Editing Participle (section)

===Slavic languages===

====Polish====
The Polish word for participle is ''imiesłów'' ([[plural|pl.]]: ''imiesłowy''). There are four types of imiesłowy in two classes:

'''Adjectival participle''' (imiesłów przymiotnikowy)
* active adjectival participle (imiesłów przymiotnikowy czynny): robiący - "doing", "one who does"
* passive adjectival participle (imiesłów przymiotnikowy bierny): robiony - "being done" (can only be formed off [[transitive verb]]s)

'''Adverbial participle''' (imiesłów przysłówkowy)
* present adverbial participle (imiesłów przysłówkowy współczesny): robiąc - "doing", "while doing"
* perfect adverbial participle (imiesłów przysłówkowy uprzedni): zrobiwszy - "having done" (formed in virtually all cases off verbs in their [[perfective aspect|perfective forms]], here denoted by the [[prefix]] ''z-'')

'''Dangling participle'''

Due to the distinction between adjectival and adverbial participles, in Polish it is practically impossible to make a dangling participle mistake in the classical English meaning of the term. For instance, in the sentence:

"I have found them hiding in the closet."

it is unclear, whether "I" or "them" is hiding in the closet. In Polish there is a clear distinction:

* "Znalazłem ich, chowając się w szafie." - ''chowając'' is a present adverbial participle regarding the subject ("I")
* "Znalazłem ich chowających się w szafie" - ''chowających'' is an active adjectival participle regarding the object ("them")

However, participles may cause confusion if used in sentences like this one:

* "Mając 8 lat, rodzice posłali mnie do szkoły" - "Being 8 years old my parents sent me to school"

which does not make it clear - in grammatical terms - whether "me" or "my parents" were 8 at the time of "me" being sent to school. The use of the present adverbial participle ''mając'' (corresponding to the participle ''being'' in the English translation) is considered incorrect, and thus a different structure should be used.

====Russian====
Verb: слышать [ˈslɨ.ʂɐtʲ] (to hear, [[imperfective aspect]])

Present active: слышащий [ˈslɨ.ʂɐ.ɕɕɪj] "hearing", "who hears" <br> 
Present passive: слышимый [ˈslɨ.ʂᵻ.məj] "being heard", "that is heard", "audible" <br>
Past active: слышавший [ˈslɨ.ʂɐf.ʂəj] "who heard", "who was hearing" <br>
Past passive: слышанный [ˈslɨ.ʂɐn.nəj] "that was heard", "that was being heard" <br>
[[adverbial participle|Adverbial]] present active: слыша [ˈslɨ.ʂɐ] "(while) hearing" <br>
Adverbial past active: слышав [ˈslɨ.ʂɐf] "having been hearing"

Verb: услышать [ʊˈslɨ.ʂɐtʲ] (to hear, [[perfective aspect]])

Past active: услышавший [ʊˈslɨ.ʂɐf.ʂəj] "who has heard"<br>
Past passive: услышанный [ʊˈslɨ.ʂɐn.nəj] "that has been heard"<br>
Adverbial past active: услышав [ʊˈslɨ.ʂɐf] "having heard"<br>
Future participles formed from perfective verbs are technically possible, though not considered a part of standard language.<sup>[]</sup>

====Bulgarian====
Verb: правя pravja (to do, imperfective aspect)

Present active: правещ pravešt<br>
Past active aorist: правил pravil<br>
Past active imperfect: правел pravel (only used in [[verb]]al constructions)<br>
Past passive: правен praven<br>
Adverbial present active: правейки pravejki

Verb: направя napravja (to do, perfective aspect)<br>
Past active aorist: направил napravil<br>
Past active imperfect: направел napravel (only used in [[verb]]al constructions)<br>
Past passive: направен napraven

Participles are adjectives formed as verbs

==== Macedonian ====
Macedonian completely lost or transformed the participles of the Common Slavic, unlike the other Slavic languages. The following is noted:<sup>[]</sup>
* present active participle: it transformed into verbal adverb;
* present passive participle: there are some isolated cases of present passive participle (or remnants of it), such as the word лаком [lakom] (greedy);
* past active participle: there is only one word (remnant) of the past active participle, which is the word бивш [bivš] (former). However, this word is often substituted with the word поранешен [poranešen] (former);
* past passive participle: transformed into verbal adjective (it behaves like normal adjective);
* resultative participle: transformed into verbal l-form (глаголска л-форма). It is not a participle since it doesn't function attributively.