Editing Participle (section)

===Latin and Romance languages===

====Latin====
See Also [[Latin conjugation#Participles]]

[[Latin]] has [[Latin conjugation#The participles|three participles]]:

* present active participle: present stem + -ns (gen. –ntis); e.g. ''educāns''  "teaching"
* perfect passive participle: participial stem + -us, -a, -um; e.g. ''educātus''  "(having been) taught"
* future active participle: participial stem + -ūrus, -ūra, -ūrum; e.g. ''educātūrus''  "about to teach"

The [[Latin conjugation#The gerundive|gerundive]] is sometimes considered the future passive participle, although it more closely resembles the [[jussive mood]] than the [[future tense]]. It is formed from the present stem + (e)ndus, -a, -um; e.g. ''educandus'' "needing to be taught". (cf. the paradigms for the Latin verbs: '''ēdūcō''' "I lead forth" ('''ēdūcendus''' "which is to be led forth") and '''ēducō''' "I educate" ('''ēducandus''' "which is to be educated") in Wiktionary: [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/educo#Latin])

{| class="wikitable unicode" style="text-align: center;"
! ''ēducō''<br>"I educate" !! active !! passive
|-
! present
| ''ēducāns'' || —
|-
! perfect
| — || ''ēducātus''
|-
! future
| ''ēducātūrus'' || ''ēducandus''
|}

====French====
There are two basic participles:
*'''Present active participle''': formed by dropping the ''-ons'' of the ''nous'' form of the present tense of a verb (except with ''être'') and then adding ''ant'': ''marchant'' "walking", ''étant'' "being"
*'''Past participle''': formation varies according to verb group: ''vendu'' "sold", ''mis'' "placed", ''marché'' "walked", ''été'' "been", and ''fait'' "done". The sense of the past participle is passive as an adjective and in most verbal constructions with "avoir", but active in verbal constructions with "être", in reflexive constructions, and with some intransitive verbs.<sup>[]</sup>

Compound participles are possible:
*'''Present perfect participle''': ''ayant appelé'' "having called", ''étant mort'' "being dead"
*'''Passive perfect participle''': ''étant vendu'' "being sold, having been sold"

Usage:
*'''Present participles''' are used as qualifiers as in "un insecte '''volant'''" (a flying insect) and in some other contexts. They are never used to form tenses. The present participle is used in subordinate clauses, usually with ''en'': "Je marche, en parlant".
*'''Past participles''' are used as qualifiers for nouns: "la table '''cassée'''" (the broken table); to form compound tenses such as the perfect "Vous avez '''dit'''" (you have said) and to form the passive voice: "il a été '''tué'''" (he/it has been killed).

====Spanish====
In Spanish, the present or active participle (''participio activo'' or ''participio de presente'') of a verb is traditionally formed with one of the suffixes ''-ante, -ente'' or ''-iente'', but modern grammar does not consider it a verbal form any longer, as they become adjectives or nouns on their own: e.g. ''amante'' "loving" or "lover", ''viviente'' "living" or "live".

The continuous is constructed much as in English, using a conjugated form of ''estar'' (''to be'') plus the ''gerundio'' (sometimes called a verbal adverb or adverbial participle as it does not decline) with the suffixes ''-ando'' (for -ar verbs),  ''-iendo'' (for both -er and -ir verbs whose stems end in consonants), or ''-yendo'' (for both -er and -ir verbs whose stems end in vowels): for example, ''estar haciendo'' means ''to be doing'' (''haciendo'' being the ''gerundio'' of ''hacer'', ''to do''), and there are related constructions such as ''seguir haciendo'' meaning ''to keep doing'' (''seguir'' being ''to continue'').

The past participle (''participio pasado'' or ''pasivo'') is regularly formed with one of the suffixes ''-ado'', ''-ido'', but several verbs have an irregular form ending in ''-to'' (e.g. ''escrito, visto''), or ''-cho'' (e.g. ''dicho, hecho''). The past participle is used generally as an adjective meaning a finished action, or to form the passive voice, and it is variable in gender and number in these uses; and also it is used to form the compound tenses (as in English) in which it has only one form, the singular male one. Some examples:

;As an adjective
*''las cartas escritas'' "the written letters"
;In the passive voice, accompanied by the verb "ser" (to be) and "por" (by)
*''Los ladrones fueron capturados por la policia'' "The thieves were caught by the police."
;To form compound tenses
*''Ella ha escrito una carta.'' "She has written a letter."