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	* [http://hotword.dictionary.com/ampersand/?__utma=1.625256833.1315450153.1315450153.1315450153.1&__utmb=1.4.9.1315450205679&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1315450153.1.1.utmcsr=%28direct%29\|utmccn=%28direct%29\|utmcmd=%28none%29&__utmv=-&__utmk=105865347/ The Hot Word at Dictionary.com: How ampersand came from a misunderstanding]		* [http://hotword.dictionary.com/ampersand/?__utma=1.625256833.1315450153.1315450153.1315450153.1&__utmb=1.4.9.1315450205679&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1315450153.1.1.utmcsr=%28direct%29\|utmccn=%28direct%29\|utmcmd=%28none%29&__utmv=-&__utmk=105865347/ The Hot Word at Dictionary.com: How ampersand came from a misunderstanding]

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	[[Category:Typographical symbols]]		[[Category:Typographical symbols]]
	[[Category:Latin alphabet ligatures]]		[[Category:Latin alphabet ligatures]]
	[[Category:Logic symbols]]		[[Category:Logic symbols]]

Nick at 06:20, 27 December 2012

2012-12-27T06:20:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:20, 27 December 2012
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	== History ==		== History ==

	[[Image:Historical ampersand evolution.~~svg~~\|thumb\|left\|390px\|Evolution of the ampersand]]		[[Image:Historical ampersand evolution.PNG\|thumb\|left\|390px\|Evolution of the ampersand]]
	[[Image:Ampersand.~~svg~~\|thumb\|left\|The modern ampersand is virtually identical to that of the Carolingian minuscule. The italic ampersand, to the right, is originally a later et-ligature.]]		[[Image:Ampersand.PNG\|thumb\|left\|The modern ampersand is virtually identical to that of the Carolingian minuscule. The italic ampersand, to the right, is originally a later et-ligature.]]
	[[Image:etlig.~~svg~~\|left\|frame\|Et ligature in [[Insular script]]]]		[[Image:etlig.PNG\|left\|frame\|Et ligature in [[Insular script]]]]
	[[Image:Trebuchet MS ampersand.~~svg~~\|left\|thumb\|110px\|Some modern fonts, like [[Trebuchet MS]] or [[Myriad (typeface)#Myriad Web\|Myriad Web Pro]], employ ampersand characters that are revealing of its origin]]		[[Image:Trebuchet MS ampersand.PNG\|left\|thumb\|110px\|Some modern fonts, like [[Trebuchet MS]] or [[Myriad (typeface)#Myriad Web\|Myriad Web Pro]], employ ampersand characters that are revealing of its origin]]

	The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. and the Old [[Roman cursive]], in which the letters E and T occasionally were written together to form a [[Typographic ligature\|ligature]] (figure 1). In the later and more flowing New Roman Cursive, ligatures of all kinds were extremely common; figures 2 and 3 from the middle of 4th century are both examples of how the et-ligature could look in this script. However, during the following development of the Latin script that led up to the [[Carolingian minuscule]] (9th century), while the use of ligatures in general diminished, the et-ligature continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin (figures 4–6).<sup>[]</sup>		The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. and the Old [[Roman cursive]], in which the letters E and T occasionally were written together to form a [[Typographic ligature\|ligature]] (figure 1). In the later and more flowing New Roman Cursive, ligatures of all kinds were extremely common; figures 2 and 3 from the middle of 4th century are both examples of how the et-ligature could look in this script. However, during the following development of the Latin script that led up to the [[Carolingian minuscule]] (9th century), while the use of ligatures in general diminished, the et-ligature continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin (figures 4–6).<sup>[]</sup>

Nick: New page: An '''ampersand''' (or '''epershand'''; "'''&'''") is a logogram representing the conjunction word "and". This symbol is a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]...

2012-12-27T06:15:57Z

New page: An '''ampersand''' (or '''epershand'''; "'''&'''") is a logogram representing the conjunction word "and". This symbol is a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]...

