Editing Great uncial codices

[[Image:Codex Sinaiticus Matthew 6,4-32.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Page from Codex Sinaiticus with text of Matthew 6:4–32]]
[[Image:Codex Alexandrinus list of kephalaia.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Alexandrinus – Table of κεφάλαια (''table of contents'') to the [[Gospel of Mark]]]]
The '''great uncial codices''' or '''four great uncials''' are the only remaining [[Uncial script|uncial]] [[codex|codices]] that contain (or originally contained) the entire text of the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] [[Bible]] ([[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]).

== Description ==
Only four great codices have survived to the present day: [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Vaticanus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus]], and [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]].Although discovered at different times and places, they share many similarities. They are written in a certain uncial style of [[calligraphy]] using only [[capital letters]], written in ''[[scriptio continua]]'' (meaning without regular gaps between words). Though not entirely absent, there are very few divisions between words in these manuscripts. Words do not necessarily end on the same line on which they start. All these [[manuscript]]s were made at great expense of material and labour, written on [[vellum]] by professional [[scribe]]s. They seem to have been based on the most accurate texts in their time. [[Codex Sinaiticus]], which has been used as the main reference point to usurp the authority of the [[Textus Receptus]] is believed to be a modern forgery. 

All of the great uncials were written on fine [[vellum]], with the leaves arranged in [[quarto]] form. The size of the leaves is much bigger than in papyri codices:
: Sinaiticus – 38 x 34 cm (15 x 13.4 inches; written ca. 330–360)
: Vaticanus – 27 x 27 cm (10.6 x 10.6 in; ca. 325–350)
: Alexandrinus – 32 x 26 cm (10.2 x 12.6 in; ca. 400–440)
: Ephraemi – 33 x 27 cm (13 x 10.6 in; ca. 450)

Codex Vaticanus uses the most ancient system of text's division in the Gospels. Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, and Ephraemi have the [[Ammonian Sections]] with references to the [[Eusebian Canons]]. Codex Alexandrinus and Ephraemi Rescriptus use also a division according to the larger sections – κεφάλαια (''chapters''). Alexandrinus is the earliest manuscript which uses κεφάλαια. Vaticanus has a more archaic style of writing than the other manuscripts. There is no ornamentation or any larger initial letters in Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, but there is in Alexandrinus. Vaticanus has no introduction to the [[Book of Psalms]], which became a standard after 325 AD, whereas Sinaiticus and Alexandrinus do. They have different order of books.

In the 19th century, the [[Codex Bezae]] was also included to the group of the great uncials ([[F. H. A. Scrivener]], Burgon). According to [[Dean Burgon]], the five great uncials ([[Codex Aleph|א]] [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi|C]] [[Codex Bezae|D]]) were the by-products of innovation; this view is at odds with the scholarly consensus of modern critical New Testament scholarship who favor corrupt versions and manuscripts and generally reject the [[Textus Receptus]].

Alexandrinus was the first of the greater manuscripts to be made accessible to scholars. Ephraemi Rescriptus, a [[palimpsest]], was deciphered by [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] in 1840–1841 and published by him in 1843–1845. [[Codex Ephraemi]] has been the neglected member of the family of great uncials.

Sinaiticus was discovered by [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] in 1844 during his visit at [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]. The text of the codex was published in 1862. Vaticanus has been housed at the [[Vatican Library]] at least since the 15th century, but it became widely available after a photographic facsimile of the entire manuscript was made and published by [[Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi]] in 1889–1890 (in three volumes).

It has been speculated that Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus were part of a project ordered by Emperor [[Constantine the Great]] to produce [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine|50 copies of the Bible]].

== See also ==
* [[Differences between codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus]]

== References ==


== External links ==
* [http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/crunyon/e261c/09-NT-Augustine/NT/TH2-uncials.htm Great uncials]

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[[Category:Great uncial codices| ]]