieth century in the ''[[Sources Chrétiennes]]'' collection.

[[Image:StBasilGreat.JPG|thumb|Statue of Saint Basil, depicting him in Western [[vestments]], in the Church of St. Nicholas, [[Mala Strana]], [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]].]]

==Liturgical contributions==
Basil of Caesarea holds a very important place in the history of [[Christian liturgy]], coming as he did at the end of the age of [[persecution]]. Basil's liturgical influence is well attested in early sources. Though it is difficult at this time to know exactly which parts of the Divine Liturgies which bear his name are actually his work, a vast corpus of prayers attributed to him has survived in the various Eastern Christian churches.

Most of the [[liturgy|liturgies]] bearing the name of Basil are not entirely his work in their present form, but they nevertheless preserve a recollection of Basil's activity in this field in formularizing liturgical prayers and promoting church-song. Patristics scholars conclude that the Liturgy of Saint Basil "bears, unmistakably, the personal hand, pen, mind and heart of St. Basil the Great."[]

One liturgy that can be attributed to him is ''[[Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil|The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great]]'', a liturgy that is somewhat longer than the more commonly used ''[[Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]]''. The difference between the two is primarily in the silent prayers said by the priest, and in the use of the hymn to the [[Theotokos]], ''All of Creation'', instead of the ''[[Axion Estin]]'' of John Chrysostom's Liturgy. Chrysostom's Liturgy has come to replace Basil's on most days in the [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Byzantine Catholic]] liturgical traditions. However, they still use Basil's Liturgy on certain [[feast days]]: the first five Sundays of [[Great Lent]], the [[Eve]]s of [[Christmas|Nativity]] and [[Theophany]], on [[Great and Holy Thursday]] and [[Holy Saturday]] and on the Feast of Saint Basil, January 1 (for those churches which follow the [[Julian Calendar]], their January 1 falls on January 14 of the [[Gregorian Calendar]]).

The Eastern Churches preserve numerous other prayers attributed to Basil, including three prayers of [[exorcism]], several morning and evening prayers, the "Prayer of the Hours" which is read at each service of the [[Daily Office]], and the "Kneeling Prayers" which are recited by the priest at [[vespers]] on [[Pentecost]] in the [[Byzantine Rite]].

==Influence on Monasticism==
Through his examples and teachings Basil effected a noteworthy moderation in the austere practices which were previously characteristic of monastic life.[] He is also credited with coordinating the duties of work and prayer to ensure a proper balance between the two.[]

Basil is remembered as one of the most influential figures in the development of [[Christian monasticism]]. Not only is Basil recognized as the father of Eastern monasticism; historians recognize that his legacy extends also to the Western church, largely due to his influence on Benedict.[] Patristic scholars such as Meredith assert that Benedict himself recognized this when he wrote in the epilogue to his ''Rule'' that his monks, in addition to the Bible, should read "the confessions of the Fathers and their institutes and their lives and the ''Rule of our Holy Father, Basil.''[] Basil's teachings on monasticism, as encoded in works such as his ''Small Asketikon'', was transmitted to the west via [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus]] during the last 4th century.[]

As a result of Basil's influence, numerous religious orders in Eastern Christianity bear his name. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Basilian Fathers, also known as [[The Congregation of St. Basil]], an international order of priests and students studying for the priesthood, is named after him.

==Commemorations==
Basil was given the title [[Doctor of the Church]] in the Western Church for his contributions to the debate initiated by the Arian controversy regarding the nature of the Trinity, and especially the question of the divinity of the [[Holy Spirit]]. Basil was responsible for defining the terms ''"[[ousia]]"'' (essence/substance) and ''"[[hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostasis]]"'' (person/reality), and for defining the classic formulation of three Persons in one Nature. His single greatest contribution was his insistence on the divinity and consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son.

In [[Greeks|Greek]] tradition, Basil [[Christmas gift-bringers around the world|brings gifts to children]] every January 1 (St Basil's Day). It is traditional on St Basil's Day to serve ''[[vasilopita]]'', a rich bread baked with a coin inside. It is customary on his feast day to visit the homes of friends and relatives, to sing [[New Year's Day|New Year's]] [[:Category:New Year songs|carols]], and to set an extra place at the table for Saint Basil. Basil, being born into a wealthy family, gave away all his possessions to the poor, the underprivileged, those in need, and children.[] For Greeks and others in the Orthodox tradition, Basil is the saint associated with [[Santa Claus]] as opposed to the western tradition of [[St Nicholas]].

