Editing Marginalia

[[Image:Kirchhofer Wahrheit und Dichtung 016.jpg|thumb|This piece of ''Wahrheit und Dichtung'' by Melchior Kirchhofer has pencil notes that might have been written by [[Josef Eiselein]].]]
[[Image:Codiceemil.jpg|thumb|The [[Glosas Emilianenses]] are [[gloss (annotation)|glosses]] added to this Latin codex that are considered the oldest surviving phrases written in the [[Castilian language]].]]
[[Image:Sargis Pitsak.jpg|thumb|A page from an illuminated manuscript with painted marginalia]]

'''Marginalia''' (or '''apostil''') are scribbles, comments and illuminations in the margins of a book.

==Biblical manuscripts==
Biblical manuscripts have liturgical notes at the margin, for liturgical use. Numbers of texts' divisions are given at the margin (κεφάλαια, Ammonian Sections, [[Eusebian Canons]]). There are some scholia, corrections and other notes usually made later by hand in the margin.

==History==
The [[scholia]] on classical manuscripts are the earliest known form of marginalia.  [[Fermat's Last Theorem#Fermat's conjecture|Fermat's last theorem]] is the most famous mathematical marginal note.<sup>[1]</sup>

The first recorded use of the word ''marginalia'' is in 1819 in [[Blackwood's Magazine]].<sup>[2]</sup> From 1845 to 1849 [[Edgar Allan Poe]] titled some of his reflections and fragmentary material "Marginalia."<sup>[3]</sup><sup>[4]</sup> Five volumes of [[Samuel T. Coleridge]]'s marginalia have been published.

Some famous marginalia were serious works, or drafts thereof, written in margins due to scarcity of paper. Voltaire composed in book margins while in prison, and Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] wrote a personal statement in margins just before his execution.

Beginning in the 1990s, attempts have been made to design and market [[e-book]] devices permitting a limited form of marginalia.
[[Image:The Democratic Review Poe July 1846.jpg|thumb|"Marginalia" by Edgar Allan Poe appeared in ''The Democratic Review'', July, 1846, published by Thomas Prentice Kettell.]]

==Value==
Marginalia can add or detract from the value of an [[association copy]] of a book, depending on the author of the marginalia and on the book.

Catherine C. Marshall, doing research on the future of [[user interface]] design, has studied the phenomenon of user annotation of texts. She discovered that in several university departments, students would scour the piles of textbooks at used book dealers for consistently annotated copies. The students had a good appreciation for their predecessors' distillation of knowledge.<sup>[5]</sup><sup>[6]</sup><sup>[7]</sup>

==Writers known for their marginalia==
*[[John Adams]]<sup>[8]</sup> 
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]]
*[[Samuel T. Coleridge]]<sup>[9]</sup>
*[[David Markson]]<sup>[10]</sup>
*[[Herman Melville]]<sup>[11]</sup>
*[[Sylvia Plath]]<sup>[12]</sup>
*[[Mark Twain]]<sup>[13]</sup>
*[[David Foster Wallace]]<sup>[14]</sup>
*[[Pierre de Fermat]]
*[[Oscar Wilde]]

==Notes==

* 1. Singh, Simon (1997). Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem. Fourth Estate Ltd. ISBN 0-385-49362-2.
* 2. "marginalia". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
* 3. "Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Works - Misc - Marginalia". Retrieved 2009-11-22.
* 4. Poe, Edgar Allan. "Marginalia", The Democratic Review, July, 1846, Vol. XIX, No. 97, Thomas Prentice Kettell, New York, page, 30.
* 5. "Seeing the picture - Crowdsourcing annotations for books (and eBooks)". Blog. University of Iowa Libraries. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 6. Cathy Marshall. "From Personal to Shared Annotations" (PDF). Texas A&M University. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 7. "Social Annotations in Digital Library Collections". D-Lib Magazine. 1998-03-24. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 8. Jackson, H. J. "John Adams's Marginalia, Then and Now".
* 9. "A Book I Value: Selected Marginalia — Samuel Taylor Coleridge". Princeton University. 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 10. "Reading Markson Reading". tumblr.com. 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 11. "Melville Marginalia Online". MelvillesMarginalia.org. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 12. Park Bucker (2003-12-11). "Princess Daisy: A Description of Sylvia Plath’s Copy of The Great Gatsby". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 13. The Mark Twain House and Museum (2010-01-08). "Mark Twain's Marginalia". blogspot.com. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
* 14. "Harry Ransom Center". University of Texas. Retrieved 2011-07-03.

==References==
*Alston, R. C. ''Books with Manuscript: A short title catalogue of Books with Manuscript Notes in the British Library.'' London: British Library, 1994.
*Coleridge, S. T. ''Marginalia,'' Ed. George Walley and H. J. Jackson. The Collected works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 12. Bolligen Series 75. 5 vols. Princeton University Press, 1980-.
*Jackson, H. J. ''Marginalia: Readers writing in Books,'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-300-08816-7 N.B: one of the first books on this subject

==External links==
*[http://www.cehd.umn.edu/Reading/documents/reports/Brahier-report.pdf Teachers’ Uses of Students’ Digital Annotations: Implications for the Formative Assessment of Reading Comprehension], Barry Brahier, 2006 ([[University of Minnesota]])
*[http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/reading/marginalia.html Marginalia: Six Personal Libraries] ([[Thomas Carlyle]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[William James]], [[John Keats]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Hester Thrale]] from [[Harvard University Library]]

[[Category:Book design]]
[[Category:Book collecting]]
[[Category:Writing]]