New page

An '''ampersand''' (or '''epershand'''; "'''&'''") is a [[logogram]] representing the [[grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] word "and". This symbol is a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] of the letters in ''et'', [[Latin]] for "and".[]

==Etymology==
The word ''ampersand'' is an corruption of the phrase "and (&) ''[[List of Latin phrases (P)#per se|per se]]'' and", meaning "and (the symbol &) intrinsically (is the word) ''and''".[]

Traditionally, in English-speaking schools when reciting the [[alphabet]], any letter that could also be used as a word in itself ("A", "I", and, at one point, "O") was preceded by the Latin expression ''[[:wikt:per se|per se]]'' ("by itself").[] Also, it was common practice to add at the end of the alphabet the "&" sign as if it were the 27th letter, pronounced ''and''. As a result, the recitation of the alphabet would end in "X, Y, Z ''and per se and''". This last phrase was routinely slurred to "ampersand" and the term crept into common English usage by around 1837.[][] However, in contrast to the other 26, the ampersand does not represent a speech sound, although other letters that were dropped from the English alphabet, such as the Old English [[thorn (letter)|thorn]], did.

Through [[popular etymology]], it has been falsely claimed that [[André-Marie Ampère]] used the symbol in his widely read publications, and that people began calling the new shape "Ampère's and".[]

== History ==

[[Image:Historical ampersand evolution.svg|thumb|left|390px|Evolution of the ampersand]]
[[Image:Ampersand.svg|thumb|left|The modern ampersand is virtually identical to that of the Carolingian minuscule. The italic ampersand, to the right, is originally a later et-ligature.]]
[[Image:etlig.svg|left|frame|Et ligature in [[Insular script]]]]
[[Image:Trebuchet MS ampersand.svg|left|thumb|110px|Some modern fonts, like [[Trebuchet MS]] or [[Myriad (typeface)#Myriad Web|Myriad Web Pro]], employ ampersand characters that are revealing of its origin]]

The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. and the Old [[Roman cursive]], in which the letters E and T occasionally were written together to form a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] (figure 1). In the later and more flowing New Roman Cursive, ligatures of all kinds were extremely common; figures 2 and 3 from the middle of 4th century are both examples of how the et-ligature could look in this script. However, during the following development of the Latin script that led up to the [[Carolingian minuscule]] (9th century), while the use of ligatures in general diminished, the et-ligature continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin (figures 4–6).[]

The modern [[italic type]] ampersand is a kind of et-ligature that goes back to the cursive scripts developed during the [[Renaissance]]. After the advent of [[printing]] in Europe in 1455, printers made extensive use of both the italic and Roman ampersands. Since the ampersand's roots go back to Roman times, many languages that use a variation of the [[Latin alphabet]] make use of it.

The ampersand often appeared as a letter at the end of the Latin alphabet, as for example in [[Byrhtferth|Byrhtferð]] list of letters from 1011.[] Similarly, ''&'' was regarded as the 27th letter of the [[English alphabet]], as used by children (in the USA). An example may be seen in M. B. Moore's 1863 book ''The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks''.[] In her 1859 novel ''[[Adam Bede]]'', [[George Eliot]] refers to this when she makes Jacob Storey say: "He thought it <nowiki>[Z]</nowiki> had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see."[]

The ampersand should not be confused with the [[Tironian notes|Tironian "et"]] (“⁊”), which is a symbol similar to the numeral ''7''. Both symbols have their roots in the classical antiquity, and both signs were used up through the Middle Ages as a representation for the Latin word "et" ("and"). However, while the ampersand was in origin a common ligature in the everyday script, the Tironian "et" was part of a highly specialised stenographic [[shorthand]].[]

== Writing the ampersand==

In everyday [[handwriting]], the ampersand is sometimes simplified as an '''ε''' or backward '''ε''' superimposed by a vertical line. The ampersand is also often shown as an '''ε''' or backward '''ε''' with a vertical line above and below it or a dot above and below it.

Alternatively, it is sometimes written as a '''t''' or a '''+''' sign with an added loop, resembling the phonetic symbol for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative '''ɬ'''. This type of ampersand may actually be a rendering of the '''+''' sign or of the [[Tironian]] "et".

==Usage==
The ampersand is now less common in formal writing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} The main surviving use of the ampersand is in the formal names of businesses (especially [[company (law)|firms]] and [[partnership]]s, particularly [[law firm]]s, [[architectural firm]]s, and [[brokerage firm|stockbroker firms]]). In such names, a [[serial comma|comma]] never follows the word just before the ampersand. When the ampersand forms part of a registered name (e.g. ''Smith & Wesson''), it should not be replaced with ''and''.

The ampersand is also often used when addressing a couple in writing: "Mr. & Mrs. Smith" or "Jane & John".

The ampersand is also used for book and movie titles, such as ''Harry & Tonto'', and in some other [[proper name]]s. In these cases, ''&'' is interchangeable with the word ''and''; the distinction between them is mostly aesthetic. However, in [[film]] credits for story, [[screenplay]], etc., ''&'' indicates a closer collaboration than ''and''. The ampersand is used by the [[Writers Guild of America]] to denote when two writers collaborated on a specific script, rather than having rewritten another writer's work. In screenplays, two authors joined with ''&'' collaborated on the script, while two authors joined with ''and'' worked on the script at different times and may not have consulted each other at all.[] In the latter case, they both contributed enough significant material to the screenplay to receive credit but did not work together (more than likely one was hired to rewrite the previous writer's script).

In [[APA style]], the ampersand is used when citing sources in text such as (Jones & Jones, 2005). In the list of references, an ampersand precedes the last author's name when there is more than one author.[] (This does not apply to [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA]] style, which calls for the "and" to be spelled.[])

The phrase ''[[et cetera]]'' ("and so forth"), usually written as ''etc.'' can be abbreviated ''&c.'' representing the combination ''et'' + ''c(etera)''.

The ampersand can be used to indicate that the "and" in a listed item is a part of the item's name and not a separator (e.g. "Rock, pop, rhythm & blues, and hip hop").

==See also==
* [[And (disambiguation)]]
* [[Kai (abbreviation)]]
* [[Tironian notes]]

== References ==

== External links ==

* [http://hotword.dictionary.com/ampersand/?__utma=1.625256833.1315450153.1315450153.1315450153.1&__utmb=1.4.9.1315450205679&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1315450153.1.1.utmcsr=%28direct%29|utmccn=%28direct%29|utmcmd=%28none%29&__utmv=-&__utmk=105865347/ The Hot Word at Dictionary.com: How ampersand came from a misunderstanding]

[[Category:Typographical symbols]]
[[Category:Latin alphabet ligatures]]
[[Category:Logic symbols]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:20, 27 December 2012
Line 10:		Line 10:
	== History ==		== History ==

	[[Image:Historical ampersand evolution.~~svg~~\|thumb\|left\|390px\|Evolution of the ampersand]]		[[Image:Historical ampersand evolution.PNG\|thumb\|left\|390px\|Evolution of the ampersand]]
	[[Image:Ampersand.~~svg~~\|thumb\|left\|The modern ampersand is virtually identical to that of the Carolingian minuscule. The italic ampersand, to the right, is originally a later et-ligature.]]		[[Image:Ampersand.PNG\|thumb\|left\|The modern ampersand is virtually identical to that of the Carolingian minuscule. The italic ampersand, to the right, is originally a later et-ligature.]]
	[[Image:etlig.~~svg~~\|left\|frame\|Et ligature in [[Insular script]]]]		[[Image:etlig.PNG\|left\|frame\|Et ligature in [[Insular script]]]]
	[[Image:Trebuchet MS ampersand.~~svg~~\|left\|thumb\|110px\|Some modern fonts, like [[Trebuchet MS]] or [[Myriad (typeface)#Myriad Web\|Myriad Web Pro]], employ ampersand characters that are revealing of its origin]]		[[Image:Trebuchet MS ampersand.PNG\|left\|thumb\|110px\|Some modern fonts, like [[Trebuchet MS]] or [[Myriad (typeface)#Myriad Web\|Myriad Web Pro]], employ ampersand characters that are revealing of its origin]]

	The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. and the Old [[Roman cursive]], in which the letters E and T occasionally were written together to form a [[Typographic ligature\|ligature]] (figure 1). In the later and more flowing New Roman Cursive, ligatures of all kinds were extremely common; figures 2 and 3 from the middle of 4th century are both examples of how the et-ligature could look in this script. However, during the following development of the Latin script that led up to the [[Carolingian minuscule]] (9th century), while the use of ligatures in general diminished, the et-ligature continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin (figures 4–6).<sup>[]</sup>		The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. and the Old [[Roman cursive]], in which the letters E and T occasionally were written together to form a [[Typographic ligature\|ligature]] (figure 1). In the later and more flowing New Roman Cursive, ligatures of all kinds were extremely common; figures 2 and 3 from the middle of 4th century are both examples of how the et-ligature could look in this script. However, during the following development of the Latin script that led up to the [[Carolingian minuscule]] (9th century), while the use of ligatures in general diminished, the et-ligature continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin (figures 4–6).<sup>[]</sup>

Ampersand - Revision history

KJV: Template:Donate

Nick at 06:20, 27 December 2012

Nick: New page: An '''ampersand''' (or '''epershand'''; "'''&'''") is a logogram representing the conjunction word "and". This symbol is a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]...