According to some sources, Basil died on January 1, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] celebrates his [[feast day]] together with that of the [[Feast of the Circumcision]] on that day. This was also the day on which the [[General Roman Calendar]] celebrated it at first; but in the 13th-century it was moved to June 14, a date believed to be that of his [[ordination]] as [[bishop]], and it remained on that date until the [[Mysterii Paschalis|1969 revision]] of the calendar, which moved it to January 2, rather than January 1, because the latter date is occupied by the [[Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God]]. On January 2 Saint Basil is celebrated together with [[Gregory Nazianzen|Saint Gregory Nazianzen]].[] Some [[traditionalist Catholics]] continue to observe pre-1970 calendars.

The [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] commemorates Basil, along with [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] and [[Gregory of Nyssa]] on January 10.

The [[Church of England]] celebrates Saint Basil's feast on January 2, but the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] and the [[Anglican Church of Canada]] celebrate it on June 14.[]

In the [[Byzantine Rite]], January 30 is the [[Synaxis]] of the [[Three Holy Hierarchs]], in honor of Saint Basil, [[Gregory Nazianzen|Saint Gregory the Theologian]] and [[John Chrysostom|Saint John Chrysostom]].

The [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] of [[Alexandria]] celebrates the feast day of Saint Basil on the 6th of [[Month of Tobi|Tobi]] (6th of Terr on the [[Ethiopian calendar]] of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]). At present, this corresponds to January 14, January 15 during [[leap year]].

There are numerous [[relic]]s of Basil throughout the world. One of the most important is his head, which is preserved to this day at the monastery of the [[Great Lavra]] on [[Mount Athos]] in [[Greece]]. The mythical sword [[Durandal]] is said to contain some of Basil's blood.[]

==See also==
*[[Basilian monk]]
*[[Christian mystics]]

==References==
* 1. Fedwick (1981), p. 5
* 2.
* 3.
* 4.
* 5.
* 6.
* 7.
* 8.
* 9.
* 10.

==Notes==

==Bibliography==
* Basil of Caesarea, ''Hexaemeron'', London, 2013. limovia.net (digital version – ebook)
* Basil the Great, ''On the Holy Spirit'', trans. David Anderson (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1980)
* Basil the Great, ''On Social Justice'', trans. C. Paul Schroeder (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2009)
* Basil the Great, ''Address to Young Men On Greek Literature'', trans. Edward R. Maloney (New York: American Book Company, 1901)

== Further reading ==
* St. Basil the Great, ''On the Holy Spirit'', London, 2012. limovia.net.
* Karahan, Anne. "Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzantine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea", in: Byzantion. Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines 82 (2012): 165–212.

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=w5KkCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:9781137502698&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiiydLFmf7SAhUhEpoKHZi0Br8Q6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Ecumenical Legacy of the Cappadocians] on Google Books
*[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-08/TOC.htm Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Early Church Fathers, Series II, Vol. VIII] contains the treatise ''On the Holy Spirit'', the ''Hexaemeron'', some of the homilies and the letters
*[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/st-basil-thegreat.asp St. Basil the Great] in English and Greek, Select Resources
*[http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/Basil_the_Great Basil the Great] article from ''Orthodox Wikipedia'' has a slightly longer article on St. Basil
*[http://pagez.ru/lsn/ ''The Heritage of the Holy Fathers''] has a more complete collection of his homilies (and some other works, but only a few of his letters)—in Russian
*[http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1248 American Catholic: ''St. Basil the Great'']
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100003 St. Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]]
*[http://bible.org/seriespage/appendix-1-basil%E2%80%99s-sermons-about-fasting St. Basil's Sermons About Fasting], translated by Kent Berghuis
*[http://www.christianiconography.info/basil.html St. Basil] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site.

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[[Category:4th-century Romans]]
[[Category:Byzantine saints]]
[[Category:Cappadocian Greeks]]
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[[Category:Doctors of the Church]]
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[[Category:Greek folklore]]
[[Category:Greek Christian mystics]]
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	*[http://www.christianiconography.info/basil.html St. Basil] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site.		*[http://www.christianiconography.info/basil.html St. Basil] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site.

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Basil of Caesarea - Revision history

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Nick: New page: '''Basil of Caesarea''', also called '''Saint Basil the Great''' (Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Á''gios Basíleios o Mégas''; Ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟ...